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Deeks SG, Lewin SR, Ross AL, Ananworanich J, Benkirane M, Cannon P, Chomont N, Douek D, Lifson JD, Lo YR, Kuritzkes D, Margolis D, Mellors J, Persaud D, Tucker JD, Barre-Sinoussi F, Alter G, Auerbach J, Autran B, Barouch DH, Behrens G, Cavazzana M, Chen Z, Cohen ÉA, Corbelli GM, Eholié S, Eyal N, Fidler S, Garcia L, Grossman C, Henderson G, Henrich TJ, Jefferys R, Kiem HP, McCune J, Moodley K, Newman PA, Nijhuis M, Nsubuga MS, Ott M, Palmer S, Richman D, Saez-Cirion A, Sharp M, Siliciano J, Silvestri G, Singh J, Spire B, Taylor J, Tolstrup M, Valente S, van Lunzen J, Walensky R, Wilson I, Zack J. International AIDS Society global scientific strategy: towards an HIV cure 2016. Nat Med 2016; 22:839-50. [PMID: 27400264 PMCID: PMC5322797 DOI: 10.1038/nm.4108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 358] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Antiretroviral therapy is not curative. Given the challenges in providing lifelong therapy to a global population of more than 35 million people living with HIV, there is intense interest in developing a cure for HIV infection. The International AIDS Society convened a group of international experts to develop a scientific strategy for research towards an HIV cure. This Perspective summarizes the group's strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven G Deeks
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Sharon R Lewin
- The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Alfred Hospital and Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Anna Laura Ross
- International and Scientific Relations Office, ANRS, Paris, France
| | - Jintanat Ananworanich
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Monsef Benkirane
- Molecular Virology Lab, Institute of Human Genetics, CNRS UPR 1142, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Paula Cannon
- Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Nicolas Chomont
- CRCHUM and Department of Microbiology, Infectiology, and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Faculty of Medicine, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Daniel Douek
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Lifson
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Ying-Ru Lo
- World Health Organization Regional Office for the Western Pacific, Manila, Philippines
| | | | - David Margolis
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - John Mellors
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Deborah Persaud
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine &Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Joseph D Tucker
- University of North Carolina-Project China, Guangzhou, China
| | | | - Galit Alter
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Judith Auerbach
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Brigitte Autran
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CIMI-Paris, France
- Inserm U1135, CIMI-Paris, Paris, France
- AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Département d'Immunologie, Paris, France
| | - Dan H Barouch
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Georg Behrens
- Clinic for Immunology and Rhematology, Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany
| | - Marina Cavazzana
- Centre d'Investigation Clinique en biothérapie, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | - Zhiwei Chen
- AIDS Institute, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong
| | - Éric A Cohen
- Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Serge Eholié
- Programme PAC-CI, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Treichville, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Nir Eyal
- Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Department of Global Health and Population, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sarah Fidler
- Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Cynthia Grossman
- National Institute of Mental Health, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Gail Henderson
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Timothy J Henrich
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
- Brigham &Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Hans-Peter Kiem
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Joseph McCune
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Keymanthri Moodley
- Centre for Medical Ethics and Law, Department of Medicine, Stellenbosch University, Western Cape, South Africa
| | - Peter A Newman
- Factor-Inwentash Faculty of Social Work, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Monique Nijhuis
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Virology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | | | - Melanie Ott
- Gladstone Institutes, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Sarah Palmer
- Westmead Millennium Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Douglas Richman
- Virginia San Diego Healthcare System and University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | | | - Matthew Sharp
- Independent HIV Education and Advocacy Consultant, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Janet Siliciano
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Guido Silvestri
- Yerkes National Primate Research Centre, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Jerome Singh
- Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | | | - Jeffrey Taylor
