1
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Lüer L, Wang R, Liu C, Dube H, Heumüller T, Hauch J, Brabec CJ. Maximizing Performance and Stability of Organic Solar Cells at Low Driving Force for Charge Separation. Adv Sci (Weinh) 2024; 11:e2305948. [PMID: 38039433 PMCID: PMC10853714 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202305948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
Thanks to the development of novel electron acceptor materials, the power conversion efficiencies (PCE) of organic photovoltaic (OPV) devices are now approaching 20%. Further improvement of PCE is complicated by the need for a driving force to split strongly bound excitons into free charges, causing voltage losses. This review discusses recent approaches to finding efficient OPV systems with minimal driving force, combining near unity quantum efficiency (maximum short circuit currents) with optimal energy efficiency (maximum open circuit voltages). The authors discuss apparently contradicting results on the amount of exciton binding in recent literature, and approaches to harmonize the findings. A comprehensive view is then presented on motifs providing a driving force for charge separation, namely hybridization at the donor:acceptor interface and polarization effects in the bulk, of which quadrupole moments (electrostatics) play a leading role. Apart from controlling the energies of the involved states, these motifs also control the dynamics of recombination processes, which are essential to avoid voltage and fill factor losses. Importantly, all motifs are shown to depend on both molecular structure and process conditions. The resulting high dimensional search space advocates for high throughput (HT) workflows. The final part of the review presents recent HT studies finding consolidated structure-property relationships in OPV films and devices from various deposition methods, from research to industrial upscaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larry Lüer
- Institute of Materials for Electronics and Energy Technology (i‐MEET)Friedrich‐Alexander‐Universität Erlangen‐NürnbergMartensstrasse 791058ErlangenGermany
| | - Rong Wang
- Institute of Materials for Electronics and Energy Technology (i‐MEET)Friedrich‐Alexander‐Universität Erlangen‐NürnbergMartensstrasse 791058ErlangenGermany
- Erlangen Graduate School in Advanced Optical Technologies (SAOT)Paul‐Gordan‐Straße 691052ErlangenGermany
| | - Chao Liu
- Institute of Materials for Electronics and Energy Technology (i‐MEET)Friedrich‐Alexander‐Universität Erlangen‐NürnbergMartensstrasse 791058ErlangenGermany
| | - Henry Dube
- Department Chemistry and PharmacyFriedrich‐Alexander‐Universität Erlangen‐NürnbergNikolaus‐Fiebiger‐Straße 1091058ErlangenGermany
| | - Thomas Heumüller
- Institute of Materials for Electronics and Energy Technology (i‐MEET)Friedrich‐Alexander‐Universität Erlangen‐NürnbergMartensstrasse 791058ErlangenGermany
| | - Jens Hauch
- Helmholtz‐Institute Erlangen‐Nürnberg (HI‐ERN)Immerwahrstraße 291058ErlangenGermany
| | - Christoph J. Brabec
- Institute of Materials for Electronics and Energy Technology (i‐MEET)Friedrich‐Alexander‐Universität Erlangen‐NürnbergMartensstrasse 791058ErlangenGermany
- Helmholtz‐Institute Erlangen‐Nürnberg (HI‐ERN)Immerwahrstraße 291058ErlangenGermany
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2
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Liu C, Lüer L, Corre VML, Forberich K, Weitz P, Heumüller T, Du X, Wortmann J, Zhang J, Wagner J, Ying L, Hauch J, Li N, Brabec CJ. Understanding Causalities in Organic Photovoltaics Device Degradation in a Machine-Learning-Driven High-Throughput Platform. Adv Mater 2023:e2300259. [PMID: 36961263 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202300259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Organic solar cells (OSCs) now approach power conversion efficiencies of 20%. However, in order to enter mass markets, problems in upscaling and operational lifetime have to be solved, both concerning the connection between processing conditions and active layer morphology. Morphological studies supporting the development of structure-process-property relations are time-consuming, complex, and expensive to undergo and for which statistics, needed to assess significance, are difficult to be collected. This work demonstrates that causal relationships between processing conditions, morphology, and stability can be obtained in a high-throughput method by combining low-cost automated experiments with data-driven analysis methods. An automatic spectral modeling feeds parametrized absorption data into a feature selection technique that is combined with Gaussian process regression to quantify deterministic relationships linking morphological features and processing conditions with device functionality. The effect of the active layer thickness and the morphological order is further modeled by drift-diffusion simulations and returns valuable insight into the underlying mechanisms for improving device stability by tuning the microstructure morphology with versatile approaches. Predicting microstructural features as a function of processing parameters is decisive know-how for the large-scale production of OSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Liu
