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Park TYS, Nielsen ML, Parry LA, Sørensen MV, Lee M, Kihm JH, Ahn I, Park C, de Vivo G, Smith MP, Harper DAT, Nielsen AT, Vinther J. A giant stem-group chaetognath. Sci Adv 2024; 10:eadi6678. [PMID: 38170772 PMCID: PMC10796117 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adi6678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Chaetognaths, with their characteristic grasping spines, are the oldest known pelagic predators, found in the lowest Cambrian (Terreneuvian). Here, we describe a large stem chaetognath, Timorebestia koprii gen. et sp. nov., from the lower Cambrian Sirius Passet Lagerstätte, which exhibits lateral and caudal fins, a distinct head region with long antennae and a jaw apparatus similar to Amiskwia sagittiformis. Amiskwia has previously been interpreted as a total-group chaetognathiferan, as either a stem-chaetognath or gnathostomulid. We show that T. koprii shares a ventral ganglion with chaetognaths to the exclusion of other animal groups, firmly placing these fossils on the chaetognath stem. The large size (up to 30 cm) and gut contents in T. koprii suggest that early chaetognaths occupied a higher trophic position in pelagic food chains than today.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Yoon S. Park
- Division of Earth Sciences, Korea Polar Research Institute, 26 Songdomirae-ro Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21990, Republic of Korea
- University of Science and Technology, 217 Gajeong-ro, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Morten Lunde Nielsen
- Division of Earth Sciences, Korea Polar Research Institute, 26 Songdomirae-ro Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21990, Republic of Korea
- School of Earth Sciences, Palaeobiology Research Group, University of Bristol, Life Sciences Building, 24 Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK
- British Geological Survey, Nicker Hill, Keyworth NG12 5GG, UK
| | - Luke A. Parry
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3AN, UK
| | | | - Mirinae Lee
- Division of Earth Sciences, Korea Polar Research Institute, 26 Songdomirae-ro Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21990, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Hoon Kihm
- Division of Earth Sciences, Korea Polar Research Institute, 26 Songdomirae-ro Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21990, Republic of Korea
- University of Science and Technology, 217 Gajeong-ro, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Inhye Ahn
- Division of Earth Sciences, Korea Polar Research Institute, 26 Songdomirae-ro Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21990, Republic of Korea
- University of Science and Technology, 217 Gajeong-ro, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Changkun Park
- Division of Earth Sciences, Korea Polar Research Institute, 26 Songdomirae-ro Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21990, Republic of Korea
| | - Giacinto de Vivo
- Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121 Napoli, Italy
| | - M. Paul Smith
- Oxford University Museum of Natural History, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PW, UK
| | - David A. T. Harper
- Palaeoecosystems Group, Department of Earth Sciences, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
| | - Arne T. Nielsen
- Department of Geoscience and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Øster Voldgade 10, Copenhagen DK-1350, Denmark
| | - Jakob Vinther
- School of Earth Sciences, Palaeobiology Research Group, University of Bristol, Life Sciences Building, 24 Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Life Sciences Building, 24 Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK
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Kihm JH, Zawierucha K, Rho HS, Park TYS. Homology of the head sensory structures between Heterotardigrada and Eutardigrada supported in a new species of water bear (Ramazzottiidae: Ramazzottius). Zoological Lett 2023; 9:22. [PMID: 38012802 PMCID: PMC10680360 DOI: 10.1186/s40851-023-00221-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Phylum Tardigrada is represented by microscopic eight-legged panarthropods that inhabit terrestrial and marine environments. Although tardigrades are emerging model animals for areas of research including physiology, evolutionary biology, and astrobiology, knowledge of their external morphology remains insufficient. For instance, homologies between marine and terrestrial relatives largely remain unexplored. In the present study we provide detailed pictures of the head sensory organs in a new tardigrade, Ramazzottius groenlandensis sp. nov. Specimens were collected from a mixed moss and lichen sample on Ella Island, East Greenland. The new species differs from congeneric species in the presence of polygonal sculpturing on the dorsal cuticle, which is accentuated in the posterior region of the body, a lateral papilla on leg IV, and distinctive egg morphology. A Bayesian phylogenetic analysis (18S rRNA + 28S rRNA + COI) places the new species within the genus Ramazzottius with high confidence. Interestingly, the new species shows a full set of well-developed cephalic organs, which correspond to all sensory fields found in eutardigrades. Details on the full set of head organs were present only for heterotardigrades. The surface of these organs is covered with small pores, which presumably play a sensory role. This discovery suggests the homology of head sensory structures between heterotardigrades and eutardigrades, implying that the distinctive arrangement and positioning of sensory organs on the head is a plesiomorphic feature of tardigrades. Moreover, we find that the Ramazzottius oberhaeuseri morphotype forms a morphogroup, not a monophyletic species complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Hoon Kihm
- Division of Earth Sciences, Korea Polar Research Institute, 26 Songdomirae-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 21990, Korea.
