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Cheng CY, Schache M, Ikram M, Young T, Guggenheim J, Vitart V, MacGregor S, Verhoeven V, Barathi V, Liao J, Hysi P, Bailey-Wilson J, St. Pourcain B, Kemp J, McMahon G, Timpson N, Evans D, Montgomery G, Mishra A, Wang Y, Wang J, Rochtchina E, Polasek O, Wright A, Amin N, van Leeuwen E, Wilson J, Pennell C, van Duijn C, de Jong P, Vingerling J, Zhou X, Chen P, Li R, Tay WT, Zheng Y, Chew M, Burdon KP, Craig JE, Iyengar SK, Igo RP, Lass JH, Chew EY, Haller T, Mihailov E, Metspalu A, Wedenoja J, Simpson CL, Wojciechowski R, Höhn R, Mirshahi A, Zeller T, Pfeiffer N, Lackner KJ, Bettecken T, Meitinger T, Oexle K, Pirastu M, Portas L, Nag A, Williams KM, Yonova-Doing E, Klein R, Klein BE, Hosseini SM, Paterson AD, Makela KM, Lehtimaki T, Kahonen M, Raitakari O, Yoshimura N, Matsuda F, Chen LJ, Pang CP, Yip SP, Yap MK, Meguro A, Mizuki N, Inoko H, Foster PJ, Zhao JH, Vithana E, Tai ES, Fan Q, Xu L, Campbell H, Fleck B, Rudan I, Aung T, Hofman A, Uitterlinden AG, Bencic G, Khor CC, Forward H, Pärssinen O, Mitchell P, Rivadeneira F, Hewitt AW, Williams C, Oostra BA, Teo YY, Hammond CJ, Stambolian D, Mackey DA, Klaver CC, Wong TY, Saw SM, Baird PN. Nine loci for ocular axial length identified through genome-wide association studies, including shared loci with refractive error. Am J Hum Genet 2013; 93:264-77. [PMID: 24144296 PMCID: PMC3772747 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2013.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2013] [Revised: 04/17/2013] [Accepted: 06/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Refractive errors are common eye disorders of public health importance worldwide. Ocular axial length (AL) is the major determinant of refraction and thus of myopia and hyperopia. We conducted a meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies for AL, combining 12,531 Europeans and 8,216 Asians. We identified eight genome-wide significant loci for AL (RSPO1, C3orf26, LAMA2, GJD2, ZNRF3, CD55, MIP, and ALPPL2) and confirmed one previously reported AL locus (ZC3H11B). Of the nine loci, five (LAMA2, GJD2, CD55, ALPPL2, and ZC3H11B) were associated with refraction in 18 independent cohorts (n = 23,591). Differential gene expression was observed for these loci in minus-lens-induced myopia mouse experiments and human ocular tissues. Two of the AL genes, RSPO1 and ZNRF3, are involved in Wnt signaling, a pathway playing a major role in the regulation of eyeball size. This study provides evidence of shared genes between AL and refraction, but importantly also suggests that these traits may have unique pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Yu Cheng
- Department of Ophthalmology, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore 119228, Singapore
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore 117597, Singapore
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore 168751, Singapore
- Centre for Quantitative Medicine, Office of Clinical Sciences, Duke-National University of Singapore Graduate Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Maria Schache
- Centre for Eye Research Australia (CERA), University of Melbourne, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, VIC 3002, Australia
| | - M. Kamran Ikram
- Department of Ophthalmology, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore 119228, Singapore
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore 168751, Singapore
- Centre for Quantitative Medicine, Office of Clinical Sciences, Duke-National University of Singapore Graduate Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam 3000 CA, the Netherlands
| | - Terri L. Young
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Division of Neuroscience and Behavioural Disorders, Duke-National University of Singapore, Graduate Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Jeremy A. Guggenheim
- Centre for Myopia Research, School of Optometry, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Veronique Vitart
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Stuart MacGregor
- Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, QLD 4029, Australia
| | - Virginie J.M. Verhoeven
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam 3000 CA, the Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam 3000 CA, the Netherlands
| | - Veluchamy A. Barathi
- Department of Ophthalmology, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore 119228, Singapore
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore 168751, Singapore
- Duke-National University of Singapore Graduate Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Jiemin Liao
- Department of Ophthalmology, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore 119228, Singapore
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore 168751, Singapore
| | - Pirro G. Hysi
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King’s College London School of Medicine, London SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Joan E. Bailey-Wilson
- Inherited Disease Research Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Beate St. Pourcain
- MRC Centre for Causal Analyses in Translational Epidemiology, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
| | - John P. Kemp
- MRC Centre for Causal Analyses in Translational Epidemiology, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
| | - George McMahon
- MRC Centre for Causal Analyses in Translational Epidemiology, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Nicholas J. Timpson
- MRC Centre for Causal Analyses in Translational Epidemiology, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
| | - David M. Evans
- MRC Centre for Causal Analyses in Translational Epidemiology, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
| | | | - Aniket Mishra
- Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, QLD 4029, Australia
| | - Ya Xing Wang
- Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital University of Medical Science, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Jie Jin Wang
- Centre for Eye Research Australia (CERA), University of Melbourne, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, VIC 3002, Australia
- Department of Ophthalmology, Centre for Vision Research, Westmead Millennium Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Elena Rochtchina
- Department of Ophthalmology, Centre for Vision Research, Westmead Millennium Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Ozren Polasek
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Split, Croatia, Split 21000, Croatia
| | - Alan F. Wright
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Najaf Amin
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam 3000 CA, the Netherlands
| | | | - James F. Wilson
- Centre for Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9AG, UK
| | - Craig E. Pennell
- School of Women’s and Infants’ Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Cornelia M. van Duijn
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam 3000 CA, the Netherlands
| | - Paulus T.V.M. de Jong
- Netherlands Institute of Neuroscience (NIN), An Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW), Amsterdam 1105 BA, the Netherlands
- Department of Ophthalmology, Academisch Medisch Centrum, Amsterdam 1105 AZ, the Netherlands and Leids Universitair Medisch Centrum, Leiden 2300 RC, the Netherlands
| | - Johannes R. Vingerling
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam 3000 CA, the Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam 3000 CA, the Netherlands
| | - Xin Zhou
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore 117597, Singapore
| | - Peng Chen
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore 117597, Singapore
| | - Ruoying Li
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore 117597, Singapore
| | - Wan-Ting Tay
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore 168751, Singapore
| | - Yingfeng Zheng
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore 168751, Singapore
| | - Merwyn Chew
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore 168751, Singapore
| | - Kathryn P. Burdon
- Department of Ophthalmology, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia
| | - Jamie E. Craig
- Department of Ophthalmology, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia
| | - Sudha K. Iyengar
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Case Western Reserve University and University Hospitals Eye Institute, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Department of Genetics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Center for Clinical Investigation, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Robert P. Igo
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Jonathan H. Lass
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Case Western Reserve University and University Hospitals Eye Institute, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Emily Y. Chew
- National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Toomas Haller
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia
| | - Evelin Mihailov
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia
| | - Andres Metspalu
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia
| | - Juho Wedenoja
- Department of Public Health, Hjelt Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Claire L. Simpson
- Inherited Disease Research Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Robert Wojciechowski
- Inherited Disease Research Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - René Höhn
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz 55131, Germany
| | - Alireza Mirshahi
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz 55131, Germany
| | - Tanja Zeller
- Clinic for General and Interventional Cardiology, University Heart Center Hamburg, Hamburg 20246, Germany
| | - Norbert Pfeiffer
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz 55131, Germany
| | - Karl J. Lackner
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz 55131, Germany
| | - Thomas Bettecken
- Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
| | - Thomas Meitinger
- Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
- Institute of Human Genetics, Technical University Munich, Munich 81675, Germany
| | - Konrad Oexle
- Institute of Human Genetics, Technical University Munich, Munich 81675, Germany
| | - Mario Pirastu
- Institute of Population Genetics, National Research Council of Italy, Sassari 07100, Italy
| | - Laura Portas
- Institute of Population Genetics, National Research Council of Italy, Sassari 07100, Italy
| | - Abhishek Nag
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King’s College London School of Medicine, London SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Katie M. Williams
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King’s College London School of Medicine, London SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Ekaterina Yonova-Doing
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King’s College London School of Medicine, London SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Ronald Klein
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Barbara E. Klein
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - S. Mohsen Hosseini
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children and Institute for Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Andrew D. Paterson
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children and Institute for Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Kari-Matti Makela
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Filmlab Laboratories, Tampere University Hospital and School of Medicine, University of Tampere, Tampere 33520, Finland
| | - Terho Lehtimaki
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Filmlab Laboratories, Tampere University Hospital and School of Medicine, University of Tampere, Tampere 33520, Finland