- Institute of Materials for Electronics and Energy Technology (i-MEET), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität, Erlangen-Nürnberg, Martensstrasse 7, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Larry Lüer
- Institute of Materials for Electronics and Energy Technology (i-MEET), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität, Erlangen-Nürnberg, Martensstrasse 7, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
- Helmholtz-Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg (HI ERN), Immerwahrstraße 2, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Vincent M Le Corre
- Institute of Materials for Electronics and Energy Technology (i-MEET), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität, Erlangen-Nürnberg, Martensstrasse 7, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Karen Forberich
- Institute of Materials for Electronics and Energy Technology (i-MEET), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität, Erlangen-Nürnberg, Martensstrasse 7, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
- Helmholtz-Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg (HI ERN), Immerwahrstraße 2, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Paul Weitz
- Institute of Materials for Electronics and Energy Technology (i-MEET), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität, Erlangen-Nürnberg, Martensstrasse 7, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Thomas Heumüller
- Institute of Materials for Electronics and Energy Technology (i-MEET), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität, Erlangen-Nürnberg, Martensstrasse 7, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
- Helmholtz-Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg (HI ERN), Immerwahrstraße 2, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Xiaoyan Du
- School of Physics, Shandong University, 27 Shanda Nanlu, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Jonas Wortmann
- Institute of Materials for Electronics and Energy Technology (i-MEET), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität, Erlangen-Nürnberg, Martensstrasse 7, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
- Helmholtz-Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg (HI ERN), Immerwahrstraße 2, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jiyun Zhang
- Institute of Materials for Electronics and Energy Technology (i-MEET), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität, Erlangen-Nürnberg, Martensstrasse 7, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
- Helmholtz-Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg (HI ERN), Immerwahrstraße 2, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jerrit Wagner
- Helmholtz-Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg (HI ERN), Immerwahrstraße 2, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Lei Ying
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Device, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Jens Hauch
- Helmholtz-Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg (HI ERN), Immerwahrstraße 2, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ning Li
- Institute of Materials for Electronics and Energy Technology (i-MEET), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität, Erlangen-Nürnberg, Martensstrasse 7, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
- Helmholtz-Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg (HI ERN), Immerwahrstraße 2, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Device, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Christoph J Brabec
- Institute of Materials for Electronics and Energy Technology (i-MEET), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität, Erlangen-Nürnberg, Martensstrasse 7, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
- Helmholtz-Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg (HI ERN), Immerwahrstraße 2, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
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3
