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Thomas J, Ghosh A, Ranjan S, Satija J. Cheminformatics approach to identify andrographolide derivatives as dual inhibitors of methyltransferases (nsp14 and nsp16) of SARS-CoV-2. Sci Rep 2024; 14:9801. [PMID: 38684706 PMCID: PMC11058777 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-58532-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
The Covid-19 pandemic outbreak has accelerated tremendous efforts to discover a therapeutic strategy that targets severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) to control viral infection. Various viral proteins have been identified as potential drug targets, however, to date, no specific therapeutic cure is available against the SARS-CoV-2. To address this issue, the present work reports a systematic cheminformatic approach to identify the potent andrographolide derivatives that can target methyltransferases of SARS-CoV-2, i.e. nsp14 and nsp16 which are crucial for the replication of the virus and host immune evasion. A consensus of cheminformatics methodologies including virtual screening, molecular docking, ADMET profiling, molecular dynamics simulations, free-energy landscape analysis, molecular mechanics generalized born surface area (MM-GBSA), and density functional theory (DFT) was utilized. Our study reveals two new andrographolide derivatives (PubChem CID: 2734589 and 138968421) as natural bioactive molecules that can form stable complexes with both proteins via hydrophobic interactions, hydrogen bonds and electrostatic interactions. The toxicity analysis predicts class four toxicity for both compounds with LD50 value in the range of 500-700 mg/kg. MD simulation reveals the stable formation of the complex for both the compounds and their average trajectory values were found to be lower than the control inhibitor and protein alone. MMGBSA analysis corroborates the MD simulation result and showed the lowest energy for the compounds 2734589 and 138968421. The DFT and MEP analysis also predicts the better reactivity and stability of both the hit compounds. Overall, both andrographolide derivatives exhibit good potential as potent inhibitors for both nsp14 and nsp16 proteins, however, in-vitro and in vivo assessment would be required to prove their efficacy and safety in clinical settings. Moreover, the drug discovery strategy aiming at the dual target approach might serve as a useful model for inventing novel drug molecules for various other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jobin Thomas
- Centre for Nanobiotechnology (CNBT), Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632014, India
| | - Anupam Ghosh
- NanoBio Research Lab, School of Nano Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal, 721301, India
| | - Shivendu Ranjan
- NanoBio Research Lab, School of Nano Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal, 721301, India
| | - Jitendra Satija
- Centre for Nanobiotechnology (CNBT), Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632014, India.
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Chaudhary RK, Madaboosi N, Satija J, Nandagopal B, Srinivasan R, Sai VVR. Polymeric optical fiber biosensor with PAMAM dendrimer-based surface modification and PlGF detection for pre-eclampsia diagnosis. Biosens Bioelectron 2024; 257:116312. [PMID: 38657380 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2024.116312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Pre-eclampsia (PE) is a life-threatening complication that occurs during pregnancy, affecting a large number of pregnant women and newborns worldwide. Rapid, on-site and affordable screening of PE at an early stage is necessary to ensure timely treatment and minimize both maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality rates. Placental growth factor (PlGF) is an angiogenic blood biomarker used for PE diagnosis. Herein, we report the plasmonic fiber optic absorbance biosensor (P-FAB) strategy for detecting PlGF at femtomolar concentration using polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) based U-bent polymeric optical fiber (POF) sensor probes. A novel poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) dendrimer based PMMA surface modification is established to obtain a greater immobilization of the bioreceptors compared to a linear molecule like hexamethylenediamine (HMDA). Plasmonic sandwich immunoassay was realized by immobilizing the mouse anti-PlGF (3H1) on the U-bent POF sensor probe surface and gold nanoparticles (AuNP) labels conjugated with mouse anti-PlGF (6H9). The POF sensor probes could measure PlGF within 30 min using the P-FAB strategy. The limit-of-detection (LoD) was found to be 0.19 pg/mL and 0.57 pg/mL in phosphate-buffered saline and 10× diluted serum, respectively. The clinical sample testing, with eleven positive and eleven negative preeclamptic pregnancy samples, successfully confirmed the accuracy, reliability, specificity, and sensitivity of the P-FAB based POF sensor platform, thereby paving the way for cost-effective technology for PlGF detection and its potential for pre-eclampsia diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ratan Kumar Chaudhary
- Department of Applied Mechanics and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, 600036, India
| | - Narayanan Madaboosi
- Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, 600036, India.
