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Boueroy P, Duenngai K, Eamudomkarn C, Sripan P, Boonmars T, Pumhirunroj B, Artchayasawat A, Songsri J, Chomphumee K, Rattanasuwan P, Laummaunwai P, Khueangchiangkhwang S, Boonjaraspinyo S. Effect of Temperature on the Killing of Opisthorchis viverrini Eggs In Vitro. Korean J Parasitol 2019; 57:49-53. [PMID: 30840800 PMCID: PMC6409225 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2019.57.1.49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Contaminated liver fluke egg in the environment has led to the high prevalence of human opisthorchiasis associated with cholangiocarcinoma in Southeast Asia. To find the effective lessening methods of Opisthorchis viverrini eggs in the contaminated environment, we investigated the temperature conditions for killing of these trematode eggs in vitro. Numerous O. viverrini eggs were obtained in the proximal part of uteri of adult worms from experimental hamsters. Mature eggs with miracidium were allocated by experimental groups (2 control: positive and negative and 4 treatment: 50, 60, 70, and 80°C) with 0.85% saline, and treated by the experimental plan. Eggs in each experimental groups were observed under the confocal microscope after stain with Propidium Iodide (PI) to evaluate the effect of temperatures. Eggs in 70 and 80°C groups were all killed after over 10 min heated. Majority of eggs in 60°C (10, 15, and 30 min heated), 70 and 80°C (5 min heated) groups were inactivated. However in 50°C group, below half of eggs were to be killed in all time lapse (10, 15 and 30 min). In order to prevent O. viverrini infection and cholangiocarcinoma, direct treatment of sewage by heating at 70 or 80°C at least 10 min is essential. Therefore, treatment of O. viverrini eggs at a high temperature is a potential method for controlling egg contamination in sewage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parichart Boueroy
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand.,Neglected, zoonosis, and vector-borne disease group, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand.,Liver Fluke and Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Kunyarat Duenngai
- Liver Fluke and Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand.,Department of Public Health, Faculty of Science and Technology, Phetchabun Rajabhat University, Phetchabun 67000, Thailand
| | - Chatanun Eamudomkarn
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Panupan Sripan
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand.,Neglected, zoonosis, and vector-borne disease group, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand.,Liver Fluke and Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Thidarut Boonmars
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand.,Neglected, zoonosis, and vector-borne disease group, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand.,Liver Fluke and Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Benjamabhorn Pumhirunroj
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand.,Neglected, zoonosis, and vector-borne disease group, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand.,Liver Fluke and Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Atchara Artchayasawat
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand.,Neglected, zoonosis, and vector-borne disease group, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Jiraporn Songsri
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand.,Neglected, zoonosis, and vector-borne disease group, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand.,Liver Fluke and Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Kanpicha Chomphumee
- Liver Fluke and Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Panaratana Rattanasuwan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Porntip Laummaunwai
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand.,Neglected, zoonosis, and vector-borne disease group, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Sukhonthip Khueangchiangkhwang
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand.,Neglected, zoonosis, and vector-borne disease group, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand.,Liver Fluke and Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Sirintip Boonjaraspinyo
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