| | - Mika Kahonen
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Tampere University Hospital and School of Medicine, University of Tampere, Tampere 33521, Finland
| | - Olli Raitakari
- Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, and Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku 20041, Finland
| | - Nagahisa Yoshimura
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Fumihiko Matsuda
- Department of Human Disease Genomics, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Li Jia Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Chi Pui Pang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Eye Hospital, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Shea Ping Yip
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
| | - Maurice K.H. Yap
- Centre for Myopia Research, School of Optometry, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Akira Meguro
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan
| | - Nobuhisa Mizuki
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan
| | - Hidetoshi Inoko
- Department of Genetic Information, Division of Molecular Life Science, Tokai University School of Medicine, Kanagawa 259-1193, Japan
| | - Paul J. Foster
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London EC1V 2PD, UK
| | - Jing Hua Zhao
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Eranga Vithana
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore 168751, Singapore
| | - E-Shyong Tai
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore 117597, Singapore
- Duke-National University of Singapore Graduate Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
- Department of Medicine, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore 119228, Singapore
| | - Qiao Fan
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore 117597, Singapore
| | - Liang Xu
- Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital University of Medical Science, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Harry Campbell
- Centre for Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9AG, UK
| | - Brian Fleck
- Princess Alexandra Eye Pavilion, Edinburgh EH3 9HA, UK
| | - Igor Rudan
- Centre for Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9AG, UK
| | - Tin Aung
- Department of Ophthalmology, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore 119228, Singapore
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore 168751, Singapore
| | - Albert Hofman
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam 3000 CA, the Netherlands
| | - André G. Uitterlinden
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam 3000 CA, the Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam 3000 CA, the Netherlands
| | - Goran Bencic
- Department of Ophthalmology, Sisters of Mercy University Hospital, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
| | - Chiea-Chuen Khor
- Department of Ophthalmology, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore 119228, Singapore
- Division of Human Genetics, Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore 138672, Singapore
| | - Hannah Forward
- School of Women’s and Infants’ Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Olavi Pärssinen
- Department of Health Sciences and Gerontology Research Center, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä 40014, Finland
- Department of Ophthalmology, Central Hospital of Central Finland, Jyväskylä 40620, Finland
| | - Paul Mitchell
- Department of Ophthalmology, Centre for Vision Research, Westmead Millennium Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Fernando Rivadeneira
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam 3000 CA, the Netherlands
| | - Alex W. Hewitt
- Centre for Eye Research Australia (CERA), University of Melbourne, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, VIC 3002, Australia
- Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Lions Eye Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Cathy Williams
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Ben A. Oostra
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam 3000 CA, the Netherlands
| | - Yik-Ying Teo
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore 117597, Singapore
- Department of Statistics and Applied Probability, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117546, Singapore
| | - Christopher J. Hammond
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King’s College London School of Medicine, London SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Dwight Stambolian
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - David A. Mackey
- Centre for Eye Research Australia (CERA), University of Melbourne, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, VIC 3002, Australia
- Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Lions Eye Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Caroline C.W. Klaver
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam 3000 CA, the Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam 3000 CA, the Netherlands
| | - Tien-Yin Wong
- Department of Ophthalmology, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore 119228, Singapore
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore 117597, Singapore
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore 168751, Singapore
| | - Seang-Mei Saw
- Department of Ophthalmology, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore 119228, Singapore
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore 117597, Singapore
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore 168751, Singapore
- Centre for Quantitative Medicine, Office of Clinical Sciences, Duke-National University of Singapore Graduate Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Paul N. Baird
- Centre for Eye Research Australia (CERA), University of Melbourne, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, VIC 3002, Australia
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