1
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Lüer L, Wang R, Liu C, Dube H, Heumüller T, Hauch J, Brabec CJ. Maximizing Performance and Stability of Organic Solar Cells at Low Driving Force for Charge Separation. Adv Sci (Weinh) 2024; 11:e2305948. [PMID: 38039433 PMCID: PMC10853714 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202305948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
Thanks to the development of novel electron acceptor materials, the power conversion efficiencies (PCE) of organic photovoltaic (OPV) devices are now approaching 20%. Further improvement of PCE is complicated by the need for a driving force to split strongly bound excitons into free charges, causing voltage losses. This review discusses recent approaches to finding efficient OPV systems with minimal driving force, combining near unity quantum efficiency (maximum short circuit currents) with optimal energy efficiency (maximum open circuit voltages). The authors discuss apparently contradicting results on the amount of exciton binding in recent literature, and approaches to harmonize the findings. A comprehensive view is then presented on motifs providing a driving force for charge separation, namely hybridization at the donor:acceptor interface and polarization effects in the bulk, of which quadrupole moments (electrostatics) play a leading role. Apart from controlling the energies of the involved states, these motifs also control the dynamics of recombination processes, which are essential to avoid voltage and fill factor losses. Importantly, all motifs are shown to depend on both molecular structure and process conditions. The resulting high dimensional search space advocates for high throughput (HT) workflows. The final part of the review presents recent HT studies finding consolidated structure-property relationships in OPV films and devices from various deposition methods, from research to industrial upscaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larry Lüer
- Institute of Materials for Electronics and Energy Technology (i‐MEET)Friedrich‐Alexander‐Universität Erlangen‐NürnbergMartensstrasse 791058ErlangenGermany
| | - Rong Wang
- Institute of Materials for Electronics and Energy Technology (i‐MEET)Friedrich‐Alexander‐Universität Erlangen‐NürnbergMartensstrasse 791058ErlangenGermany
- Erlangen Graduate School in Advanced Optical Technologies (SAOT)Paul‐Gordan‐Straße 691052ErlangenGermany
| | - Chao Liu
- Institute of Materials for Electronics and Energy Technology (i‐MEET)Friedrich‐Alexander‐Universität Erlangen‐NürnbergMartensstrasse 791058ErlangenGermany
| | - Henry Dube
- Department Chemistry and PharmacyFriedrich‐Alexander‐Universität Erlangen‐NürnbergNikolaus‐Fiebiger‐Straße 1091058ErlangenGermany
| | - Thomas Heumüller
- Institute of Materials for Electronics and Energy Technology (i‐MEET)Friedrich‐Alexander‐Universität Erlangen‐NürnbergMartensstrasse 791058ErlangenGermany
| | - Jens Hauch
- Helmholtz‐Institute Erlangen‐Nürnberg (HI‐ERN)Immerwahrstraße 291058ErlangenGermany
| | - Christoph J. Brabec
- Institute of Materials for Electronics and Energy Technology (i‐MEET)Friedrich‐Alexander‐Universität Erlangen‐NürnbergMartensstrasse 791058ErlangenGermany
- Helmholtz‐Institute Erlangen‐Nürnberg (HI‐ERN)Immerwahrstraße 291058ErlangenGermany
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2
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Saladina M, Wöpke C, Göhler C, Ramirez I, Gerdes O, Liu C, Li N, Heumüller T, Brabec CJ, Walzer K, Pfeiffer M, Deibel C. Power-Law Density of States in Organic Solar Cells Revealed by the Open-Circuit Voltage Dependence of the Ideality Factor. Phys Rev Lett 2023; 130:236403. [PMID: 37354414 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.130.236403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/26/2023]
Abstract
The density of states (DOS) is fundamentally important for understanding physical processes in organic disordered semiconductors, yet hard to determine experimentally. We evaluated the DOS by considering recombination via tail states and using the temperature and open-circuit voltage (V_{oc}) dependence of the ideality factor. By performing Suns-V_{oc} measurements, we find that the energetic disorder increases deeper into the band gap, which is not expected for a Gaussian or exponential DOS. The linear dependence of the disorder on energy reveals the power-law DOS in organic solar cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Saladina
- Institut für Physik, Technische Universität Chemnitz, 09126 Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Christopher Wöpke
- Institut für Physik, Technische Universität Chemnitz, 09126 Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Clemens Göhler
- Institut für Physik, Technische Universität Chemnitz, 09126 Chemnitz, Germany
| | | | | | - Chao Liu
- Institute of Materials for Electronics and Energy Technology (i-MEET), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
- Helmholtz Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (HI ERN), 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ning Li
- Institute of Materials for Electronics and Energy Technology (i-MEET), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