| | - Jitendra Satija
- Centre for Nanobiotechnology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, 632014, India.
| | - Balaji Nandagopal
- Sri Sakthi Amma Institute of Biomedical Research, Sri Narayani Hospital & Research Centre, Vellore, 632055, India
| | - Ramprasad Srinivasan
- Sri Sakthi Amma Institute of Biomedical Research, Sri Narayani Hospital & Research Centre, Vellore, 632055, India.
| | - V V R Sai
- Department of Applied Mechanics and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, 600036, India.
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Thomas J, Kumar S, Satija J. Integrated molecular and quantum mechanical approach to identify novel potent natural bioactive compound against 2'-O-methyltransferase (nsp16) of SARS-CoV-2. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2024; 42:1999-2012. [PMID: 37129206 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2206287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
With the advent of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) outbreak, efforts are still in progress to find out a functional cure for the infection. Among the various protein targets, nsp16 capping protein is one of the vital targets for drug development as it protects the virus against the host cell nucleases and evading innate immunity. The nsp16 protein forms a heterodimer with a co-factor nsp10 and triggers 2'-O-methyltransferase activity which catalyzes the conversion of S-adenosyl methionine into S-adenosyl homocysteine. The free methyl group is transferred to the 2'-O position on ribose sugar at the 5' end of mRNA to form the cap-1 structure which is essential for replication of the virus and evading the innate immunity of the host. In this study, we identify a potential lead natural bioactive compound against nsp16 protein by systematic cheminformatic analysis of more than 144k natural compounds. Virtual screening, molecular docking interactions, ADMET profiling, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, molecular mechanics-generalized born surface area (MM-GBSA), free energy analysis and density functional theory analysis were used to discover the potential lead compound. Our investigation revealed that ZINC8952607 (methyl-[(6-methyl-2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-1H-carbazol-1-yl)aminomethyl]BLAHone) has the greatest binding affinity and best pharmacokinetic parameters due to presence of carbazol and BLAHone (biaryl moiety). Further, time-dependent MD simulation analysis substantiates the stability and rigidness of nsp16 protein even after interaction with the lead compound. We believe that the compound ZINC8952607 might establish as a novel natural drug candidate against CoVID-19 infection.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jobin Thomas
- Centre for Nanobiotechnology (CNBT), Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sanjit Kumar
- Centre for Bio-Separation and Technology (CBST), Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Jitendra Satija
- Centre for Nanobiotechnology (CNBT), Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
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Athira ET, Satija J. Plasmonic nanoparticle etching-based optical sensors: current status and future prospects. Analyst 2023; 148:6188-6200. [PMID: 37916263 DOI: 10.1039/d3an01244a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
Plasmonic nanoparticles are an emerging tool for developing label-free multicolorimetric sensors for biosensing and chemosensing applications. The color absorbed by nanoparticles from visible light is influenced by their size, shape, orientation, and interparticle distance. Differently sized and shaped gold and silver nanoparticles exhibit a wide range of colors, aiding in the development of label-free sensors. Etching is the process of oxidizing nanoparticles, which alters their aspect ratio, shape, plasmonic peak, and outward appearance. It is typically used to create sensitive sensing platforms. Through etching, analytes could be detected in a simple, sensitive, and selective manner. The multicolor readout of nanoparticle etching-based multicolorimetric sensors can overcome the limitations of conventional colorimetric assays and improve the accuracy of visual inspection. This review discusses different approaches for target sensing using nanoparticle etching strategies like direct etching, enzyme-mediated etching, chemical reaction-driven etching, and anti-etching-based sensors and their mechanisms. In the future, etching strategies could be modified into portable sensing devices to detect a variety of analytes, which will aid in the development of on-time, in situ, and point-of-care sensing systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- E T Athira
- Centre for Nanobiotechnology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632014, India.
| | - Jitendra Satija
- Centre for Nanobiotechnology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632014, India.