| | - Krzysztof Zawierucha
- Department of Animal Taxonomy and Ecology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 6, Poznań, 61-614, Poland
| | - Hyun Soo Rho
- East Sea Environmental Research Center, East Sea Research Institute, Korea Institute of Ocean Science & Technology, 48 Haeyanggwahak-gil, Uljin, Gyeongsangbuk-do, 36315, Korea
| | - Tae-Yoon S Park
- Division of Earth Sciences, Korea Polar Research Institute, 26 Songdomirae-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 21990, Korea
- Polar Sciences, University of Science and Technology, 217 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34113, Korea
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Kihm JH, Smith FW, Kim S, Rho HS, Zhang X, Liu J, Park TYS. Cambrian lobopodians shed light on the origin of the tardigrade body plan. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2211251120. [PMID: 37399417 PMCID: PMC10334802 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2211251120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Phylum Tardigrada (water bears), well known for their cryptobiosis, includes small invertebrates with four paired limbs and is divided into two classes: Eutardigrada and Heterotardigrada. The evolutionary origin of Tardigrada is known to lie within the lobopodians, which are extinct soft-bodied worms with lobopodous limbs mostly discovered at sites of exceptionally well-preserved fossils. Contrary to their closest relatives, onychophorans and euarthropods, the origin of morphological characters of tardigrades remains unclear, and detailed comparison with the lobopodians has not been well explored. Here, we present detailed morphological comparison between tardigrades and Cambrian lobopodians, with a phylogenetic analysis encompassing most of the lobopodians and three panarthropod phyla. The results indicate that the ancestral tardigrades likely had a Cambrian lobopodian-like morphology and shared most recent ancestry with the luolishaniids. Internal relationships within Tardigrada indicate that the ancestral tardigrade had a vermiform body shape without segmental plates, but possessed cuticular structures surrounding the mouth opening, and lobopodous legs terminating with claws, but without digits. This finding is in contrast to the long-standing stygarctid-like ancestor hypothesis. The highly compact and miniaturized body plan of tardigrades evolved after the tardigrade lineage diverged from an ancient shared ancestor with the luolishaniids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Hoon Kihm
- Division of Earth Sciences, Korea Polar Research Institute, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon21990, Korea
| | - Frank W. Smith
- Department of Biology, University of North Florida, Jacksonville, FL32224
| | - Sanghee Kim
- Division of Life Sciences, Korea Polar Research Institute, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon21990, Korea
| | - Hyun Soo Rho
- East Sea Environment Research Center, East Sea Research Institute, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Uljin, Gyeongsangbuk-do36315, Korea
| | - Xingliang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Continental Dynamics, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Early Life and Environments, Department of Geology, Northwest University, Xi’an710069, China
| | - Jianni Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Continental Dynamics, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Early Life and Environments, Department of Geology, Northwest University, Xi’an710069, China
| | - Tae-Yoon S. Park
- Division of Earth Sciences, Korea Polar Research Institute, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon21990, Korea
- Polar Science, University of Science and Technology, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon34113, Korea
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Kihm JH, Jo E, Park TYS, Kim BM. The complete mitochondrial genome of the Arctic fairy shrimp Branchinectapaludosa (Müller, 1788) (Anostraca, Branchinectidae) from Sirius Passet, North Greenland. Biodivers Data J 2022; 10:e90200. [PMID: 36761531 PMCID: PMC9836551 DOI: 10.3897/bdj.10.e90200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Here we report the complete mitochondrial genome of the Arctic fairy shrimp, Branchinectapaludosa (Müller, 1788) (Anostraca, Branchinectidae), which was collected in the High Arctic of North Greenland. A complete 16,059 bp mitochondrion of B.paludosa was sequenced and assembled with the Illumina next generation sequencing platform. The B.paludosa mitogenome contains 13 PCGs, 22 tRNAs and 2 rRNA genes that are commonly observed in most metazoans and shows the conserved gene arrangement pattern of Anostraca. Our results of the phylogenomic analysis are consistent with the previous phylogenetic relationship, based on nuclear 18S ribosomal DNA. The B.paludosa mitogenome will be useful for understanding the geographical distribution and phylogenetic relationship of anostracans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Hoon Kihm
- Division of Earth Sciences, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon, Korea, SouthDivision of Earth Sciences, Korea Polar Research InstituteIncheonKorea, South
| | - Euna Jo
- Division of Life Sciences, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon, Korea, SouthDivision of Life Sciences, Korea Polar Research InstituteIncheonKorea, South,Division of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Korea, SouthDivision of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea UniversitySeoulKorea, South
| | - Tae-Yoon S Park
- Division of Earth Sciences, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon, Korea, SouthDivision of Earth Sciences, Korea Polar Research InstituteIncheonKorea, South,Polar Science, University of Science & Technology, Daejeon, Korea, SouthPolar Science, University of Science & TechnologyDaejeonKorea, South