- Helmholtz Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (HI ERN), 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, 510640 Guangzhou, China
| | - Thomas Heumüller
- Institute of Materials for Electronics and Energy Technology (i-MEET), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
- Helmholtz Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (HI ERN), 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christoph J Brabec
- Institute of Materials for Electronics and Energy Technology (i-MEET), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
- Helmholtz Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (HI ERN), 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | | | | | - Carsten Deibel
- Institut für Physik, Technische Universität Chemnitz, 09126 Chemnitz, Germany
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3
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Liu C, Lüer L, Corre VML, Forberich K, Weitz P, Heumüller T, Du X, Wortmann J, Zhang J, Wagner J, Ying L, Hauch J, Li N, Brabec CJ. Understanding Causalities in Organic Photovoltaics Device Degradation in a Machine-Learning-Driven High-Throughput Platform. Adv Mater 2023:e2300259. [PMID: 36961263 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202300259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Organic solar cells (OSCs) now approach power conversion efficiencies of 20%. However, in order to enter mass markets, problems in upscaling and operational lifetime have to be solved, both concerning the connection between processing conditions and active layer morphology. Morphological studies supporting the development of structure-process-property relations are time-consuming, complex, and expensive to undergo and for which statistics, needed to assess significance, are difficult to be collected. This work demonstrates that causal relationships between processing conditions, morphology, and stability can be obtained in a high-throughput method by combining low-cost automated experiments with data-driven analysis methods. An automatic spectral modeling feeds parametrized absorption data into a feature selection technique that is combined with Gaussian process regression to quantify deterministic relationships linking morphological features and processing conditions with device functionality. The effect of the active layer thickness and the morphological order is further modeled by drift-diffusion simulations and returns valuable insight into the underlying mechanisms for improving device stability by tuning the microstructure morphology with versatile approaches. Predicting microstructural features as a function of processing parameters is decisive know-how for the large-scale production of OSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Liu
- Institute of Materials for Electronics and Energy Technology (i-MEET), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität, Erlangen-Nürnberg, Martensstrasse 7, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Larry Lüer
- Institute of Materials for Electronics and Energy Technology (i-MEET), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität, Erlangen-Nürnberg, Martensstrasse 7, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
- Helmholtz-Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg (HI ERN), Immerwahrstraße 2, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Vincent M Le Corre
- Institute of Materials for Electronics and Energy Technology (i-MEET), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität, Erlangen-Nürnberg, Martensstrasse 7, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Karen Forberich
- Institute of Materials for Electronics and Energy Technology (i-MEET), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität, Erlangen-Nürnberg, Martensstrasse 7, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
- Helmholtz-Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg (HI ERN), Immerwahrstraße 2, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Paul Weitz
- Institute of Materials for Electronics and Energy Technology (i-MEET), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität, Erlangen-Nürnberg, Martensstrasse 7, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Thomas Heumüller
- Institute of Materials for Electronics and Energy Technology (i-MEET), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität, Erlangen-Nürnberg, Martensstrasse 7, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
- Helmholtz-Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg (HI ERN), Immerwahrstraße 2, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Xiaoyan Du
- School of Physics, Shandong University, 27 Shanda Nanlu, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Jonas Wortmann
- Institute of Materials for Electronics and Energy Technology (i-MEET), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität, Erlangen-Nürnberg, Martensstrasse 7, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
- Helmholtz-Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg (HI ERN), Immerwahrstraße 2, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jiyun Zhang
- Institute of Materials for Electronics and Energy Technology (i-MEET), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität, Erlangen-Nürnberg, Martensstrasse 7, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
