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Di Cesare M, Perel P, Taylor S, Kabudula C, Bixby H, Gaziano TA, McGhie DV, Mwangi J, Pervan B, Narula J, Pineiro D, Pinto FJ. The Heart of the World. Glob Heart 2024; 19:11. [PMID: 38273998 PMCID: PMC10809869 DOI: 10.5334/gh.1288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the leading cause of mortality globally. Of the 20.5 million CVD-related deaths in 2021, approximately 80% occurred in low- and middle-income countries. Using data from the Global Burden of Disease Study, NCD Risk Factor Collaboration, NCD Countdown initiative, WHO Global Health Observatory, and WHO Global Health Expenditure database, we present the burden of CVDs, associated risk factors, their association with national health expenditures, and an index of critical policy implementation. The Central Europe, Eastern Europe, and Central Asia region face the highest levels of CVD mortality globally. Although CVD mortality levels are generally lower in women than men, this is not true in almost 30% of countries in the North Africa and Middle East and Sub-Saharan regions. Raised blood pressure remains the leading global CVD risk factor, contributing to 10.8 million deaths in 2019. The regions with the highest proportion of countries achieving the maximum score for the WHF Policy Index were South Asia, Central Europe, Eastern Europe, and Central Asia, and the High-Income regions. The Sub-Saharan Africa region had the highest proportion of countries scoring two or less. Policymakers must assess their country's risk factor profile to craft effective strategies for CVD prevention and management. Fundamental strategies such as the implementation of National Tobacco Control Programmes, ensuring the availability of CVD medications, and establishing specialised units within health ministries to tackle non-communicable diseases should be embraced in all countries. Adequate healthcare system funding is equally vital, ensuring reasonable access to care for all communities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pablo Perel
- Department of Non-Communicable Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- World Heart Federation, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Chodziwadziwa Kabudula
- MRC/Wits Rural Public Health and Health Transitions Research Unit (Agincourt), School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Honor Bixby
- Institute of Public Health and Wellbeing, University of Essex, Colchester, UK
| | - Thomas A. Gaziano
- Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Cardiovascular Medicine, Boston, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | | | | | | | - Jagat Narula
- McGovern Medical School at UTHealth, Houston, USA
| | - Daniel Pineiro
- Department of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Fausto J. Pinto
- Santa Maria University Hospital, CAML, CCUL, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
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de Loizaga SR, Pulle J, Rwebembera J, Abrams J, Atala J, Chesnut E, Danforth K, Fall N, Felicelli N, Lapthorn K, Longenecker CT, Minja NW, Moore RA, Morrison R, Mwangi J, Nakagaayi D, Nakitto M, Sable C, Sanyahumbi A, Sarnacki R, Thembo J, Vincente SL, Watkins D, Zühlke L, Okello E, Beaton A, Dexheimer JW. Development and User Testing of a Dynamic Tool for Rheumatic Heart Disease Management. Appl Clin Inform 2023; 14:866-877. [PMID: 37914157 PMCID: PMC10620041 DOI: 10.1055/s-0043-1774812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Most rheumatic heart disease (RHD) registries are static and centralized, collecting epidemiological and clinical data without providing tools to improve care. We developed a dynamic cloud-based RHD case management application with the goal of improving care for patients with RHD in Uganda. METHODS The Active Community Case Management Tool (ACT) was designed to improve community-based case management for chronic disease, with RHD as the first test case. Global and local partner consultation informed selection of critical data fields and prioritization of application functionality. Multiple stages of review and revision culminated in user testing of the application at the Uganda Heart Institute. RESULTS Global and local partners provided feedback of the application via survey and interview. The application was well received, and top considerations included avenues to import existing patient data, considering a minimum data entry form, and performing a situation assessment to tailor ACT to the health system setup for each new country. Test users completed a postuse survey. Responses were favorable regarding ease of use, desire to use the application in regular practice, and ability of the application to improve RHD care in Uganda. Concerns included appropriate technical skills and supports and potential disruption of workflow. CONCLUSION Creating the ACT application was a dynamic process, incorporating iterative feedback from local and global partners. Results of the user testing will help refine and optimize the application. The ACT application showed potential for utility and integration into existing care models in Uganda.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah R. de Loizaga
- The Heart Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati School of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States
| | - Jafesi Pulle
- Uganda Heart Institute, Mulago Hospital, Kampala, Uganda
| | | | - Jessica Abrams
- Division of Paediatric Cardiology, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Reach, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Jenifer Atala
- Uganda Heart Institute, Mulago Hospital, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Emily Chesnut
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States
| | - Kristen Danforth
- Department of Global Health & Division of Cardiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States
| | - Ndate Fall
- The Heart Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States
| | - Nicholas Felicelli
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States
| | - Karen Lapthorn
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States
| | - Chris T. Longenecker
- Department of Global Health & Division of Cardiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States
| | - Neema W. Minja
- Uganda Heart Institute, Mulago Hospital, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Ryan A. Moore
- The Heart Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati School of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States
| | - Riley Morrison
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States
| | | | | | - Miriam Nakitto
- Uganda Heart Institute, Mulago Hospital, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Craig Sable
- Department of Cardiology, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia, United States
| | - Amy Sanyahumbi
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, United States
| | - Rachel Sarnacki
- Department of Cardiology, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia, United States
| | | | | | - David Watkins
- Department of Global Health & Division of Cardiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States
| | - Liesl Zühlke
- Division of Cardiology and Paediatric Cardiology, Department of Medicine/Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Emmy Okello
- Uganda Heart Institute, Mulago Hospital, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Andrea Beaton
- The Heart Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati School of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States
| | - Judith W. Dexheimer
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati School of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States
- Division of Emergency Medicine and Department of Biomedical Informatics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States
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Piñeiro DJ, Codato E, Mwangi J, Eiselé JL, Narula J. Accelerated reduction in global cardiovascular disease is essential to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals. Nat Rev Cardiol 2023; 20:577-578. [PMID: 37495743 DOI: 10.1038/s41569-023-00912-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