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Khueangchiangkhwang S, Boonmars T, Sripan P, Songsri J, Boueroy P, Aukkanimart R, Sriraj P, Ratanasuwan P, Chomphumee K, Laummaunwai P, Boonjaraspinyo S. Effect of household cleaning solutions and disinfectants on the infectivity of Opisthorchis viverrini metacercariae. Food Control 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2018.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Sripan P, Boonmars T, Songsri J, Aukkanimart R, Sriraj P, Rattanasuwan P, Boueroy P, Suwannatrai A, Aunpromma S, Khuntikeo N, Loilome W, Namwat N, Yongvanit P, PhyoWai A, Khueangchaingkhwang S, Zhilang W, Pumhirunroj B, Artchayasawat A, Boonjaraspinyo S. Simplified Techniques for Killing the Carcinogenic, Opisthorchis Viverrini Metacercariae in Cyprinid Fish. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2017; 18:1507-1511. [PMID: 28669159 PMCID: PMC6373821 DOI: 10.22034/apjcp.2017.18.6.1507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Consumption of fluke-free fish is the most important factor in controlling Opisthorchis viverrini (OV) infection in endemic areas such as northeast Thailand and thereby reducing the risk of cholangiocarcinoma. Cooking fish is the best way to avoid infection; however, the cultural practice of eating raw or fermented fish is difficult to change. We investigated the food preparation process, using freezing, heating and fermentation to kill OV metacercariae in fish. Uncooked cyprinid fish infected with OV were divided into three groups: refrigerated at 4 °C for 24, 48 or 72 h (control group); frozen at -20 °C for 24, 48 or 72 h; or heated by microwaving (at 400 or 800 W) or boiling at 90 °C for 1, 5 or 10 min. Moreover, pickled (fermented) fish were divided into two groups: refrigerated at 4 °C (control) or frozen at -20 °C for 24 or 48 h. The infectivity of recovered metacercariae was confirmed by infecting hamsters with OV and then evaluating the recovery of adult worms after 1 month. We found that a heating process, by boiling or microwaving at 400 or 800 W for at least 5 min, could kill OV metacercariae, and freezing pickled fish at -20 °C for 48 h could kill OV metacercariae in all sizes of fish. The present study found that heating and freezing processes, as well as the fermentation process under optimal conditions, could kill OV metacercariae in a timely manner. This knowledge is valuable for implementation in endemic areas to control OV infection and cholangiocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panupan Sripan
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand.,Neglected, Zoonosis and Vector-Borne Disease Group, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand.,3 Liver Fluke and Cholangiocarcinoma Research Center, Cholangiocarcinoma Screening and Care Program (CASCAP), Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand.
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Sripan P, Aukkanimart R, Boonmars T, Sriraj P, Songsri J, Boueroy P, Khueangchaingkhwang S, Pumhirunroj B, Artchayasawat A. Application of Pineapple Juice in the Fish Digestion Process for Carcinogenic Liver Fluke Metacercaria Collection. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2017; 18:779-782. [PMID: 28441786 PMCID: PMC5464499 DOI: 10.22034/apjcp.2017.18.3.779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Pepsin is common digestive enzyme used for fish digestion in the laboratory to collect trematode metacercariae.
In a field study, to survey the infected fish is needed a huge yield of pepsin and it is very expensive. Therefore, our
purpose of this study was to investigate the candidate enzyme from pineapple juice which has a digestive enzyme called
bromelain, a mixture of proteolytic enzymes, to digest fish in order to harvest metacercariae. Fish were divided into 2
groups: one group in which metacercariae were harvested using acid pepsin as a control and other groups in which the
fish was digested using fresh pineapple juices. The results showed that pineapple juice is able to digest fish similarly to
pepsin. The Pattavia pineapple juice had the highest number of metacercariae similar to the control. For Trat Si Thong
pineapple juice,we found the number of metacercariae was less than control. This result suggests that the Pattavia
pineapple juice was optimal juice for fish digestion to metacercaria collection and can be used instread of pepsin acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panupan Sripan
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand.,Neglected, Zoonosis and Vector-Borne Disease Group, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand.,Liver Fluke and Cholangiocarcinoma Research Center, Cholangiocarcinoma Screening and Care Program (CASCAP), Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand.