- Helmholtz-Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg (HI ERN), Immerwahrstraße 2, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jerrit Wagner
- Helmholtz-Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg (HI ERN), Immerwahrstraße 2, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Lei Ying
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Device, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Jens Hauch
- Helmholtz-Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg (HI ERN), Immerwahrstraße 2, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ning Li
- Institute of Materials for Electronics and Energy Technology (i-MEET), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität, Erlangen-Nürnberg, Martensstrasse 7, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
- Helmholtz-Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg (HI ERN), Immerwahrstraße 2, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Device, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Christoph J Brabec
- Institute of Materials for Electronics and Energy Technology (i-MEET), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität, Erlangen-Nürnberg, Martensstrasse 7, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
- Helmholtz-Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg (HI ERN), Immerwahrstraße 2, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
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4
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Zhang G, Lin FR, Qi F, Heumüller T, Distler A, Egelhaaf HJ, Li N, Chow PCY, Brabec CJ, Jen AKY, Yip HL. Renewed Prospects for Organic Photovoltaics. Chem Rev 2022; 122:14180-14274. [PMID: 35929847 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Organic photovoltaics (OPVs) have progressed steadily through three stages of photoactive materials development: (i) use of poly(3-hexylthiophene) and fullerene-based acceptors (FAs) for optimizing bulk heterojunctions; (ii) development of new donors to better match with FAs; (iii) development of non-fullerene acceptors (NFAs). The development and application of NFAs with an A-D-A configuration (where A = acceptor and D = donor) has enabled devices to have efficient charge generation and small energy losses (Eloss < 0.6 eV), resulting in substantially higher power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) than FA-based devices. The discovery of Y6-type acceptors (Y6 = 2,2'-((2Z,2'Z)-((12,13-bis(2-ethylhexyl)-3,9-diundecyl-12,13-dihydro-[1,2,5]-thiadiazolo[3,4-e]-thieno[2″,3″:4',5']thieno-[2',3':4,5]pyrrolo-[3,2-g]thieno-[2',3':4,5]thieno-[3,2-b]indole-2,10-diyl)bis(methanylylidene))bis(5,6-difluoro-3-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-indene-2,1-diylidene))dimalononitrile) with an A-DA' D-A configuration has further propelled the PCEs to go beyond 15% due to smaller Eloss values (∼0.5 eV) and higher external quantum efficiencies. Subsequently, the PCEs of Y6-series single-junction devices have increased to >19% and may soon approach 20%. This review provides an update of recent progress of OPV in the following aspects: developments of novel NFAs and donors, understanding of the structure-property relationships and underlying mechanisms of state-of-the-art OPVs, and tasks underpinning the commercialization of OPVs, such as device stability, module development, potential applications, and high-throughput manufacturing. Finally, an outlook and prospects section summarizes the remaining challenges for the further development of OPV technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guichuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China.,School of Semiconductor Science and Technology, South China Normal University, Foshan 528225, China
| | - Francis R Lin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong, China.,Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong, China
| | - Feng Qi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong, China.,Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong, China
| | - Thomas Heumüller
- Institute of Materials for Electronics and Energy Technology (i-MEET), Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Martensstrasse 7, 91058 Erlangen, Germany.,Helmholtz Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg (HI ERN), Immerwahrstrasse 2, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Andreas Distler
- Institute of Materials for Electronics and Energy Technology (i-MEET), Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Martensstrasse 7, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Hans-Joachim Egelhaaf
- Institute of Materials for Electronics and Energy Technology (i-MEET), Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Martensstrasse 7, 91058 Erlangen, Germany.,Helmholtz Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg (HI ERN), Immerwahrstrasse 2, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ning Li
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Philip C Y Chow
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam 999077, Hong Kong, China
| | - Christoph J Brabec