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Wekesa P, McLigeyo A, Owuor K, Mwangi J, Ngugi E. Survival probability and factors associated with time to loss to follow-up and mortality among patients on antiretroviral treatment in central Kenya. BMC Infect Dis 2022; 22:522. [PMID: 35668350 PMCID: PMC9171980 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-022-07505-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Retention of patients who are receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART) remains a challenge especially in the setting of rapid expansion of HIV services. Retention in care remains vital to the HIV care continuum, and has been associated with viral suppression and improved survival. This study aimed to ascertain survival rates, time to loss to follow-up (LTFU) or mortality events and factors associated with time to LTFU or mortality among patients enrolled on antiretroviral therapy at health facilities in central Kenya. METHODS This was a retrospective cohort study among patients initiated on ART between 2004 and 2012 in central Kenya. Demographic characteristics, clinical characteristics and outcomes data were analyzed using Stata version 15.1. Competing risks regression analysis and cummulative incidence functions were used to estimate survival. RESULTS A total of 31,346 patients were included, of whom 65.6% were female, 76.0% were aged between 20 and 50 years old, and 38.9% were diagnosed at WHO stage III. At 36 months, overall retention was 68.8%, LTFU was 27.1%, and mortality was 4.1%. The total person-years of follow up was 74,986. The incidence rate of LTFU was 9.99 per 100 person years for a total of 9383.25 person-years of follow up. The mortality rate was 1.25 per 100 person years for a total of 875.5 person-years among those who died. The median time to LTFU was 11 months (IQR 3-22) while median time to death was 3 months (IQR 0-13). Men, unmarried patients, patients presenting with advanced HIV, not on TB treatment, and enrolled into the HIV program in later cohorts, had a shorter time to mortality and LTFU. CONCLUSION Our study demonstrated evidence of scale-up of HIV treatment programs in central Kenya. While most patients were enrolled at an advanced WHO clinical stage, overall 36-month mortality remained low, but occurred earlier during follow-up. Cohort LTFU at 36-months reduced in later years with the losses occurring within the 1st year of follow-up. Predictors of early mortality and LTFU included being male, single, separated or divorced, advanced WHO clinical stage, and among patients not on TB treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Wekesa
- Centre for Health Solutions - Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya.
| | - A McLigeyo
- Centre for Health Solutions - Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - K Owuor
- Centre for Health Solutions - Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - J Mwangi
- Division of Global HIV & TB, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - E Ngugi
- Division of Global HIV & TB, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Nairobi, Kenya
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Wekesa P, McLigeyo A, Owuor K, Mwangi J, Isavwa L, Katana A. Temporal trends in pre-ART patient characteristics and outcomes before the test and treat era in Central Kenya. BMC Infect Dis 2021; 21:1007. [PMID: 34565337 PMCID: PMC8474838 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-021-06706-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Retention of patients who did not initiate antiretroviral therapy (ART) has been persistently low compared to those who initiated ART. Understanding the temporal trends in clinical outcomes prior to ART initiation may inform interventions targeting patients who do not initiate ART immediately after diagnosis. METHODS A retrospective cohort analysis of known HIV-infected patients who did not initiate ART from healthcare facilities in Central Kenya was done to investigate temporal trends in characteristics, retention, and mortality outcomes. The data were sourced from the Comprehensive Care Clinic Patient Application Database (CPAD) and IQ care electronic patient-level databases for those enrolled between 2004 and 2014. RESULTS A total of 13,779 HIV-infected patients were assessed, of whom 30.7% were men.There were statisitically significant differences in temporal trends relating to marital status, WHO clinical stage, and tuberculosis (TB) status from 2004 to 2014. The proportion of widowed patients decreased from 9.1 to 6.0%. By WHO clinical stage at enrollment in program, those in WHO stage I increased over time from 8.7 to 43.1%, while those in WHO stage III and IV reduced from 28.5 to 10.8% and 4.0 to 1.1% respectively. Those on TB treatment during their last known visit reduced from 8.3 to 3.9% while those with no TB signs increased from 58.5 to 86.8%. Trends in 6 and 12 month retention in the program, loss to follow-up (LTFU) and mortality were statistically significant. At 6 months, program retention ranged between 36.0% in 2004 to a high of 54.1% in 2013. LTFU at 6 months remained around 50.0% for most of the cohorts, while mortality at 6 months was 7.5% in 2004 but reduced to 3.8% in 2014. At 12 months, LTFU was above 50.0% across all the cohorts while mortality rate reached 3.9% in 2014. CONCLUSION Trends in pre ART enrollment suggested higher enrollment among patients who were women and at earlier WHO clinical stages. Retention and mortality outcomes at 6 and 12 months generally improved over the 11 year follow-up period, though dipped as enrollment in asymptomatic disease stage increased.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Wekesa
- Centre for Health Solutions - Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya.
| | - A McLigeyo
- Centre for Health Solutions - Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya.
| | - K Owuor
- Centre for Health Solutions - Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - J Mwangi
- Division of Global HIV & TB, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - L Isavwa
- Centre for Health Solutions - Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - A Katana
- Division of Global HIV & TB, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Nairobi, Kenya
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Beaton
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati School of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Liesl Zühlke
- Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,Department of Paediatric Cardiology, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | - Kathryn A Taubert
- Department of International Science and Health Strategies, American Heart Association International, Basel, Switzerland
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Beaton A, Kamalembo FB, Dale J, Kado JH, Karthikeyan G, Kazi DS, Longenecker CT, Mwangi J, Okello E, Ribeiro ALP, Taubert KA, Watkins DA, Wyber R, Zimmerman M, Carapetis J. The American Heart Association's Call to Action for Reducing the Global Burden of Rheumatic Heart Disease: A Policy Statement From the American Heart Association. Circulation 2020; 142:e358-e368. [PMID: 33070654 DOI: 10.1161/cir.0000000000000922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Rheumatic heart disease (RHD) affects ≈40 million people and claims nearly 300 000 lives each year. The historic passing of a World Health Assembly resolution on RHD in 2018 now mandates a coordinated global response. The American Heart Association is committed to serving as a global champion and leader in RHD care and prevention. Here, we pledge support in 5 key areas: (1) professional healthcare worker education and training, (2) technical support for the implementation of evidence-based strategies for rheumatic fever/RHD prevention, (3) access to essential medications and technologies, (4) research, and (5) advocacy to increase global awareness, resources, and capacity for RHD control. In bolstering the efforts of the American Heart Association to combat RHD, we hope to inspire others to collaborate, communicate, and contribute.