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Aukkanimart R, Boonmars T, Sriraj P, Sripan P, Songsri J, Ratanasuwan P, Laummaunwai P, Boueroy P, Khueangchaingkhwang S, Pumhirunroj B, Artchayasawat A, Boonjaraspinyo S, Wu Z, Hahnvajanawong C, Vaeteewoottacharn K, Wongkham S. In Vitro and In Vivo Inhibitory Effects of α-Mangostin on Cholangiocarcinoma Cells and Allografts. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2017; 18:707-713. [PMID: 28441703 PMCID: PMC5464488 DOI: 10.22034/apjcp.2017.18.3.707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the anti-cholangiocarcinoma effect of α-mangostin from Garcinia mangostana pericarp extract (GM) in a human cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) cell line and a hamster CCA allograft model. In vitro, human CCA cells were treated with GM at various concentrations and for different time periods; then cell-cycle arrest and apoptosis were evaluated using flow cytometry, and metastatic potential with wound healing assays. In vivo, hamster allografts were treated with GM, gemcitabine (positive control) and a placebo (negative control) for 1 month; tumor weight and volume were then determined. Histopathological features and immunostaining (CK19 and PCNA) characteristics were examined by microscopy. The present study found that α-mangostin could: inhibit CCA cell proliferation by inducing apoptosis through the mitochondrial pathway; induce G1 cell-cycle arrest; and inhibit metastasis. Moreover, α-mangostin could inhibit CCA growth, i.e. reduce tumor mass (weight and size) and alter CCA pathology, as evidenced by reduced positive staining for CK19 and PCNA. The present study thus suggested that α-mangostin is a promising anti-CCA compound whose ready availability in tropical countries might indicate use for prevention and treatment of CCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ratchadawan Aukkanimart
- Department of Thai Traditional Medicine, Faculty of Natural Resources, Rajamangala University of Technology Isan Sakonnakhon Campus, Sakon Nakhon, Thailand
- Neglected, Zoonosis and Vector-Borne Disease Group, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Thidarut Boonmars
- Neglected, Zoonosis and Vector-Borne Disease Group, Khon Kaen, Thailand
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
- Liver Fluke and Cholangiocarcinoma Research Center, Cholangiocarcinoma Screening and Care Program (CASCAP), Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Pranee Sriraj
- Department of Thai Traditional Medicine, Faculty of Natural Resources, Rajamangala University of Technology Isan Sakonnakhon Campus, Sakon Nakhon, Thailand
- Neglected, Zoonosis and Vector-Borne Disease Group, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Panupan Sripan
- Neglected, Zoonosis and Vector-Borne Disease Group, Khon Kaen, Thailand
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
- Liver Fluke and Cholangiocarcinoma Research Center, Cholangiocarcinoma Screening and Care Program (CASCAP), Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Jiraporn Songsri
- Neglected, Zoonosis and Vector-Borne Disease Group, Khon Kaen, Thailand
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
- Liver Fluke and Cholangiocarcinoma Research Center, Cholangiocarcinoma Screening and Care Program (CASCAP), Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Panaratana Ratanasuwan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Porntip Laummaunwai
- Neglected, Zoonosis and Vector-Borne Disease Group, Khon Kaen, Thailand
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Parichart Boueroy
- Neglected, Zoonosis and Vector-Borne Disease Group, Khon Kaen, Thailand
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Sukhonthip Khueangchaingkhwang
- Neglected, Zoonosis and Vector-Borne Disease Group, Khon Kaen, Thailand
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Benjamabhorn Pumhirunroj
- Neglected, Zoonosis and Vector-Borne Disease Group, Khon Kaen, Thailand
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Atchara Artchayasawat
- Neglected, Zoonosis and Vector-Borne Disease Group, Khon Kaen, Thailand
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Sirintip Boonjaraspinyo
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Zhiliang Wu
- Department of Parasitology Graduate School of Medicine Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Chariya Hahnvajanawong
- Liver Fluke and Cholangiocarcinoma Research Center, Cholangiocarcinoma Screening and Care Program (CASCAP), Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Kulthida Vaeteewoottacharn
- Liver Fluke and Cholangiocarcinoma Research Center, Cholangiocarcinoma Screening and Care Program (CASCAP), Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Sopit Wongkham
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
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Aukkanimart R, Boonmars T, Sriraj P, Sripan P, Songsri J, Ratanasuwan P, Laummaunwai P, Suwanantrai A, Aunpromma S, Khueangchaingkhwang S, Pumhirunroj B, Artchayasawat A, Khuntikeo N, Loilome W, Namwat N, Yongvanit P, Boonjaraspinyo S. Carcinogenic Liver Fluke and Others Contaminated in Pickled Fish of Northeastern Thailand. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2017; 18:529-533. [PMID: 28345841 PMCID: PMC5454754 DOI: 10.22034/apjcp.2017.18.2.529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Twenty provinces in northeastern Thailand were investigated for fluke metacercariae contamination in pickled fish, or pla-som, during January –June 2016. A total of 129 pickled fish shops were randomly chosen. Samples were digested with acid-pepsin and those found to be infected with metacercariae were fed to hamsters to test for metacercariae infectivity. The results demonstrated that only 20.2% of the pla-som samples were infected with fluke metacercariae (mc), at various levels (1 to 268 mc/kg). All recovered fluke metacercariae were inactive, degenerated and could not develop to adults in the animal model. In conclusion, the fluke mc infection status in pla-som was correlated with the prevalence of fluke infection in this region known for high O.viverrini and cholangiocarcinoma development. Clearly, systematic control of the fluke life cycle is needed. Whether pickling is an effective preventive measure needs further assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ratchadawan Aukkanimart
- Department of Thai Traditional Medicine, Faculty of Natural Resources, Rajamangala University of Technology Isan Sakonnakhon Campus, Sakon Nakhon 47160, Thailand.,Neglected, Zoonosis and Vector-Borne Disease Group, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand.