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Singh G, Thomas J, Wadhawa S, Kashyap A, Rahaman SA, Borkotoky S, Datta A, Singh GK, Mishra I, Rai G, Satija J, Dubey VK, Modi G. Repurposing the in-house generated Alzheimer's disease targeting molecules through computational and preliminary in-vitro studies for the management of SARS-coronavirus-2. Mol Divers 2023:10.1007/s11030-023-10717-4. [PMID: 37749454 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-023-10717-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
Covid-19 was declared a world pandemic. Recent studies demonstrated that Covid-19 impairs CNS activity by crossing the blood-brain barrier and ensuing cognitive impairment. In this study, we have utilized Covid-19 main protease (Mpro) as a biological target to repurpose our previously reported multifunctional compounds targeting Alzheimer's disease. Molecular docking, spatial orientation, molecular dynamics simulation, MM-GBSA energy calculation, and DFT studies were carried out with these molecules. Among all the compounds, F27, F44, and F56 exhibited higher binding energy (- 8.03, - 8.65, and - 8.68 kcal/mol, respectively) over the co-crystal ligand O6K (- 7.00 kcal/mol). In MD simulation, compounds F27, F44, and F56 could make a stable complex with Mpro target throughout the simulation. The compounds were synthesized following reported methods and subjected for cytotoxicity, and assessment of their capability to cross the blood-brain barrier in PAMPA assay, and antioxidant property evaluation through DPPH assay. The compounds F27, F44, and F56 exhibited cytocompatibility with the SiHA cell line and also displayed significant antioxidant properties with IC50 = 45.80 ± 0.27 μM, 44.42 ± 0.30 μM, and 42.74 ± 0.23 μM respectively. In the PAMPA assays, the permeability coefficient (Pe) value of F27, F44, and F56 lies in the acceptable range (Pe > 4). The results of the computational and preliminary in-vitro studies strongly corroborate the potential of F27, F44, and F56 as a lead for further optimization in treating the CNS complications associated with Covid-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gourav Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Jobin Thomas
- Centre for Nanobiotechnology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, 632014, India
| | - Sahil Wadhawa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Anurag Kashyap
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Syed Ajijur Rahaman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Subhomoi Borkotoky
- School of Biochemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, 221005, India
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Biosciences, Invertis University, Bareilly, 243123, India
| | - Agnisha Datta
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Gireesh Kumar Singh
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Science, Central University of South Bihar, Gaya, Bihar, 824236, India
| | | | - Geeta Rai
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Jitendra Satija
- Centre for Nanobiotechnology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, 632014, India
| | - Vikash Kumar Dubey
- School of Biochemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Gyan Modi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, 221005, India.