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Stroyuk O, Raievska O, Sebastia-Luna P, Huisman BAH, Kupfer C, Barabash A, Hauch J, Bolink HJ, Brabec CJ. Highly Luminescent Transparent Cs 2Ag x Na 1-x Bi y In 1-y Cl 6 Perovskite Films Produced by Single-Source Vacuum Deposition. ACS Mater Lett 2023; 5:596-602. [PMID: 36776692 PMCID: PMC9906732 DOI: 10.1021/acsmaterialslett.3c00034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Thermal deposition of halide perovskites as a universal and scalable route to transparent thin films becomes highly challenging in the case of lead-free double perovskites, requiring the evaporation dynamics of multiple metal halide sources to be balanced or a single-phase precursor preliminary synthesized to achieve a reliable control over the composition and the phase of the final films. In the present Letter, the feasibility of the single-source vacuum deposition of microcrystalline Cs2Ag x Na1-x Bi y In1-y Cl6 double perovskites into corresponding transparent nanocrystalline films while preserving the bulk spectral and structural properties is shown. The perovskite films produced from the most emissive powders with x = 0.40 and y = 0.01 revealed a photoluminescence quantum yield of 85%, highlighting thermal evaporation as a promising approach to functional perovskite-based optical materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleksandr Stroyuk
- Forschungszentrum
Jülich GmbH, Helmholtz-Institut Erlangen
Nürnberg für Erneuerbare Energien (HI ERN), 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Oleksandra Raievska
- Forschungszentrum
Jülich GmbH, Helmholtz-Institut Erlangen
Nürnberg für Erneuerbare Energien (HI ERN), 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Paz Sebastia-Luna
- Insituto
de Ciencia Molecular, Universidad de Valencia, Catedrático J. Beltrán
2, 46980 Paterna, Spain
| | - Bas A. H. Huisman
- Insituto
de Ciencia Molecular, Universidad de Valencia, Catedrático J. Beltrán
2, 46980 Paterna, Spain
| | - Christian Kupfer
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität
Erlangen-Nürnberg, Materials for Electronics
and Energy Technology (i-MEET), Martensstrasse 7, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Anastasia Barabash
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität
Erlangen-Nürnberg, Materials for Electronics
and Energy Technology (i-MEET), Martensstrasse 7, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jens Hauch
- Forschungszentrum
Jülich GmbH, Helmholtz-Institut Erlangen
Nürnberg für Erneuerbare Energien (HI ERN), 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität
Erlangen-Nürnberg, Materials for Electronics
and Energy Technology (i-MEET), Martensstrasse 7, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Henk J. Bolink
- Insituto
de Ciencia Molecular, Universidad de Valencia, Catedrático J. Beltrán
2, 46980 Paterna, Spain
| | - Christoph J. Brabec
- Forschungszentrum
Jülich GmbH, Helmholtz-Institut Erlangen
Nürnberg für Erneuerbare Energien (HI ERN), 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität
Erlangen-Nürnberg, Materials for Electronics
and Energy Technology (i-MEET), Martensstrasse 7, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
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4
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Stroyuk O, Raievska O, Hauch J, Brabec CJ. Doping/Alloying Pathways to Lead-Free Halide Perovskites with Ultimate Photoluminescence Quantum Yields. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202212668. [PMID: 36223136 PMCID: PMC10108288 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202212668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Tailored modifications of halide lead-free perovskites (LFPs) via doping/alloying with metal cations have been recognized as a promising pathway to highly efficient inorganic phosphors with photoluminescence (PL) quantum yields of up to 100 %. Such materials typically display selective sensitivity to UV light, a broad PL range, and long PL lifetimes as well as a unique compositional variability and stability-an ideal combination for many light-harvesting applications. This Minireview presents the state-of-the-art in doped LFPs, focusing on the reports published mostly in the last two to three years. We discuss the factors determining the efficiency and spectral parameters of the broadband PL of doped LFPs depending on the dopant and host matrix, both in micro- and nanocrystalline states, address the most relevant challenges this rapidly developing research area is facing, and outline the most promising concepts for further progress in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleksandr Stroyuk
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Helmholtz-Institut Erlangen Nürnberg für Erneuerbare Energien (HI ERN), Immerwahrstrasse 2, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Oleksandra Raievska
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Helmholtz-Institut Erlangen Nürnberg für Erneuerbare Energien (HI ERN), Immerwahrstrasse 2, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jens Hauch
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Helmholtz-Institut Erlangen Nürnberg für Erneuerbare Energien (HI ERN), Immerwahrstrasse 2, 91058, Erlangen, Germany.,Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Materials for Electronics and Energy Technology (i-MEET), Martensstrasse 7, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christoph J Brabec