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Ndegwa D, Nyerere A, Gicho R, Mwangi J, Lihana R. Prevalence and Genotypes of HBV and HCV and the risk Factors for co-infection with HIV-1 Among Patients attending Ngong Sub-County Hospital, Kenya. Int J Infect Dis 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2018.04.4261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
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Wood D, Asma S, Bettcher D, Wei Chieh JT, Greenland R, Italianer F, Krug E, McGuire H, Wong-Rieger D, Eiselé JL, Mwangi J, Markbreiter J, Canham L, White A. Global Coalition for the Fight Against Heart Disease and Stroke: A Global Coalition for WHF Second Global Summit on Circulatory Health. Glob Heart 2017; 13:37-44. [PMID: 29248363 DOI: 10.1016/j.gheart.2017.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- David Wood
- World Heart Federation, Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Samira Asma
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Jack Tan Wei Chieh
- World Heart Federation, Geneva, Switzerland; National Heart Centre Singapore, Singapore; Asian Pacific Society of Cardiology, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Rohan Greenland
- National Heart Foundation of Australia, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia; Asia-Pacific Heart Network, Singapore
| | - Floris Italianer
- World Heart Federation, Geneva, Switzerland; Hartstichting, the Hague, the Netherlands
| | | | | | - Durhane Wong-Rieger
- Canadian Organization for Rare Disorders, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; International Alliance of Patients' Organizations, London, United Kingdom
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Palafox B, Mocumbi AO, Kumar RK, Ali SKM, Kennedy E, Haileamlak A, Watkins D, Petricca K, Wyber R, Timeon P, Mwangi J. The WHF Roadmap for Reducing CV Morbidity and Mortality Through Prevention and Control of RHD. Glob Heart 2017; 12:47-62. [PMID: 28336386 DOI: 10.1016/j.gheart.2016.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Rheumatic heart disease (RHD) is a preventable non-communicable condition that disproportionately affects the world's poorest and most vulnerable. The World Heart Federation Roadmap for improved RHD control is a resource designed to help a variety of stakeholders raise the profile of RHD nationally and globally, and provide a framework to guide and support the strengthening of national, regional and global RHD control efforts. The Roadmap identifies the barriers that limit access to and uptake of proven interventions for the prevention and control of RHD. It also highlights a variety of established and promising solutions that may be used to overcome these barriers. As a general guide, the Roadmap is meant to serve as the foundation for the development of tailored plans of action to improve RHD control in specific contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Palafox
- ECOHOST -The Centre for Health and Social Change, Faculty of Public Health & Policy, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom.
| | - Ana Olga Mocumbi
- Instituto Nacional de Saúde, Ministério da Saúde and Universidade Eduardo Mondlane, Maputo, Moçambique
| | - R Krishna Kumar
- Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Cochin, Kerala, India
| | - Sulafa K M Ali
- University of Khartoum and Sudan Heart Center, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Elizabeth Kennedy
- Fiji RHD Prevention and Control Project, Ministry of Health and Medical Services and Cure Kids New Zealand, Suva, Fiji
| | | | - David Watkins
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Kadia Petricca
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Rosemary Wyber
- Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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Omange R, Ocholla A, Kwallah. A, Kageha SN, Mwangi J, Cherutich RK, T.A. O, Nzomo T, Angwenyi S, Yonga. P, Kariuki F, Kyalo M, Mutai P, Nindo F, Songok E. MEETING REPORT: UNESCO-MERCK AFRICA RESEARCH SUMMIT 2015- ACCELERATING ACCESS AND SUSTAINING INNOVATION 'FROM AFRICA FOR AFRICA'. Afr J Infect Dis 2016; 11:26-43. [PMID: 28337491 PMCID: PMC5349763 DOI: 10.4314/ajid.v11i1.4537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Ebola virus disease outbreak of 2014 was the largest, longest and most devastating in the history of the disease. It demonstrated the social and economic impact an emerging infectious disease can have in a globalized world. Health systems in affected countries were stretched to the point of near collapse, while social relations and traditional practices were negatively impacted. Heads of African research institutions, African government representatives, leaders of global pharmaceutical companies, global infectious disease experts and close to 100 young African researchers from 25 countries; Assembled in Geneva on 19 and 20th October 2015, for the inaugural UNESCO-Merck Africa Summit sponsored by the United Nations Educational, Science and Culture Organization and Merck KGA. GOAL OF SUMMIT The primary goal of the summit was to develop strategies to increase health research capacity in Africa, with special focus on Ebola and enhancing pandemic preparation for emerging infectious diseases. The summit was also provide a forum to showcase the research taking place in Africa, and provided platform for African researchers to network. Some of the key issues discussed included; strategies for enhancing policy frameworks to promote knowledge translation, strengthening of health systems, enhancing knowledge and data sharing, and increasing innovation in Africa. CONCLUSIONS Summit attendees recognized that Africa still bore the heaviest burden of infectious disease, and increased commitment by African governments to fund health research, offered the best hope for developing health solutions and interventions to improve the health of Africans. Improved health in turn would enhance the productivity of Africans, further supporting the socio-economic transformation currently taking place on the continent.
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Affiliation(s)
- R.W. Omange
- Department of Medical Microbiology- University of Manitoba, Manitoba
| | - A.O. Ocholla
- Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Kenya
| | | | | | - J. Mwangi
- Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kenya
| | | | | | - T. Nzomo
- Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Kenya
- Department of Pharmacology & Pharmacognosy, University of Nairobi, Kenya
| | - S. Angwenyi
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Tanzania
| | - P Yonga.