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Kumar J, Shankar G, Kumar S, Thomas J, Singh N, Srikrishna S, Satija J, Krishnamurthy S, Modi G, Mishra SK. Extraction, isolation, synthesis, and biological evaluation of novel piperic acid derivatives for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Mol Divers 2023:10.1007/s11030-023-10667-x. [PMID: 37351693 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-023-10667-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we developed a series of piperic acid (PA) analogs with the aim of overcoming the limitations associated with the natural products for the management of Alzheimer's disease (AD). A comprehensive SAR study was performed to enhance cholinesterase inhibition of PA. The acetylcholinesterase inhibition and its kinetic data suggested 6j as the lead molecule (AChE IC50 = 2.13 ± 0.015 µM, BChE = 28.19 ± 0.20%), in comparison to PA (AChE = 7.14 ± 0.98%) which was further selected for various biological studies in AD models. 6j, exhibited interaction with the peripheral anionic site of AChE, BBB permeability (Pe = 7.98), and antioxidant property (% radical scavenging activity = 35.41 ± 1.09, 2.43 ± 1.65, for 6j and PA at 20 M[Formula: see text], respectively). The result from the metal chelation study suggests that 6j did not effectively chelate iron. The molecular modeling studies suggested that 6j could effectively interact with Ser293, Phe295, Arg296, and Tyr34 of AChE. In the cell-based cytotoxicity studies, 6j exhibited cytocompatibility at the different tested concentrations. The acute toxicity data on mice suggested that compound 6j had no renal and hepatotoxicity at 500 mg/kg. Moreover, 6j could effectively reverse scopolamine-induced amnesia by improving spatial and cognitive memory in mice. The above results strongly suggest that compound 6j may act as a novel multi-targeted lead for AD therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jitendra Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Gauri Shankar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Sunil Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Jobin Thomas
- Centre for Nanobiotechnology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, 632014, India
| | - Neha Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Saripella Srikrishna
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221 005, India
| | - Jitendra Satija
- Centre for Nanobiotechnology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, 632014, India
| | - Sairam Krishnamurthy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Gyan Modi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Sunil Kumar Mishra
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, 221005, India.
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Jain P, Satija J, Sudandiradoss C. Discovery of andrographolide hit analog as a potent cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor through consensus MD-simulation, electrostatic potential energy simulation and ligand efficiency metrics. Sci Rep 2023; 13:8147. [PMID: 37208387 PMCID: PMC10199084 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-35192-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is the key enzyme responsible for the conversion of arachidonic acid to prostaglandins that display pro-inflammatory properties and thus, it is a potential target protein to develop anti-inflammatory drugs. In this study, chemical and bio-informatics approaches have been employed to find a novel potent andrographolide (AGP) analog as a COX-2 inhibitor having better pharmacological properties than aspirin and rofecoxib (controls). The full amino acid sequenced human Alpha fold (AF) COX-2 protein (604AA) was selected and validated for its accuracy against the reported COX-2 protein structures (PDB ID: 5F19, 5KIR, 5F1A, 5IKQ and 1V0X) followed by multiple sequence alignment analysis to establish the sequence conservation. The systematic virtual screening of 237 AGP analogs against AF-COX-2 protein yielded 22 lead compounds based on the binding energy score (< - 8.0 kcal/mol). These were further screened out to 7 analogs by molecular docking analysis and investigated further for ADMET prediction, ligand efficiency metrics calculations, quantum mechanical analysis, MD simulation, electrostatic potential energy (EPE) docking simulation, and MM/GBSA. In-depth analysis revealed that AGP analog A3 (3-[2-[(1R,4aR,5R,6R,8aR)-6-hydroxy-5,6,8a-trimethyl-2-methylidene-3,4,4a,5,7,8-hexahydro-1H-naphthalen-1-yl]ethylidene]-4-hydroxyoxolan-2-one) forms the most stable complex with the AF-COX-2 showing the least RMSD value (0.37 ± 0.03 nm), a good number of hydrogen bonds (protein-ligand H-bond = 11, and protein H-bond = 525), minimum EPE score (- 53.81 kcal/mol), and lowest MM-GBSA before and after simulation (- 55.37 and - 56.25 kcal/mol, respectively) value compared to other analogs and controls. Thus, we suggest that the identified A3 AGP analog could be developed as a promising plant-based anti-inflammatory drug by inhibiting COX-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Jain
- School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632014, India
| | - Jitendra Satija
- Centre for Nanobiotechnology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632014, India
| | - C Sudandiradoss
- School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632014, India.