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Helmholtz-Institut Erlangen Nürnberg für Erneuerbare Energien (HI ERN), Immerwahrstrasse 2, 91058, Erlangen, Germany.,Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Materials for Electronics and Energy Technology (i-MEET), Martensstrasse 7, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
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5
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Stroyuk O, Raievska O, Hauch J, Brabec CJ. Doping/Alloying Pathways to Lead‐Free Halide Perovskites with Ultimate Photoluminescence Quantum Yields. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202212668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Oleksandr Stroyuk
- Helmholtz Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy: Helmholtz-Institut Erlangen-Nurnberg fur Erneuerbare Energien High-Throughput Materials and Devices Immerwahr Str. 2 91058 Erlangen GERMANY
| | - Oleksandra Raievska
- Helmholtz Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy: Helmholtz-Institut Erlangen-Nurnberg fur Erneuerbare Energien High-Throughput Materials and Devices Immerwahr Str. 2 91058 Erlangen GERMANY
| | - Jens Hauch
- Helmholtz Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy: Helmholtz-Institut Erlangen-Nurnberg fur Erneuerbare Energien High-Throughput Materials and Devices Immerwahr Str. 2 91058 Erlangen GERMANY
| | - Christoph J. Brabec
- Helmholtz Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy: Helmholtz-Institut Erlangen-Nurnberg fur Erneuerbare Energien High-Throughput Materials and Devices Martensstrasse 7 91058 Erlangen GERMANY
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6
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Wang R, Lüer L, Langner S, Heumueller T, Forberich K, Zhang H, Hauch J, Li N, Brabec CJ. Understanding the Microstructure Formation of Polymer Films by Spontaneous Solution Spreading Coating with a High-Throughput Engineering Platform. ChemSusChem 2021; 14:3590-3598. [PMID: 34236142 PMCID: PMC8518985 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202100927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
An important step of the great achievement of organic solar cells in power conversion efficiency is the development of low-band gap polymer donors, PBDB-T derivatives, which present interesting aggregation effects dominating the device performance. The aggregation of polymers can be manipulated by a series of variables from a materials design and processing conditions perspective; however, optimization of film quality is a time- and energy-consuming work. Here, we introduce a robot-based high-throughput platform (HTP) that is offering automated film preparation and optical spectroscopy thin-film characterization in combination with an analysis algorithm. PM6 films are prepared by the so-called spontaneous film spreading (SFS) process, where a polymer solution is coated on a water surface. Automated acquisition of UV/Vis and photoluminescence (PL) spectra and automated extraction of morphological features is coupled to Gaussian Process Regression to exploit available experimental evidence for morphology optimization but also for hypothesis formulation and testing with respect to the underlying physical principles. The integrated spectral modeling workflow yields quantitative microstructure information by distinguishing amorphous from ordered phases and assesses the extension of amorphous versus the ordered domains. This research provides an easy to use methodology to analyze the exciton coherence length in conjugated semiconductors and will allow to optimize exciton splitting in thin film organic semiconductor layers as a function of processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Wang
- Institute of Materials for Electronics and Energy Technology (i-MEET)Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-NürnbergMartensstrasse 791058ErlangenGermany
- Erlangen Graduate School in Advanced Optical Technologies (SAOT)Paul-Gordan-Straße 691052ErlangenGermany
| | - Larry Lüer
- Institute of Materials for Electronics and Energy Technology (i-MEET)Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-NürnbergMartensstrasse 791058ErlangenGermany
| | - Stefan Langner
- Institute of Materials for Electronics and Energy Technology (i-MEET)Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-NürnbergMartensstrasse 791058ErlangenGermany
- Helmholtz Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11)Immerwahrstrasse 291058ErlangenGermany
| | - Thomas Heumueller
- Institute of Materials for Electronics and Energy Technology (i-MEET)Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-NürnbergMartensstrasse 791058ErlangenGermany
- Helmholtz Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11)Immerwahrstrasse 291058ErlangenGermany
| | - Karen Forberich