- Institute of Materials for Electronics and Energy Technology (i-MEET), Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Martensstrasse 7, 91058 Erlangen, Germany.,Helmholtz Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg (HI ERN), Immerwahrstrasse 2, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Alex K-Y Jen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong, China.,Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong, China.,School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong, China.,Hong Kong Institute for Clean Energy, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hin-Lap Yip
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong, China.,School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong, China.,Hong Kong Institute for Clean Energy, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong, China
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5
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Wöpke C, Göhler C, Saladina M, Du X, Nian L, Greve C, Zhu C, Yallum KM, Hofstetter YJ, Becker-Koch D, Li N, Heumüller T, Milekhin I, Zahn DRT, Brabec CJ, Banerji N, Vaynzof Y, Herzig EM, MacKenzie RCI, Deibel C. Traps and transport resistance are the next frontiers for stable non-fullerene acceptor solar cells. Nat Commun 2022; 13:3786. [PMID: 35778394 PMCID: PMC9249898 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-31326-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Stability is one of the most important challenges facing material research for organic solar cells (OSC) on their path to further commercialization. In the high-performance material system PM6:Y6 studied here, we investigate degradation mechanisms of inverted photovoltaic devices. We have identified two distinct degradation pathways: one requires the presence of both illumination and oxygen and features a short-circuit current reduction, the other one is induced thermally and marked by severe losses of open-circuit voltage and fill factor. We focus our investigation on the thermally accelerated degradation. Our findings show that bulk material properties and interfaces remain remarkably stable, however, aging-induced defect state formation in the active layer remains the primary cause of thermal degradation. The increased trap density leads to higher non-radiative recombination, which limits the open-circuit voltage and lowers the charge carrier mobility in the photoactive layer. Furthermore, we find the trap-induced transport resistance to be the major reason for the drop in fill factor. Our results suggest that device lifetimes could be significantly increased by marginally suppressing trap formation, leading to a bright future for OSC. Long operational stability is essential to commercialisation of organic solar cells. Here, the authors investigate the thermal degradation of inverted photovoltaic devices based on PM6:Y6 non-fullerene system to reveal that trap-induced transport resistance is primarily responsible for the drop in fill factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Wöpke
- Institut für Physik, Technische Universität Chemnitz, 09126, Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Clemens Göhler
- Institut für Physik, Technische Universität Chemnitz, 09126, Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Maria Saladina
- Institut für Physik, Technische Universität Chemnitz, 09126, Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Xiaoyan Du
- Institute of Materials for Electronics and Energy Technology (i-MEET), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054, Erlangen, Germany.,Helmholtz Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (HI ERN), Immerwahrstrasse 2, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Li Nian
- Institute of Materials for Electronics and Energy Technology (i-MEET), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054, Erlangen, Germany.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Information Materials and Technology, Institute of Electronic Paper Displays, South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Christopher Greve
- Physikalisches Institut, Dynamik und Strukturbildung - Herzig Group, Universität Bayreuth, Universitätsstr. 30, 95447, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Chenhui Zhu
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Kaila M Yallum
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Yvonne J Hofstetter
- Integrated Center for Applied Photophysics and Photonic Materials, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany.,Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - David Becker-Koch
- Integrated Center for Applied Photophysics and Photonic Materials, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany.,Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Ning Li
- Institute of Materials for Electronics and Energy Technology (i-MEET), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054, Erlangen, Germany.,Helmholtz Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (HI ERN), Immerwahrstrasse 2, 91058, Erlangen, Germany.,State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, 381 Wushan Road, 510640, Guangzhou, China
| | - Thomas Heumüller