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Yadav S, Satija J. Shape dependent sensing potential of gold nanoparticles in etching based multicolorimetric plasmonic-ELISA. Nanoscale Adv 2022; 4:3928-3939. [PMID: 36133352 PMCID: PMC9470088 DOI: 10.1039/d2na00266c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, a systematic investigation has been carried out for the first time to assess the potential of three different shapes of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), viz. nanorods (AuNRs), nanotriangles (AuNTs), and nanospheres (AuNSs), to develop a horseradish peroxidase (HRP) enzyme-mediated etching-based plasmonic ELISA (p-ELISA) strategy. The etching of the AuNPs in ELISA is achieved by 3'-3-5'-5-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB2+), which is produced by the biocatalytic conversion of chromogenic TMB via HRP. All three types of AuNPs were interacted with varying concentrations of TMB2+ (7-131 μM) (product of HRP enzyme reaction) and characterized for visible color change and by UV-Vis spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). From the comparative analysis of all three shapes of AuNPs, AuNRs exhibited vivid visible color change and absorbance intensity change compared to spherical and triangle-shaped nanoparticles. The TEM analysis of the etched nanoparticles revealed the gradual etching pattern of AuNRs compared to AuNTs which resulted in multicolor generation as opposed to AuNTs where the etching was relatively very fast and thus shows a faster shape transformation and poor color discrimination. Further, the potential of the AuNR etching-based optimized strategy was successfully demonstrated to develop an indirect competitive p-ELISA for human IgG detection. The developed p-ELISA showed an ultra-low visual limit of detection of 1 fg mL-1 (∼6.54 aM) without the aid of any sophisticated instruments. In the future, the developed competitive p-ELISA strategy can be easily employed to develop cost-effective, portable, and point-of-care assays for the detection of various disease biomarkers with ultra-high sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangeeta Yadav
- School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT) Vellore-632014 Tamilnadu India
| | - Jitendra Satija
- Centre for Nanobiotechnology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT) Vellore-632014 Tamilnadu India
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Singh MM, Satija J. Enzyme-assisted metal nanoparticles etching based plasmonic ELISA: Progress and insights. Anal Biochem 2022; 654:114820. [PMID: 35850200 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2022.114820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The unique size and shape tunable localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) properties of the noble metal nanoparticle have been extensively exploited to realize a variety of enzyme-based optical biosensors. Although approaches like metal film deposition, nanoparticle aggregation, and synthesis & growth of metal nanoparticles are quite useful, metal nanoparticle etching-based biosensors offer greater sensitivity, selectivity, and stability against various environmental factors which makes this strategy easy to use for field applications. This review discusses the current state-of-art of plasmonic nanoparticle etching-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) realized for visual detection of various analytes. The naked eye detection, i.e. without any optical readout device, is the additional advantage of this sensing approach that reduces the analysis cost significantly making it feasible under resource-constrained settings. This review paper provides deeper insights into biocatalytic etching mechanisms of various plasmonic nanoparticles resulting in vivid color change as a function of analyte concentration. Although nanoparticle etching-based ELISA has huge potential, steps need to be taken to realize a point-of-care (POC) nanodiagnostic before its translation to a commercial technique or product that can be achieved in near future by integrating it with microfluidics technology and other technological avenues.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jitendra Satija
- Centre for Nanobiotechnology, VIT, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632014, India.