| | - Bo-Mi Kim
- Research Unit of Cryogenic Novel Material, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon, Korea, SouthResearch Unit of Cryogenic Novel Material, Korea Polar Research InstituteIncheonKorea, South
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Kim BM, Nam SE, Lee S, Kihm JH, Park TYS, Rhee JS. Characterization of the complete mitochondrial genome of the scale worm, Eunoe nodosa (Phyllodocida; Polynoidae) from the Beaufort Sea. Mitochondrial DNA B Resour 2021; 6:2835-2837. [PMID: 34514145 PMCID: PMC8425739 DOI: 10.1080/23802359.2021.1955768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
To increase the mitogenome data available for robust phylogeny, we sequenced the complete mitochondrial DNA of the scale worm Eunoe nodosa (Sars, 1861) in the family Polynoidae of the order Phyllodocida. The complete mitogenome has 15,366 bp and has 28.9% A, 13.2% C, 19.0% G, and 38.8% T. Using MITOS and tRNAscan-SE, we identified the 13 typical protein-coding genes (PCGs), 2 ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes, 22 transfer RNA (tRNA) genes, and a non-coding region. Phylogenomic analysis based on 27 in-group taxa belonging to five families of the subclass Errantia show congruence with the published phylogenetic relationship within the Polynoidae, in which E. nodosa lies in the clade of shallow water species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo-Mi Kim
- Research Unit of Cryogenic Novel Material, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Sang-Eun Nam
- Department of Marine Science, College of Natural Sciences, Incheon National University, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Somyeong Lee
- Department of Marine Science, College of Natural Sciences, Incheon National University, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Ji-Hoon Kihm
- Division of Earth Sciences, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon, South Korea
- Polar Science, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Tae-Yoon S. Park
- Division of Earth Sciences, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon, South Korea
- Polar Science, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Jae-Sung Rhee
- Department of Marine Science, College of Natural Sciences, Incheon National University, Incheon, South Korea
- Research Institute of Basic Sciences, Incheon National University, Incheon, South Korea
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Kihm JH, Kim S, McInnes SJ, Zawierucha K, Rho HS, Kang P, Park TYS. Integrative description of a new Dactylobiotus (Eutardigrada: Parachela) from Antarctica that reveals an intraspecific variation in tardigrade egg morphology. Sci Rep 2020; 10:9122. [PMID: 32499591 PMCID: PMC7272612 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-65573-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Tardigrades constitute one of the most important group in the challenging Antarctic terrestrial ecosystem. Living in various habitats, tardigrades play major roles as consumers and decomposers in the trophic networks of Antarctic terrestrial and freshwater environments; yet we still know little about their biodiversity. The Eutardigrada is a species rich class, for which the eggshell morphology is one of the key morphological characters. Tardigrade egg morphology shows a diverse appearance, and it is known that, despite rare, intraspecific variation is caused by seasonality, epigenetics, and external environmental conditions. Here we report Dactylobiotus ovimutans sp. nov. from King George Island, Antarctica. Interestingly, we observed a range of eggshell morphologies from the new species, although the population was cultured under controlled laboratory condition. Thus, seasonality, environmental conditions, and food source are eliminated, leaving an epigenetic factor as a main cause for variability in this case.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Hoon Kihm
- Division of Polar Earth-System Sciences, Korea Polar Research Institute, 26 Songdomirae-ro, Yeonsu-gu, 21990, Incheon, Korea
- Polar Science, University of Science & Technology, 217 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, 34113, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Sanghee Kim
- Division of Polar Life Sciences, Korea Polar Research Institute, 26 Songdomirae-ro, Yeonsu-gu, 21990, Incheon, Korea
| | - Sandra J McInnes
- British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0ET, UK
| | - Krzysztof Zawierucha
- Department of Animal Taxonomy and Ecology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 6, 61-614, Poznań, Poland
| | - Hyun Soo Rho
- East Sea Environment Research Center, East Sea Research Institute, Korea Institute of Ocean Science & Technology, 48 Haeyanggwahak-gil, Uljin, 36315, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Korea
| | - Pilmo Kang
- Division of Polar Earth-System Sciences, Korea Polar Research Institute, 26 Songdomirae-ro, Yeonsu-gu, 21990, Incheon, Korea
| | - Tae-Yoon S Park
- Division of Polar Earth-System Sciences, Korea Polar Research Institute, 26 Songdomirae-ro, Yeonsu-gu, 21990, Incheon, Korea.
- Polar Science, University of Science & Technology, 217 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, 34113, Daejeon, Korea.
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Park TYS, Kihm JH. Post-embryonic development of the Early Ordovician (ca. 480 Ma) trilobiteApatokephalus latilimbatusPeng, 1990 and the evolution of metamorphosis. Evol Dev 2015; 17:289-301. [DOI: 10.1111/ede.12138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Yoon S. Park
- Division of Polar Earth-System Sciences; Korea Polar Research Institute; Incheon 406-840 Korea
| | - Ji-Hoon Kihm
- Division of Polar Earth-System Sciences; Korea Polar Research Institute; Incheon 406-840 Korea
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