- Department of Medicine, Baringo County Referral Hospital, Kenya
- Division of Health Research, Fountain HealthCare Hospital, Kenya
| | - F. Kariuki
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nairobi, Kenya
| | - M. Kyalo
- The National Public Health Laboratories, Kenya
| | - P.C. Mutai
- Department of Pharmacology & Pharmacognosy, University of Nairobi, Kenya
| | - F. Nindo
- Division of Computational Biology, Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, University of Cape Town, Kenya
| | - E.M Songok
- Department of Medical Microbiology- University of Manitoba, Manitoba
- Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kenya
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12
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Omange R, Ocholla A, Kwallah. A, Kageha SN, Mwangi J, Cherutich RK, T.A. O, Nzomo T, Angwenyi S, Yonga. P, Kariuki F, Kyalo M, Mutai P, Nindo F, Songok E. MEETING REPORT: UNESCO-MERCK AFRICA RESEARCH SUMMIT 2015- ACCELERATING ACCESS AND SUSTAINING INNOVATION 'FROM AFRICA FOR AFRICA. Afr J Infect Dis 2016. [PMID: 28337491 PMCID: PMC5349763 DOI: 10.21010/ajid.v11i1.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Goal of Summit: Conclusions:
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Affiliation(s)
- R.W. Omange
- Department of Medical Microbiology- University of Manitoba, Manitoba
- Corresponding author E-mail:
| | - A.O. Ocholla
- Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Kenya
| | | | | | - J. Mwangi
- Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kenya
| | | | | | - T. Nzomo
- Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Kenya
- Department of Pharmacology & Pharmacognosy, University of Nairobi, Kenya
| | - S. Angwenyi
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Tanzania
| | - P Yonga.
- Department of Medicine, Baringo County Referral Hospital, Kenya
- Division of Health Research, Fountain HealthCare Hospital, Kenya
| | - F. Kariuki
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nairobi, Kenya
| | - M. Kyalo
- The National Public Health Laboratories, Kenya
| | - P.C. Mutai
- Department of Pharmacology & Pharmacognosy, University of Nairobi, Kenya
| | - F. Nindo
- Division of Computational Biology, Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, University of Cape Town, Kenya
| | - E.M Songok
- Department of Medical Microbiology- University of Manitoba, Manitoba
- Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kenya
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13
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Pinard F, Makune SE, Campagne P, Mwangi J. Spatial Distribution of Coffee Wilt Disease Under Roguing and Replanting Conditions: A Case Study from Kaweri Estate in Uganda. Phytopathology 2016; 106:1291-1299. [PMID: 27294616 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-04-15-0097-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Based on time and spatial dynamic considerations, this study evaluates the potential role of short- and long-distance dispersal in the spread of coffee wilt disease (CWD) in a large commercial Robusta coffee estate in Uganda (Kaweri, 1,755 ha) over a 4-year period (2008 to 2012). In monthly surveys, total disease incidence, expansion of infection foci, and the occurrence of isolated infected trees were recorded and submitted to spatial analysis. Incidence was higher and disease progression faster in old coffee plantings compared with young plantings, indicating a lack of efficiency of roguing for reducing disease development in old plantings. At large spatial scale (approximately 1 km), Moran indices (both global and local) revealed the existence of clusters characterized by contrasting disease incidences. This suggested that local environmental conditions were heterogeneous or there were spatial interactions among blocks. At finer spatial scale (approximately 200 m), O-ring statistics revealed positive correlation between distant infection sites across distances as great as 60 m. Although these observations indicate the role of short-distance dispersal in foci expansion, dispersal at greater distances (>20 m) appeared to also contribute to both initiation of new foci and disease progression at coarser spatial scales. Therefore, our results suggested the role of aerial dispersal in CWD progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Pinard
- First author: CIRAD UR 106 Bioagresseurs/icipe, Plant Health Department, P.O. Box 30772, Nairobi 00100, Kenya; second and fourth authors: Kaweri Coffee Plantation Ltd., P.O. Box 264, Mubende, Uganda; and third author: Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK
| | - S E Makune
- First author: CIRAD UR 106 Bioagresseurs/icipe, Plant Health Department, P.O. Box 30772, Nairobi 00100, Kenya; second and fourth authors: Kaweri Coffee Plantation Ltd., P.O. Box 264, Mubende, Uganda; and third author: Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK
| | - P Campagne
- First author: CIRAD UR 106 Bioagresseurs/icipe, Plant Health Department, P.O. Box 30772, Nairobi 00100, Kenya; second and fourth authors: Kaweri Coffee Plantation Ltd., P.O. Box 264, Mubende, Uganda; and third author: Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK
| | - J Mwangi
- First author: CIRAD UR 106 Bioagresseurs/icipe, Plant Health Department, P.O. Box 30772, Nairobi 00100, Kenya; second and fourth authors: Kaweri Coffee Plantation Ltd., P.O. Box 264, Mubende, Uganda; and third author: Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK
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Zoghbi WA, Duncan T, Antman E, Barbosa M, Champagne B, Chen D, Gamra H, Harold JG, Josephson S, Komajda M, Logstrup S, Jur C, Mayosi BM, Mwangi J, Ralston J, Sacco RL, Sim KH, Smith SC, Vardas PE, Wood DA. Sustainable Development Goals and the future of cardiovascular health. A statement from the Global Cardiovascular Disease Taskforce. Eur Heart J 2014; 35:3238-3239. [PMID: 25629099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023] Open
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Zoghbi WA, Duncan T, Antman E, Barbosa M, Champagne B, Chen D, Gamra H, Harold JG, Josephson S, Komajda M, Logstrup S, Mayosi BM, Mwangi J, Ralston J, Sacco RL, Sim KH, Smith SC, Vardas PE, Wood DA. Sustainable development goals and the future of cardiovascular health: a statement from the Global Cardiovascular Disease Taskforce. Glob Heart 2014; 9:273-4. [PMID: 25667177 DOI: 10.1016/j.gheart.2014.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - K H Sim
- Asian Pacific Society of Cardiology
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16
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Zoghbi WA, Duncan T, Antman E, Barbosa M, Champagne B, Chen D, Gamra H, Harold JG, Josephson S, Komajda M, Logstrup S, Mayosi BM, Mwangi J, Ralston J, Sacco RL, Sim KH, Smith SC, Vardas PE, Wood DA. Sustainable Development Goals and the future of cardiovascular health: a statement from the Global Cardiovascular Disease Taskforce. J Am Heart Assoc 2014; 3:e000504. [PMID: 25246447 PMCID: PMC4323800 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.114.000504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - K H Sim