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Divagar M, Gayathri R, Rasool R, Shamlee JK, Bhatia H, Satija J, Sai VVR. Plasmonic Fiberoptic Absorbance Biosensor (P-FAB) for Rapid Detection of SARS-CoV-2 Nucleocapsid Protein. IEEE Sens J 2021; 21:22758-22766. [PMID: 35582121 PMCID: PMC8843044 DOI: 10.1109/jsen.2021.3107736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein-based COVID-19 diagnosis is a promising alternative to the high-priced, time-consuming, and labor-intensive RT-PCR tests. Here, we developed a rapid, dip-type, wash-free plasmonic fiber optic absorbance biosensor (P-FAB) strategy for the point-of-care detection of SARS-CoV-2 N-protein, expressed abundantly during the infection. P-FAB involves a sandwich assay with plasmonic labels on the surface of a U-bent fiber optic sensor probe with a high evanescent wave absorbance (EWA) sensitivity. The SARS-CoV-2 N-protein is quantified in terms of the change in the intensity of the light propagating through the U-bent sensor probe coupled to a green LED and a photodetector. Firstly, the optical fiber material (silica vs. polymeric optical fiber), was evaluated to realize a sensitive sensor platform. The optimal size of AuNP labels (20, 40, and 60 nm) to achieve high sensitivity and a lower limit of detection (LoD) was investigated. Following the P-FAB strategy, fused silica/glass optical fiber (GOF) U-bent senor probe and citrate-capped AuNP labels (size ~40 nm) gave rise to an LoD down to ~2.5 ng/mL within 10 mins of read-out time. Further, studies on development and validation of a point of care (PoC) read-out device, and preclinical studies are in progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Divagar
- Biomedical Engineering GroupDepartment of Applied MechanicsIndian Institute of Technology Madras Chennai 600036 India
| | - R Gayathri
- Biomedical Engineering GroupDepartment of Applied MechanicsIndian Institute of Technology Madras Chennai 600036 India
| | - Rahiel Rasool
- Biomedical Engineering GroupDepartment of Applied MechanicsIndian Institute of Technology Madras Chennai 600036 India
| | - J Kuzhandai Shamlee
- Biomedical Engineering GroupDepartment of Applied MechanicsIndian Institute of Technology Madras Chennai 600036 India
| | | | - Jitendra Satija
- Centre for NanobiotechnologyVellore Institute of Technology Vellore 632014 India
| | - V V R Sai
- Biomedical Engineering GroupDepartment of Applied MechanicsIndian Institute of Technology Madras Chennai 600036 India
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Yadav S, Satija J. The current state of the art of plasmonic nanofibrous mats as SERS substrates: design, fabrication and sensor applications. J Mater Chem B 2021; 9:267-282. [PMID: 33241248 DOI: 10.1039/d0tb02137g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) is a widely used analytical tool that allows molecular fingerprint-based ultra-sensitive detection through an enhanced electromagnetic field generated by plasmonic metal nanoparticles (MNPs) by virtue of their localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR). Although significant progress has been made in the design and fabrication of a variety of SERS substrates, MNP-decorated electrospun nanofibrous (NF) mats have attracted much attention due to their unique nanoscale structural and functional properties. This review focuses on the current state of the art in the fabrication of plasmonic NF mats with the main focus on the pre-mix, in situ, and ex situ approaches. The characteristic functional advantages and limitations of these strategies are also highlighted, which might be helpful for the research community when adopting a suitable approach. The potential of these plasmonic NF mats as a SERS-active optical sensor substrate, and their performance parameters such as the limit of detection, analytical range, and enhancement factor, and real-world applications are also discussed. The summary and futuristic discussion in this review might be of significant value in developing plasmonic NF mat-based SERS-active point-of-care diagnostic chips for a wide range of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangeeta Yadav
- School of Biosciences and Technology (SBST), Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu 632014, India
| | - Jitendra Satija
- Centre for Nanobiotechnology (CNBT), Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu 632014, India.