- Institute of Materials for Electronics and Energy Technology (i-MEET), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054, Erlangen, Germany.,Helmholtz Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (HI ERN), Immerwahrstrasse 2, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ilya Milekhin
- Institut für Physik, Technische Universität Chemnitz, 09126, Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Dietrich R T Zahn
- Institut für Physik, Technische Universität Chemnitz, 09126, Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Christoph J Brabec
- Institute of Materials for Electronics and Energy Technology (i-MEET), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054, Erlangen, Germany.,Helmholtz Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (HI ERN), Immerwahrstrasse 2, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Natalie Banerji
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Yana Vaynzof
- Integrated Center for Applied Photophysics and Photonic Materials, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany.,Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Eva M Herzig
- Physikalisches Institut, Dynamik und Strukturbildung - Herzig Group, Universität Bayreuth, Universitätsstr. 30, 95447, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Roderick C I MacKenzie
- Department of Engineering, Durham University, Lower Mount Joy, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK
| | - Carsten Deibel
- Institut für Physik, Technische Universität Chemnitz, 09126, Chemnitz, Germany.
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6
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Aubele A, He Y, Kraus T, Li N, Mena-Osteritz E, Weitz P, Heumüller T, Zhang K, Brabec CJ, Bäuerle P. Molecular Oligothiophene-Fullerene Dyad Reaching Over 5% Efficiency in Single-Material Organic Solar Cells. Adv Mater 2022; 34:e2103573. [PMID: 34463391 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202103573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A novel donor-acceptor dyad, 4, in which the conjugated oligothiophene donor is covalently connected to fullerene PC71 BM by a flexible alkyl ester linker, is synthesized and applied as photoactive layer in solution-processed single-material organic solar cells (SMOSCs). Excellent photovoltaic performance, including a high short-circuit current density (JSC ) of 13.56 mA cm-2 , is achieved, leading to a power conversion efficiency of 5.34% in an inverted cell architecture, which is substantially increased compared to other molecular single materials. Furthermore, dyad 4-based SMOSCs display excellent stability maintaining 96% of the initial performance after 750 h (one month) of continuous illumination and operation under simulated AM 1.5G irradiation. These results will strengthen the rational molecular design to further develop SMOSCs for potential industrial application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Aubele
- Institute of Organic Chemistry II and Advanced Materials, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Yakun He
- Erlangen Graduate School in Advanced Optical Technologies (SAOT), Paul-Gordan-Straße 6, 91052, Erlangen, Germany
- Institute of Materials for Electronics and Energy Technology (i-MEET), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Martensstrasse 7, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Teresa Kraus
- Institute of Organic Chemistry II and Advanced Materials, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Ning Li
- Institute of Materials for Electronics and Energy Technology (i-MEET), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Martensstrasse 7, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
- Helmholtz-Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg (HI ERN), Immerwahrstraße 2, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Elena Mena-Osteritz
- Institute of Organic Chemistry II and Advanced Materials, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Paul Weitz
- Institute of Materials for Electronics and Energy Technology (i-MEET), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Martensstrasse 7, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Thomas Heumüller
- Institute of Materials for Electronics and Energy Technology (i-MEET), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Martensstrasse 7, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Kaicheng Zhang
- Institute of Materials for Electronics and Energy Technology (i-MEET), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Martensstrasse 7, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christoph J Brabec
- Institute of Materials for Electronics and Energy Technology (i-MEET), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Martensstrasse 7, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
- Helmholtz-Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg (HI ERN), Immerwahrstraße 2, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Peter Bäuerle
- Institute of Organic Chemistry II and Advanced Materials, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
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7