- Institute of Materials for Electronics and Energy Technology (i-MEET)Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-NürnbergMartensstrasse 791058ErlangenGermany
- Helmholtz Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11)Immerwahrstrasse 291058ErlangenGermany
| | - Heyi Zhang
- Institute of Materials for Electronics and Energy Technology (i-MEET)Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-NürnbergMartensstrasse 791058ErlangenGermany
- Erlangen Graduate School in Advanced Optical Technologies (SAOT)Paul-Gordan-Straße 691052ErlangenGermany
| | - Jens Hauch
- Institute of Materials for Electronics and Energy Technology (i-MEET)Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-NürnbergMartensstrasse 791058ErlangenGermany
- Helmholtz Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11)Immerwahrstrasse 291058ErlangenGermany
| | - Ning Li
- Institute of Materials for Electronics and Energy Technology (i-MEET)Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-NürnbergMartensstrasse 791058ErlangenGermany
- Helmholtz Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11)Immerwahrstrasse 291058ErlangenGermany
- National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Polymer Processing TechnologyZhengzhou University450002ZhengzhouP. R. China
| | - Christoph J. Brabec
- Institute of Materials for Electronics and Energy Technology (i-MEET)Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-NürnbergMartensstrasse 791058ErlangenGermany
- Helmholtz Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11)Immerwahrstrasse 291058ErlangenGermany
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7
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Peters IM, Brabec C, Buonassisi T, Hauch J, Nobre AM. The Impact of COVID-19-Related Measures on the Solar Resource in Areas with High Levels of Air Pollution. Joule 2020; 4:1681-1687. [PMID: 32835175 PMCID: PMC7303630 DOI: 10.1016/j.joule.2020.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Restrictions enacted to reduce the spreading of COVID-19 have resulted in notably clearer skies around the world. In this study, we confirm that reduced levels of air pollution correlate with unusually high levels of clear-sky insolation in Delhi, India. Restrictions here were announced on March 19th, with the nation going into lockdown on March 24th. Comparing insolation data before and after these dates with insolation from previous years (2017 to 2019), we observe an 8.3% ± 1.7% higher irradiance than usual in late March and a 5.9% ± 1.6% higher one in April, while we find no significant differences in values from previous years in February or early March. Using results from a previous study, we calculated the expected increase in insolation based on measured PM2.5 concentration levels. Measurements and calculations agree within confidence intervals, suggesting that reduced pollution levels are a major cause for the observed increase in insolation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Marius Peters
- FZ Jülich, Helmholtz-Institut Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energies, Immerwahrstraße 2, Erlangen 91058, Germany
- Corresponding author
| | - Christoph Brabec
- FZ Jülich, Helmholtz-Institut Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energies, Immerwahrstraße 2, Erlangen 91058, Germany
- Institute of Materials for Electronics and Energy Technology (i-MEET), Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen 91058, Germany
| | - Tonio Buonassisi
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Jens Hauch
- FZ Jülich, Helmholtz-Institut Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energies, Immerwahrstraße 2, Erlangen 91058, Germany
- Institute of Materials for Electronics and Energy Technology (i-MEET), Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen 91058, Germany
| | - André M. Nobre
- Cleantech Solar, 25 Church Street #03-04 Capital Square Three, Singapore 049482, Singapore
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Langner S, Häse F, Perea JD, Stubhan T, Hauch J, Roch LM, Heumueller T, Aspuru-Guzik A, Brabec CJ. Beyond Ternary OPV: High-Throughput Experimentation and Self-Driving Laboratories Optimize Multicomponent Systems. Adv Mater 2020; 32:e1907801. [PMID: 32049386 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201907801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Fundamental advances to increase the efficiency as well as stability of organic photovoltaics (OPVs) are achieved by designing ternary blends, which represents a clear trend toward multicomponent active layer blends. The development of high-throughput and autonomous experimentation methods is reported for the effective optimization of multicomponent polymer blends for OPVs. A method for automated film formation enabling the fabrication of up to 6048 films per day is introduced. Equipping this automated experimentation platform with a Bayesian optimization, a self-driving laboratory is constructed that autonomously evaluates measurements to design and execute the next experiments. To demonstrate the potential of these methods, a 4D parameter space of quaternary OPV blends is mapped and optimized for photostability. While with conventional approaches, roughly 100 mg of material would be necessary, the robot-based platform can screen 2000 combinations with less than 10 mg, and machine-learning-enabled autonomous experimentation identifies stable compositions with less than 1 mg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Langner