- Asian Pacific Society of Cardiology
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Hallgreen CE, van den Ham HA, Mt-Isa S, Ashworth S, Hermann R, Hobbiger S, Luciani D, Micaleff A, Thomson A, Wang N, van Staa TP, Downey G, Hirsch I, Hockley K, Juhaeri J, Metcalf M, Mwangi J, Nixon R, Peters R, Stoeckert I, Waddingham E, Tzoulaki I, Ashby D, Wise L. Benefit-risk assessment in a post-market setting: a case study integrating real-life experience into benefit-risk methodology. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 2014; 23:974-83. [PMID: 25043919 DOI: 10.1002/pds.3676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2013] [Revised: 06/02/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Difficulties may be encountered when undertaking a benefit-risk assessment for an older product with well-established use but with a benefit-risk balance that may have changed over time. This case study investigates this specific situation by applying a formal benefit-risk framework to assess the benefit-risk balance of warfarin for primary prevention of patients with atrial fibrillation. METHODS We used the qualitative framework BRAT as the starting point of the benefit-risk analysis, bringing together the relevant available evidence. We explored the use of a quantitative method (stochastic multi-criteria acceptability analysis) to demonstrate how uncertainties and preferences on multiple criteria can be integrated into a single measure to reduce cognitive burden and increase transparency in decision making. RESULTS Our benefit-risk model found that warfarin is favourable compared with placebo for the primary prevention of stroke in patients with atrial fibrillation. This favourable benefit-risk balance is fairly robust to differences in preferences. The probability of a favourable benefit-risk for warfarin against placebo is high (0.99) in our model despite the high uncertainty of randomised clinical trial data. In this case study, we identified major challenges related to the identification of relevant benefit-risk criteria and taking into account the diversity and quality of evidence available to inform the benefit-risk assessment. CONCLUSION The main challenges in applying formal methods for medical benefit-risk assessment for a marketed drug are related to outcome definitions and data availability. Data exist from many different sources (both randomised clinical trials and observational studies), and the variability in the studies is large.
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Mitei K, Bulimo W, Achilla R, Majanja J, Wadegu M, Opot B, Osuna F, Mukunzi S, Muthoni J, Ochola S, Mwangi J, Njiri J, Wurapa E, Coldren R. Surveillance of non-influenza viruses in Kenya, 2007-2011. Int J Infect Dis 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2014.03.964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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Wadegu M, Bulimo W, Achilla R, Majanja J, Mukunzi S, Osuna F, Wangui J, Opot B, Njiri J, Mitei K, Nyambura J, Mwangi J, Schnabel D, Wurapa E. Genotypic characterization of antiviral susceptibility of Influenza A viruses isolated in Kenya from 2008 to 2011. Int J Infect Dis 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2012.05.617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
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Muthoni J, Bulimo W, Achilla R, Majanja J, Njiri J, Wadegu M, Mukunzi S, Mwangi J, Opot B, Osuna F, Wurapa E. Initial spatial and temporal distribution/dynamics of pandemic H1N1 influenza virus in Kenya between August 2009 and December 2010. Int J Infect Dis 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2012.05.315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
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Mitei K, Bulimo W, Achilla R, Majanja J, Mwangi J, Njiri J, Wurapa E. A review of laboratory-confirmed cases of human parainfluenza viruses in Kenya (2007-2011). Int J Infect Dis 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2012.05.313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Basavaraju SV, Pitman JP, Marum LH, Zeh C, Shiraishi RW, Mwangi J, Nyamongo J. Addendum to Vox Sanguinis 2011, 100: 436-437. Vox Sang 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1423-0410.2010.01460.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Basavaraju SV, Pitman JP, Marum LH, Zeh C, Shiraishi RW, Mwangi J, Nyamongo J. Author response to: letter to the editor HIV safety in sub-Saharan Africa. Vox Sang 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1423-0410.2010.01431.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Basavaraju SV, Mwangi J, Nyamongo J, Zeh C, Kimani D, Shiraishi RW, Madoda R, Okonji JA, Sugut W, Ongwae S, Pitman JP, Marum LH. Reduced risk of transfusion-transmitted HIV in Kenya through centrally co-ordinated blood centres, stringent donor selection and effective p24 antigen-HIV antibody screening. Vox Sang 2010; 99:212-9. [PMID: 20497410 DOI: 10.1111/j.1423-0410.2010.01340.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Following a 1994 study showing a high rate of transfusion-associated HIV, Kenya implemented WHO blood safety recommendations including: organizing the Kenya National Blood Transfusion Service (NBTS), stringent blood donor selection, and universal screening with fourth-generation p24 antigen and HIV antibody assays. Here, we estimate the risk of transfusion-associated HIV transmission in Kenya resulting from NBTS laboratory error and consider the potential safety benefit of instituting pooled nucleic acid testing (NAT) to reduce window period transmission. METHODS From November to December 2008 in one NBTS regional centre, and from March to June 2009 in all six NBTS regional centres, every third unit of blood screened negative for HIV by the national algorithm was selected. Dried blood spots were prepared and sent to a reference laboratory for further testing, including NAT. Test results from the reference laboratory and NBTS were compared. Risk of transfusion-associated HIV transmission owing to laboratory error and the estimated yield of implementing NAT were calculated. FINDINGS No cases of laboratory error were detected in 12,435 units tested. We estimate that during the study period, the percentage of units reactive for HIV by NAT but non-reactive by the national algorithm was 0·0% (95% exact binomial confidence interval, 0·00-0·024%). INTERPRETATION By adopting WHO blood safety strategies for resource-limited settings, Kenya has substantially reduced the risk of transfusion-associated HIV infection. As the national testing and donor selection algorithm is effective, implementing NAT is unlikely to add a significant safety benefit. These findings should encourage other countries in the region to fully adopt the WHO strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- S V Basavaraju
- HIV Prevention Branch, Global AIDS Program, National Center for HIV/AIDS, viral Hepatitis, STD and TB Prevention, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA.