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Cheng Y, Huang B, Huang X, Zhang L, Kim S, Xie Q, Liu C, Heumüller T, Liu Z, Zhang Y, Wu F, Yang C, Brabec CJ, Chen Y, Chen L. Oligomer-Assisted Photoactive Layers Enable >18 % Efficiency of Organic Solar Cells. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202200329. [PMID: 35263008 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202200329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Although ternary organic solar cells (OSCs) have unique advantages in improving device performance, the morphology assembly in the ternary-phase would be more uncertain or complex than that in the binary-phase. Here, we propose a new concept of oligomer-assisted photoactive layers for high-performance OSCs. The formed alloy-like phase of the oligomer : host polymer blend enabled the oligomer-assisted OSCs to fuse the advantages of both binary and ternary devices, exhibiting substantially enhanced performance and stability compared to the control devices. With the addition of oligomers, outstanding efficiencies of 17.33 % for a PM6 : Y6 device, 18.32 % for a PM6 : BTP-eC9 device, and 17.13 % for a PM6/Y6 pseudo-bilayer device were achieved, all of which are one of the highest values in their corresponding fields. The improved performance originated from the downshift energy levels, enhanced light absorption, optimized blend morphology, favorable charge dynamics, and reduced non-radiative energy loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujun Cheng
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering/Institute of Polymers and Energy Chemistry (IPEC), Nanchang University, 999 Xuefu Avenue, Nanchang, 330031, China
| | - Bin Huang
- School of Metallurgical and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, 156 Ke Jia Road, Ganzhou, 341000, China
| | - Xuexiang Huang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering/Institute of Polymers and Energy Chemistry (IPEC), Nanchang University, 999 Xuefu Avenue, Nanchang, 330031, China
| | - Lifu Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering/Institute of Polymers and Energy Chemistry (IPEC), Nanchang University, 999 Xuefu Avenue, Nanchang, 330031, China
| | - Seoyoung Kim
- Department of Energy Engineering, School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Perovtronics Research Center, Low Dimensional Carbon Materials Center, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, South Korea
| | - Qian Xie
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering/Institute of Polymers and Energy Chemistry (IPEC), Nanchang University, 999 Xuefu Avenue, Nanchang, 330031, China.,Institute of Materials for Electronics and Energy Technology (i-MEET), Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Chao Liu
- Institute of Materials for Electronics and Energy Technology (i-MEET), Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Thomas Heumüller
- Institute of Materials for Electronics and Energy Technology (i-MEET), Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058, Erlangen, Germany.,Helmholtz-Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (HI ERN), Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Immerwahrstraße 2, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Zuoji Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering/Institute of Polymers and Energy Chemistry (IPEC), Nanchang University, 999 Xuefu Avenue, Nanchang, 330031, China
| | - Youhui Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering/Institute of Polymers and Energy Chemistry (IPEC), Nanchang University, 999 Xuefu Avenue, Nanchang, 330031, China
| | - Feiyan Wu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering/Institute of Polymers and Energy Chemistry (IPEC), Nanchang University, 999 Xuefu Avenue, Nanchang, 330031, China
| | - Changduk Yang
- Department of Energy Engineering, School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Perovtronics Research Center, Low Dimensional Carbon Materials Center, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, South Korea
| | - Christoph J Brabec
- Institute of Materials for Electronics and Energy Technology (i-MEET), Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058, Erlangen, Germany.,Helmholtz-Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (HI ERN), Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Immerwahrstraße 2, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Yiwang Chen
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering/Institute of Polymers and Energy Chemistry (IPEC), Nanchang University, 999 Xuefu Avenue, Nanchang, 330031, China.,Institute of Advanced Scientific Research (iASR)/ Key Lab of Fluorine and Silicon for Energy Materials and Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Jiangxi Normal University, 99 Ziyang Avenue, Nanchang, 330022, China
| | - Lie Chen
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering/Institute of Polymers and Energy Chemistry (IPEC), Nanchang University, 999 Xuefu Avenue, Nanchang, 330031, China
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8
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Cheng Y, Huang B, Huang X, Zhang L, Kim S, Xie Q, Liu C, Heumüller T, Liu Z, Zhang Y, Wu F, Yang C, Brabec CJ, Chen Y, Chen L. Oligomer‐Assisted Photoactive Layers Enable >18 % Efficiency of Organic Solar Cells. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202200329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yujun Cheng