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Songsri J, Aukkanimart R, Boonmars T, Ratanasuwan P, Laummaunwai P, Sriraj P, Sripan P. Animal Models for Echinostoma malayanum Infection: Worm Recovery and Some Pathology. Korean J Parasitol 2016; 54:47-53. [PMID: 26951978 PMCID: PMC4792317 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2016.54.1.47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Revised: 11/15/2015] [Accepted: 11/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Echinostomes are intestinal trematodes that infect a wide range of vertebrate hosts, including humans, in their adult stage and also parasitize numerous invertebrate and cold-blooded vertebrate hosts in their larval stages. The purpose of this study was to compare Echinostoma malayanum parasite growth, including worm recovery, body size of adult worms, eggs per worm, eggs per gram of feces, and pathological changes in the small intestine of experimental animals. In this study, 6-8-week-old male hamsters, rats, mice, and gerbils were infected with echinostome metacercariae and then sacrificed at day 60 post-infection. The small intestine and feces of each infected animal were collected and then processed for analysis. The results showed that worm recovery, eggs per worm, and eggs per gram of feces from all infected hamsters were higher compared with infected rats and mice. However, in infected gerbils, no parasites were observed in the small intestine, and there were no parasite eggs in the feces. The volume of eggs per gram of feces and eggs per worm were related to parasite size. The results of histopathological changes in the small intestine of infected groups showed abnormal villi and goblet cells, as evidenced by short villi and an increase in the number and size of goblet cells compared with the normal control group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiraporn Songsri
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand ; Neglected Zoonosis and Vector-Borne Disease Group, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand ; Liver Fluke and Cholangiocarcinoma Research Center, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Ratchadawan Aukkanimart
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand ; Neglected Zoonosis and Vector-Borne Disease Group, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand ; Liver Fluke and Cholangiocarcinoma Research Center, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand ; Rajamangala University of Technology Isan Sakonnakhon Campus, Sakonnakhon 47160, Thailand
| | - Thidarut Boonmars
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand ; Neglected Zoonosis and Vector-Borne Disease Group, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand ; Liver Fluke and Cholangiocarcinoma Research Center, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Panaratana Ratanasuwan
- Rajamangala University of Technology Isan Sakonnakhon Campus, Sakonnakhon 47160, Thailand
| | - Porntip Laummaunwai
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand ; Neglected Zoonosis and Vector-Borne Disease Group, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Pranee Sriraj
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand ; Neglected Zoonosis and Vector-Borne Disease Group, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand ; Liver Fluke and Cholangiocarcinoma Research Center, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand ; Rajamangala University of Technology Isan Sakonnakhon Campus, Sakonnakhon 47160, Thailand
| | - Panupan Sripan
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand ; Liver Fluke and Cholangiocarcinoma Research Center, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
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Aukkanimart R, Boonmars T, Sriraj P, Songsri J, Laummaunwai P, Waraasawapati S, Boonyarat C, Rattanasuwan P, Boonjaraspinyo S. Anthelmintic, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects of Garcinia mangostana extract in hamster opisthorchiasis. Exp Parasitol 2015; 154:5-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2015.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Revised: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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