- Institute of Materials for Electronics and Energy Technology (i-MEET), Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Martensstrasse 7, Erlangen, 91058, Germany
| | - Florian Häse
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 3H6, Canada
- Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 3H6, Canada
- Vector Institute for Artificial Intelligence, Toronto, ON, M5S 1M1, Canada
| | - José Darío Perea
- Institute of Materials for Electronics and Energy Technology (i-MEET), Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Martensstrasse 7, Erlangen, 91058, Germany
| | - Tobias Stubhan
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Helmholtz-Institut Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11), Immerwahrstraße 2, Erlangen, 91058, Germany
| | - Jens Hauch
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Helmholtz-Institut Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11), Immerwahrstraße 2, Erlangen, 91058, Germany
| | - Loïc M Roch
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 3H6, Canada
- Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 3H6, Canada
- Vector Institute for Artificial Intelligence, Toronto, ON, M5S 1M1, Canada
| | - Thomas Heumueller
- Institute of Materials for Electronics and Energy Technology (i-MEET), Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Martensstrasse 7, Erlangen, 91058, Germany
| | - Alán Aspuru-Guzik
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 3H6, Canada
- Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 3H6, Canada
- Vector Institute for Artificial Intelligence, Toronto, ON, M5S 1M1, Canada
- Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR) Lebovic Fellow, Toronto, ON, M5S 1M1, Canada
| | - Christoph J Brabec
- Institute of Materials for Electronics and Energy Technology (i-MEET), Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Martensstrasse 7, Erlangen, 91058, Germany
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
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9
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Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine the psychological characteristics of people who show a paradoxical increase in anxiety during relaxation training. Thirty-eight subjects who reported being anxious 50% or more of the day, were divided into two groups based on their scores on the Tellegen and Atkinson absorption scale. Half of each group was given progressive muscle relaxation training; the other half a meditational procedure. Separate regression analyses for each group showed that during meditational procedure 32% of the change in heart rate and 42% of the change in a subjective response measured by changes in the position of an "anxiety lever", could be predicted by the subjects' scores on the Tellegen absorption scale, the cognitive component of the state version of the Cognitive-Somatic Anxiety Questionnaire, and other psychological tests. Similarly, 49% of the heart rate changes during progressive muscle relaxation training were predicted by these and other measures. The multiple R for anxiety lever during progressive muscle relaxation training was not significant, however. Three of 18 meditational procedure subjects and two of 20 progressive muscle relaxation subjects showed increased heart rates during relaxation training. Two of the three meditational procedure subjects also showed an increase in subjective tension as measured by the anxiety lever.
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Leff A, Jacobs R, Gooding V, Hauch J, Conte J, Stulbarg M. Bacillus cereus pneumonia. Survival in a patient with cavitary disease treated with gentamicin. Am Rev Respir Dis 1977; 115:151-4. [PMID: 402096 DOI: 10.1164/arrd.1977.115.1.151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cavitary pneumonitis due to Bacillus cereus occurred in a patient with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Pneumonia due to this organism is uncommon and recovery has not been previously reported. The present report is the first description of cavitary pneumonia due to B. cereus with a successful outcome. Recovery was attributed to appropriate antimicrobial therapy and induction of leukemic remission with chemotherapy.
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