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering/Institute of Polymers and Energy Chemistry (IPEC) Nanchang University 999 Xuefu Avenue Nanchang 330031 China
| | - Bin Huang
- School of Metallurgical and Chemical Engineering Jiangxi University of Science and Technology 156 Ke Jia Road Ganzhou 341000 China
| | - Xuexiang Huang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering/Institute of Polymers and Energy Chemistry (IPEC) Nanchang University 999 Xuefu Avenue Nanchang 330031 China
| | - Lifu Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering/Institute of Polymers and Energy Chemistry (IPEC) Nanchang University 999 Xuefu Avenue Nanchang 330031 China
| | - Seoyoung Kim
- Department of Energy Engineering School of Energy and Chemical Engineering Perovtronics Research Center Low Dimensional Carbon Materials Center Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST) Ulsan 44919 South Korea
| | - Qian Xie
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering/Institute of Polymers and Energy Chemistry (IPEC) Nanchang University 999 Xuefu Avenue Nanchang 330031 China
- Institute of Materials for Electronics and Energy Technology (i-MEET) Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Chao Liu
- Institute of Materials for Electronics and Energy Technology (i-MEET) Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Thomas Heumüller
- Institute of Materials for Electronics and Energy Technology (i-MEET) Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg 91058 Erlangen Germany
- Helmholtz-Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (HI ERN) Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg Immerwahrstraße 2 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Zuoji Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering/Institute of Polymers and Energy Chemistry (IPEC) Nanchang University 999 Xuefu Avenue Nanchang 330031 China
| | - Youhui Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering/Institute of Polymers and Energy Chemistry (IPEC) Nanchang University 999 Xuefu Avenue Nanchang 330031 China
| | - Feiyan Wu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering/Institute of Polymers and Energy Chemistry (IPEC) Nanchang University 999 Xuefu Avenue Nanchang 330031 China
| | - Changduk Yang
- Department of Energy Engineering School of Energy and Chemical Engineering Perovtronics Research Center Low Dimensional Carbon Materials Center Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST) Ulsan 44919 South Korea
| | - Christoph J. Brabec
- Institute of Materials for Electronics and Energy Technology (i-MEET) Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg 91058 Erlangen Germany
- Helmholtz-Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (HI ERN) Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg Immerwahrstraße 2 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Yiwang Chen
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering/Institute of Polymers and Energy Chemistry (IPEC) Nanchang University 999 Xuefu Avenue Nanchang 330031 China
- Institute of Advanced Scientific Research (iASR)/ Key Lab of Fluorine and Silicon for Energy Materials and Chemistry of Ministry of Education Jiangxi Normal University 99 Ziyang Avenue Nanchang 330022 China
| | - Lie Chen
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering/Institute of Polymers and Energy Chemistry (IPEC) Nanchang University 999 Xuefu Avenue Nanchang 330031 China
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9
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Hou Y, Xie C, Radmilovic VV, Puscher B, Wu M, Heumüller T, Karl A, Li N, Tang X, Meng W, Chen S, Osvet A, Guldi D, Spiecker E, Radmilović VR, Brabec CJ. Assembling Mesoscale-Structured Organic Interfaces in Perovskite Photovoltaics. Adv Mater 2019; 31:e1806516. [PMID: 30633825 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201806516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Revised: 12/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Mesoscale-structured materials offer broad opportunities in extremely diverse applications owing to their high surface areas, tunable surface energy, and large pore volume. These benefits may improve the performance of materials in terms of carrier density, charge transport, and stability. Although metal oxides-based mesoscale-structured materials, such as TiO2 , predominantly hold the record efficiency in perovskite solar cells, high temperatures (above 400 °C) and limited materials choices still challenge the community. A novel route to fabricate organic-based mesoscale-structured interfaces (OMI) for perovskite solar cells using a low-temperature and green solvent-based process is presented here. The efficient infiltration of organic porous structures based on crystalline nanoparticles allows engineering efficient "n-i-p" and "p-i-n" perovskite solar cells with enhanced thermal stability, good performance, and excellent lateral homogeneity. The results show that this method is universal for multiple organic electronic materials, which opens the door to transform a wide variety of organic-based semiconductors into scalable n- or p-type porous interfaces for diverse advanced applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Hou