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Kimani D, Mwangi J, Mwangi M, Bunnell R, Kellogg TA, Oluoch T, Gichangi A, Kaiser R, Mugo N, Odongo T, Oduor M, Marum L. Blood donors in Kenya: a comparison of voluntary and family replacement donors based on a population-based survey. Vox Sang 2010; 100:212-8. [PMID: 20738836 DOI: 10.1111/j.1423-0410.2010.01376.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Blood safety and sufficiency are major challenges in Kenya and other sub-Saharan African countries forcing many countries to rely on family replacement donors (FRD). We analysed data from a national AIDS indicator survey to describe blood donors in Kenya and potential risks of transfusion transmissible infections (TTI) comparing voluntary donors and FRD. MATERIALS AND METHODS A population-based, cross-sectional survey was conducted in 2007 among 15- to 64-year-olds. Consenting participants were interviewed about blood donation history and were tested for HIV, HSV-2 and syphilis. RESULTS Of the 17,940 people surveyed, 445 (2·3%) reported donating blood in the prior 12 months. Sixty-four per cent were voluntary donors, and the rest were FRD. Compared to FRD, the majority of voluntary donors were <25 years old (59% versus 18%), from the highest wealth quintile (57% versus 42%) and single (64% versus 23%). In addition, voluntary donors were less likely to have been sexually active than replacement donors (43% versus 13%). HIV prevalence was lower among voluntary donors than among FRD (2·6% versus 7·4%, P-value=0·07). CONCLUSIONS The majority of blood donors in Kenya are voluntary with lower potential risk of TTI.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Kimani
- Global AIDS Program, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Nairobi, Kenya.
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Basavaraju SV, Mwangi J, Kellogg TA, Odawo L, Marum LH. Quantification of print, radio and television exposure among previous blood donors in Kenya: an opportunity for encouraging repeat donation in a resource-limited setting? Vox Sang 2010; 99:274-7. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1423-0410.2010.01369.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Mwangi J, Victorio T, Kimiru S, Njeri C, Ngatiri G, Marani D. O652 Comprehensive care for HIV infected pregnant women and their infants in resource limited settings. The experience of Karatina program (Central Kenya). Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/s0020-7292(09)61025-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Ndetei DM, Othieno CJ, Mutiso V, Ongecha FA, Kokonya DA, Omar A, Gakinya B, Mwangi J. Psychometric properties of an African symptoms check list scale: the Ndetei-Othieno-Kathuku scale. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 83:280-7. [PMID: 16866223 DOI: 10.4314/eamj.v83i5.9434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To profile and quantify the psychometric properties of the NOK (Ndetei-Othieno-Kathuku) scale against internationally used Gold-standards and benchmarks for mild psychiatric disorders and post-traumatic stress disorders and to provide a potential easy to administer culture sensitive instrument for screening and assessing those with possible psychiatric disorders for the Kenyan and similar social-cultural situations. DESIGN Cross-Sectional quantitative study. SETTING A psychiatric clinical consultation setting and Kyanguli Secondary School psychotrauma counselling clinical set-up. SUBJECTS Survivors of the Nairobi USA Embassy bombing who were referred for psychiatric treatment and survivors of a fire disaster from a rural Kenyan school (Kyanguli School fire disaster) including students, parents of the diseased children and staff members. RESULTS Positive correlation was found between the NOK and all the instruments. The highest correlations were between the NOK and the BDI and SCL-90 (r = 0.557 to 0.786). The differences between the NOK scores among the different groups were statistically significant (F ratio = 13.54 to 160.34, p < 0.01). The reliability coefficient (internal consistency) of the scale, alpha = 0.9733. Other item statistics and correlations of the scale are discussed. CONCLUSION It is concluded that the NOK has high concurrent and discriminant validity as well as a high internal consistency and that it can be used for the rapid assessment of psychotrauma victims of all age groups; and stress in general in similar age groups in the local setting. It is culture appropriate and sensitive.
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Omar SA, Mens PF, Schoone GJ, Yusuf A, Mwangi J, Kaniaru S, Omer GAA, Schallig HDFH. Plasmodium falciparum: evaluation of a quantitative nucleic acid sequence-based amplification assay to predict the outcome of sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine treatment of uncomplicated malaria. Exp Parasitol 2005; 110:73-9. [PMID: 15804381 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2005.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2004] [Revised: 01/26/2005] [Accepted: 02/01/2005] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A quantitative nucleic acid sequence-based amplification (QT-NASBA) assay was employed to predict retrospectively the outcome of sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP) treatment of uncomplicated malaria in children aged <6 years in an endemic region. Blood samples were collected at initial diagnosis and during follow-up. Mutation-specific nested PCR methods to analyse DHFR (Arg-59) and DHPS (Glu-540) mutations that are associated with SP drug resistance were applied. Parasite genotyping was performed to distinguish between re-infection and recrudescence. Eighty-six patients were recruited of which 66 were available for follow-up. Nine children were classified as early treatment failure, 13 cases were classified as late clinical failure, 32 as late parasitological failure, and only 12 children had an adequate clinical and parasitological response. DHFR and DHPS mutations conferring SP resistance were abundant in the Plasmodium population. Blood samples obtained 7 days after treatment were used to predict retrospectively the outcome of SP treatment. QT-NASBA was able to give a correct prediction of treatment outcome in 85.7% of the cases. Positive predictive value (PPV) of QT-NASBA case was 95% (95% confidence interval = 88.3-100) and negative predictive value (NPV) was 63% (95% CI = 39.5-86.5). In contrast, microscopy correctly predicted outcome in only 37.5% of the cases. PPV of microscopy was 100% (95% CI = 73.9-100) and the NPV was 25.5% (95% CI = 13.0-38.0). The analysis of a day 7 blood sample with QT-NASBA allows for the prediction of late clinical or parasitological treatment failure in the majority of the cases analysed in the present study.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Omar
- Kenya Medical Research Institute, Centre for Biotechnology Research and Development, Nairobi, Kenya
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Catley A, Okoth S, Osman J, Fison T, Njiru Z, Mwangi J, Jones BA, Leyland TJ. Participatory diagnosis of a chronic wasting disease in cattle in southern Sudan. Prev Vet Med 2001; 51:161-81. [PMID: 11535278 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-5877(01)00240-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In southern Sudan, livestock keepers identified a chronic wasting disease in adult cattle as one of their most-serious animal-health problems. Participatory-appraisal (PA) methods and conventional veterinary-investigation methods were used to characterise the chronic wasting disease and identify linkages between indigenous knowledge and modern veterinary knowledge. The local characterisation of chronic wasting encompassed trypanosomosis, fasciolosis, parasitic gastroenteritis and schistosomosis (as both single and mixed infections).A standardised PA method called matrix scoring had good reproducibility when investigating local perceptions of disease-signs and disease causes. Comparison of matrix-scoring results showed much overlap with modern veterinary descriptions of cattle diseases and the results of conventional veterinary investigation. Applications of PA methods in remote areas with very limited veterinary infrastructure are discussed. The validation of data derived from PA is discussed by reference to the low sensitivity of 'field-friendly' diagnostic tests for important cattle diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Catley
- Participatory Approaches to Veterinary Epidemiology Project, Sustainable Agriculture and Rural Livelihoods Programme, International Institute for Environment and Development, 3 Endsleigh Street, London WC1H 0DD, UK.