- CARE Collaboratory Community Advisory Board, Palm Springs, California, USA
| | - Martin Tolstrup
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Susana Valente
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, USA
| | | | - Rochelle Walensky
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ira Wilson
- Department of Health Services, Policy &Practice, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Jerome Zack
- David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
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Zhen A, Rezek V, Youn C, Rick J, Lam B, Chang N, Zack J, Kamata M, Kitchen S. Stem-cell Based Engineered Immunity Against HIV Infection in the Humanized Mouse Model. J Vis Exp 2016. [PMID: 27404517 DOI: 10.3791/54048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
With the rapid development of stem cell-based gene therapies against HIV, there is pressing requirement for an animal model to study the hematopoietic differentiation and immune function of the genetically modified cells. The humanized Bone-marrow/Liver/Thymus (BLT) mouse model allows for full reconstitution of a human immune system in the periphery, which includes T cells, B cells, NK cells and monocytes. The human thymic implant also allows for thymic selection of T cells in autologous thymic tissue. In addition to the study of HIV infection, the model stands as a powerful tool to study differentiation, development and functionality of cells derived from hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). Here we outline the construction of humanized non-obese diabetic (NOD)-severe combined immunodeficient (SCID)-common gamma chain knockout (cγ(-/-))-Bone-marrow/Liver/Thymus (NSG-BLT) mice with HSCs transduced with CD4 chimeric antigen receptor (CD4CAR) lentivirus vector. We show that the CD4CAR HSCs can successfully differentiate into multiple lineages and have anti-HIV activity. The goal of the study is to demonstrate the use of NSG-BLT mouse model as an in vivo model for engineered immunity against HIV. It is worth noting that, because lentivirus and human tissue is used, experiments and surgeries should be performed in a Class II biosafety cabinet in a Biosafety Level 2 (BSL2) with special precautions (BSL2+) facility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjie Zhen
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles;
| | - Valerie Rezek
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Cindy Youn
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Jonathan Rick
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Brianna Lam
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Nelson Chang
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Jerome Zack
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Masakazu Kamata
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Scott Kitchen
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles;
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Kitchen S, Krutzik S, Levin B, Rezek V, Kitchen C, Zack J. Ligation of CD4 on human blood monocytes triggers macrophage differentiation (158.8). The Journal of Immunology 2011. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.186.supp.158.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Human monocytes/macrophages (M/M) have an important role in innate immune responses and in controlling adaptive immune responses. One unique aspect of human M/M is that they express the CD4 molecule. The role of the CD4 molecule in human monocyte/macrophage function and development is not known. To investigate the role of CD4 expressed on human M/M, human blood monocytes were treated with soluble HLA Class II (sHLA II), a natural CD4 ligand. We determined that sHLA II:CD4 ligation triggered the differentiation of human monocytes into functional mature macrophages. These newly developed macrophages had an increased ability to induce T cell activation, suggesting enhanced immune function following CD4 ligation of these cells. We observed a calcium flux and the modulation of gene and cytokine protein expression following CD4 ligation on peripheral monocytes. This indicates that ligation of CD4 transmits a functional signal in this cell type. We found that intracellular signaling of CD4 in primary monocytes occurs through src family kinases as well as via the MAPK pathway to trigger macrophage differentiation. We show that HLA II on IFN-γ-induced HUVECs can ligate CD4 on monocytes and trigger differentiation of these cells into functional macrophages. In all, our results have identified a new function for the CD4 molecule on human peripheral monocytes in triggering the differentiation of these cells into functional macrophages following their interaction with HLA II.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott Kitchen
- 1David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA
- 2UCLA AIDS Institute, Los Angels, CA
| | - Stephan Krutzik
- 1David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA
- 2UCLA AIDS Institute, Los Angels, CA
| | - Bernard Levin
- 1David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA
- 2UCLA AIDS Institute, Los Angels, CA
| | - Valerie Rezek
- 1David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA
- 2UCLA AIDS Institute, Los Angels, CA
| | | | - Jerome Zack
- 1David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA
- 2UCLA AIDS Institute, Los Angels, CA
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