- Institute of Materials for Electronics and Energy Technology (i-MEET), Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Martensstr. 7, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Chen Xie
- Institute of Materials for Electronics and Energy Technology (i-MEET), Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Martensstr. 7, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Vuk V Radmilovic
- Innovation Center, Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, Karnegijeva 4, 11120, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Bianka Puscher
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, D-91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Mingjian Wu
- Institute of Micro- and Nanostructure Research & Center for Nanoanalysis and Electron Microscopy (CENEM), Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Cauerstr. 6, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Thomas Heumüller
- Institute of Materials for Electronics and Energy Technology (i-MEET), Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Martensstr. 7, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - André Karl
- Institute of Materials for Electronics and Energy Technology (i-MEET), Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Martensstr. 7, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ning Li
- Institute of Materials for Electronics and Energy Technology (i-MEET), Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Martensstr. 7, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
- Engineering Research Center for Advanced Polymer Processing Technology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Xiaofeng Tang
- Institute of Materials for Electronics and Energy Technology (i-MEET), Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Martensstr. 7, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Wei Meng
- Institute of Materials for Electronics and Energy Technology (i-MEET), Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Martensstr. 7, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Shi Chen
- Institute of Materials for Electronics and Energy Technology (i-MEET), Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Martensstr. 7, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Andres Osvet
- Institute of Materials for Electronics and Energy Technology (i-MEET), Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Martensstr. 7, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Dirk Guldi
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, D-91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Erdmann Spiecker
- Institute of Micro- and Nanostructure Research & Center for Nanoanalysis and Electron Microscopy (CENEM), Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Cauerstr. 6, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | | | - Christoph J Brabec
- Institute of Materials for Electronics and Energy Technology (i-MEET), Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Martensstr. 7, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
- Bavarian Center for Applied Energy Research (ZAE Bayern), Immerwahrstr. 2, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
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10
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Sweetnam S, Graham KR, Ngongang Ndjawa GO, Heumüller T, Bartelt JA, Burke TM, Li W, You W, Amassian A, McGehee MD. Characterization of the Polymer Energy Landscape in Polymer:Fullerene Bulk Heterojunctions with Pure and Mixed Phases. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:14078-88. [DOI: 10.1021/ja505463r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sean Sweetnam
- Materials
Science and Engineering Department, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-4034, United States
| | - Kenneth R. Graham
- Materials
Science and Engineering Department, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-4034, United States
- Materials
Science and Engineering Program, Physical Sciences and Engineering
Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia, 23955−6900
| | - Guy O. Ngongang Ndjawa
- Materials
Science and Engineering Program, Physical Sciences and Engineering
Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia, 23955−6900
| | - Thomas Heumüller
- Materials
Science and Engineering Department, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-4034, United States
| | - Jonathan A. Bartelt
- Materials
Science and Engineering Department, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-4034, United States
| | - Timothy M. Burke
- Materials
Science and Engineering Department, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-4034, United States
| | - Wentao Li
- Department
of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
| | - Wei You
- Department
of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
| | - Aram Amassian
- Materials
Science and Engineering Program, Physical Sciences and Engineering
Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia, 23955−6900
| | - Michael D. McGehee
- Materials
Science and Engineering Department, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-4034, United States
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