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Mwangi J. Blood group distribution in an urban population of patient targeted blood donors. East Afr Med J 1999; 76:615-8. [PMID: 10734520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The frequencies of ABO and Rhesus D blood groups vary from one population to another. OBJECTIVE To determine the frequencies of the ABO and Rhesus D blood groups and to assess the preparedness of the hospital based patient targeted blood donor unit in the provision of blood and blood products and also to determine the blood groups of patients attending the antenatal clinic over the same period. DESIGN A retrospective study using data from the hospital's blood transfusion unit. SETTING The Aga Khan Hospital, Nairobi. SUBJECTS All persons donating blood and attending the antenatal clinic between October 1997 and December 1997 were included in the study. RESULTS Blood group O was found to be most frequent: 49% in indigenous African donors and ANC attendants, 45% in the general donor population and 34% among Asian donors. The frequency of blood group B was 33% in the Asian donors, 27% in all donors, 25% in African donors, and 24% in ANC attendants. Group AB was seven per cent in Asian donors, five per cent in both the general donor population and the ANC attendants and four per cent in the African donors. The frequency of blood group A was 26% in Asian donors, 23% in all donors and 22% in both the African donors and ANC attendants. Ninety four per cent of the indigenous African donors were Rhesus D positive, 97% of the ANC attendants were Rhesus D positive and 90% of the Asian donors were Rhesus D positive. CONCLUSION The blood groups of blood and blood products available at the hospital based transfusion unit closely correlate with those of the general population. A positive bias towards the rarer blood groups AB and Rh D negative is noted. The Rhesus D antigen has a high prevalence in indigenous Africans.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Mwangi
- Department of Haematology and Blood Transfusion, College of Health Sciences, University of Nairobi
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Ogwan'g R, Mwangi J, Gachihi G, Nwachukwu A, Roberts CR, Martin SK. Use of pharmacological agents to implicate a role for phosphoinositide hydrolysis products in malaria gamete formation. Biochem Pharmacol 1993; 46:1601-6. [PMID: 8240417 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(93)90329-u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The kinetics of phosphoinositol 4,5 bisphosphate hydrolysis products in activated Plasmodium falciparum gametocytes suggests a role for inositol trisphosphate [Ins(1,4,5)P3] and diacylglycerol (DAG) in the signal transduction pathway of malaria gametocytes. To investigate further this role, compounds that have an effect on the metabolism and biologic functions of these second messengers were tested in an in vitro system. Gentamycin, 2,3 diphosphoglycerate (2,3 DPG) and magnesium ion (Mg2+), inhibitors of Ins(1,4,5)P3 5' phosphatase, all stimulated gametocytes to exflagellate in suspended animation buffer, pH 7.4, at room temperature. In addition, methylxanthines, caffeine and theobromine, calcium ionophore (A-23187), and external calcium also stimulated exflagellation. In contrast, neomycin, an aminoglycoside that inhibits phospholipase C activity, and heparin, an antagonist of Ins(1,4,5)P3 binding to its receptor, inhibited microgamete formation. Quinine and chloroquine which can inhibit both phospholipase A and C activity also inhibited gametocyte exflagellation. The consistent manner in which these various compounds affect gametocyte activation further implicates phosphoinositol turnover in the signal transduction pathway of falciparum gametocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Ogwan'g
- Clinical Research Center, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi
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Mwangi J, Gatei DG. Hepatitis B virus, hepatocellular carcinoma and liver cirrhosis in Kenya. East Afr Med J 1993; 70:34-36. [PMID: 8223308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma is the third most common malignancy in Kenyan males occurring with a peak incidence at 40 years of age. A worldwide correlation has been noted between the incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma and prevalence of hepatitis B virus. Liver biopsies with histological diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), cirrhosis and the normals were reviewed by the authors. They were then stained for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and hepatitis e core antigen (HBcAg). Only 2.5% of normal livers were positive for HBsAg compared with 33% of HCC and 25% of cirrhosis respectively. Hepatitis core antigen was not demonstrated in normal liver biopsies but it was present in 11.5% of HCC and 14% of cirrhosis. Background cirrhosis was noted in 52% of biopsies showing HCC. It is clear that a causal association exists between hepatitis B virus (HBV) and both liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Higher antigen markers, up to 80% have been reported in South East Asia and India. This difference may be due to the type of biopsy examined (needle biopsy vs open biopsy) but the possibility that other factors such as aflatoxin and non A/non B hepatitis viruses play a more significant role in the causation of liver disease in Kenya than has previously been assumed should be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Mwangi
- Department of Haematology and Blood Transfusion, College of Health Sciences, University of Nairobi, Kenya
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Wellde BT, Reardon MJ, Chumo DA, Kovatch RM, Waema D, Wykoff DE, Mwangi J, Boyce WL, Williams JS. Cerebral trypanosomiasis in naturally-infected cattle in the Lambwe Valley, south Nyanza, Kenya. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 1989; 83 Suppl 1:151-60. [PMID: 2619389 DOI: 10.1080/00034983.1989.11812419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Surveys in Zebu cattle in the Lambwe Valley in 1980 indicated that many (up to 70%) were infected with trypanosomes. The predominant parasite was Trypanosoma brucei sspl followed by T. congolense. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis showed a high proportion of animals with pleocytosis and elevated total CSF protein. Trypanosomes were detected in CSF and signs of a central nervous system (CNS) disease were observed. Histopathological lesions in the CNS were identical to those found in experimentally-infected cattle and consisted of perivascular infiltrations, swollen endothelium of vessels, infiltration of the vascular wall, and perivascular oedema. The severest cases showed rarefaction, astrocytosis and areas of necrosis. Infected cattle transported to the Veterinary Research Laboratory were studied for up to four years. Absence of trypanosomes from the peripheral blood was common, and even subinoculation of lymph node aspirates and CSF were usually negative. Death was preceded by a period of weight loss and the development of severe CNS signs. An attempt to cure animals with Mel-B treatment failed. Serum from naturally-infected cattle neutralized T. b. rhodesiense stocks collected in the same area.
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Affiliation(s)
- B T Wellde
- Walter Reed Project, Veterinary Research Laboratory, Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock Development, Kabete, Kenya
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Reardon MJ, Wellde BT, Muriithi RM, Chumo DA, Towett S, Mwangi J. Effectiveness of WR 163577 against animal trypanosomes in goats and mice. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 1989; 83 Suppl 1:171-5. [PMID: 2619391 DOI: 10.1080/00034983.1989.11812421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
A bisquinaldine, 1,6-bis-(6-amino-2-methyl-4-quinolylamino) hexane, was tested against Trypanosoma brucei ssp. in goats and against T. brucei, T. congolense and T. vivax in mice. At doses of 25 and 100 mg kg-1, the drug protected goats for at least 90 days against blood challenge with T. brucei ssp. Fifty to sixty per cent of goats challenged 180 days after treatment were protected, but all goats challenged 270 days after treatment became infected. In mice, bisquinaldine also had a marked effect on T. brucei, but only a minimal effect on T. vivax and no apparent effect on T. congolense. No drug toxicity was noted in mice even at doses of 2000 mg kg-1. Both a short-term (25 and 100 mg kg-1) and long term (100 mg kg-1) toxicity was apparent in goats treated with bisquinaldine.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Reardon
- Walter Reed Project, Veterinary Research Laboratory, Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock Production, Kabete, Kenya
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Wellde BT, Reardon MJ, Chumo DA, Muriithi RM, Towett S, Mwangi J. Experimental infection of goats with Trypanosoma brucei ssp. and effects of treatment with suramin and Mel-B. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 1989; 83 Suppl 1:161-9. [PMID: 2619390 DOI: 10.1080/00034983.1989.11812420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
A stock of Trypanosoma brucei ssp. isolated from a naturally-infected goat in the Lambwe Valley, Kenya, induced cerebral trypanosomiasis in experimentally-infected goats. Six of nine goats with cerebral trypanosomiasis induced by this stock were cured by a single high dose of suramin (50 mg kg-1). Two other goats appeared to be cured with this dosage of suramin but later developed abnormal central nervous system (CNS) signs and parasitaemia. Parasites first appeared in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and then in the blood and lymph nodes. Mel-B was also effective against primary and relapse cerebral trypanosomiasis in goats.
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Affiliation(s)
- B T Wellde
- Walter Reed Project, Veterinary Research Laboratory, Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock Development, Kabete, Kenya
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Wellde BT, Chumo DA, Reardon MJ, Mwangi J, Asenti A, Mbwabi D, Abinya A, Wanyama L, Smith DH. Presenting features of Rhodesian sleeping sickness patients in the Lambwe Valley, Kenya. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 1989; 83 Suppl 1:73-89. [PMID: 2619398 DOI: 10.1080/00034983.1989.11812411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
During a recent outbreak of Rhodesian sleeping sickness in the Lambwe Valley no asymptomatic Rhodesian sleeping sickness patients were found although 54% of the primary patients had mild symptoms and 9% were stuporous or comatose at presentation. The duration of symptoms was three months or less in 90% of the patients. Headache, weakness, joint and back pains and weight loss were claimed by at least 75% of the patients, while 82% of the females reported amenorrhoea and 70% of the males claimed impotency. Physical examination revealed lymphadenopathy in 86% but fever in only 36% of the patients, while chancres were found in only 16%. Patients had significantly lower levels of haemoglobin and thrombocytes than controls and their erythrocyte sedimentation rates were elevated. A comparison of both blood group and haemoglobin type between patients and controls yielded no significant differences. Fifty-seven per cent of the primary patients reporting mild symptoms had abnormal levels of leucocytes in their CSF. All relapse patients had abnormal CSF parameters. Levels of serum urea nitrogen were significantly elevated in patients, but SGOT, SGPT and total bilirubin were not. Levels of albumin and beta-globulin in patients were significantly lower than controls while gamma-globulin was elevated. Mean serum IgM levels in patients were elevated to nearly three-fold those of controls, but 35% of the individual patient values fell within the 95% range of control values. Some patients had extended prothrombin and thrombin times while fibrinogen levels were significantly elevated. No patients reported haemorrhage, and none was seen.
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Affiliation(s)
- B T Wellde
- Walter Reed Project, Veterinary Research Laboratory, Ministry of Agriculture, and Livestock Development, Kabete, Kenya
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