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Theyagarajan K, Yadav S, Satija J, Thenmozhi K, Senthilkumar S. Gold Nanoparticle-Redox Ionic Liquid based Nanoconjugated Matrix as a Novel Multifunctional Biosensing Interface. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2020; 6:6076-6085. [PMID: 33449637 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.0c00807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Creation of interfaces with a prudent design for the immobilization of biomolecules is substantial in the construction of biosensors for real-time monitoring. Herein, an adept biosensing interface was developed using a nanoconjugated matrix and has been employed toward the electrochemical determination of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). The anionic gold nanoparticle (AuNP) was electrostatically tethered to cationic redox ionic liquid (IL), to which the horseradish peroxidase (HRP) enzyme was covalently immobilized to form a nanobioconjugate. The anthracene-substituted, aldehyde-functionalized redox IL (CHO-AIL) was judiciously designed with the (i) imidazolium cation for electrostatic interaction with AuNPs, (ii) anthracene moiety to mediate the electron transfer, and (iii) free aldehydic group for covalent bonding with a free amine group of the enzyme. Thus, the water-soluble HRP is effectively bonded to the CHO-AIL on a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) via imine bond formation, which resulted in the formation of the HRP-CHO-AIL/GCE. Electrochemical investigations on the HRP-CHO-AIL/GCE reveal highly stable and distinct redox peaks for the anthracene/anthracenium couple at a formal potential (E°') of -0.47 V. Electrostatic tethering of anionic AuNPs to the HRP-CHO-AIL promotes the electron transfer process in the HRP-CHO-AIL/AuNPs/GCE, as observed by the reduction in the formal potential to -0.42 V along with the enhancement in peak currents. The HRP-CHO-AIL/AuNPs/GCE has been explored toward the electrocatalytic detection of H2O2, and the modified electrode demonstrated a linear response toward H2O2 in the concentration range of 0.02-2.77 mM with a detection limit of 3.7 μM. The developed biosensor ascertained predominant selectivity and sensitivity in addition to remarkable stability and reproducibility, corroborating the suitableness of the platform for the effectual biosensing of H2O2. The eminent performance realized with our biosensor setup is ascribed to the multifunctional efficacy of this newly designed nanobioconjugate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kandaswamy Theyagarajan
- Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore 632014, India
| | - Sangeeta Yadav
- School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore 632014, India.,Centre for Nanobiotechnology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore 632014, India
| | - Jitendra Satija
- Centre for Nanobiotechnology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore 632014, India
| | - Kathavarayan Thenmozhi
- Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore 632014, India
| | - Sellappan Senthilkumar
- Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore 632014, India
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Murugan D, Bhatia H, Sai VVR, Satija J. P-FAB: A Fiber-Optic Biosensor Device for Rapid Detection of COVID-19. Trans Indian Natl Acad Eng 2020; 5:211-215. [PMID: 38624432 PMCID: PMC7301353 DOI: 10.1007/s41403-020-00122-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Rapid and low-cost diagnosis of COVID-19 is essential to identify the infected subjects, particularly the asymptomatic cases, primarily to arrest the spread of the disease through local transmission. Antibody-based chromatographic serological tests, as an alternative to RT-PCR, offer only limited help due to high false positives. We propose to exploit our field-deployable/portable plasmonic fiber-optic absorbance biosensor (P-FAB) platform for one-step, wash-free detection of SARS-CoV-2 virus particles directly in saliva sample with minimal sample pre-processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divagar Murugan
- Biomedical Engineering Laboratory, Department of Applied Mechanics, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, 600036 India
| | - Himanshu Bhatia
- Ricovr Healthcare Inc, 252 Nassau St., Princeton, NJ 08542 USA
| | - V. V. R. Sai
- Biomedical Engineering Laboratory, Department of Applied Mechanics, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, 600036 India
| | - Jitendra Satija
- Centre for NanoBioTechnology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu 632014 India
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Jain S, Manoj Kumaran S, Satija J. Bimetallic Hollow Nanostructures for Colorimetric Detection of Picomolar Level of Mercury. J Nanosci Nanotechnol 2020; 20:991-998. [PMID: 31383096 DOI: 10.1166/jnn.2020.16908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we report the use of bimetallic hollow nanostructures (BHNS), consisting of gold and silver metals, for colorimetric detection of mercury. The sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS)-capped BHNS were prepared by galvanic etching of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using gold chloride resulting in a partially hollow AgNPs with the gold layer at its surface. These BHNS were interacted with an aqueous solution of mercury ions (Hg2+) in the concentration range of 10 pM-10 mM. Interestingly, at higher concentration range (10 μM-10 mM), a noticeable change in the solution color was observed with a prominent decrease in the absorption intensity and blue-shift in the peak plasmonic wavelength. This could be attributed to (i) complexation reaction between the anionic BHNS (due to the negatively charged SDS capping) and cationic Hg2+ and (ii) oxidative etching of silver from BHNS causing its depletion and resulting into Ag-Hg amalgam and/or aggregation of the nanostructures. In contrast, at lower concentration range (i.e., 10 pM-10 nM), an increase in the absorption intensity was observed, which was possibly due to the oxidative etching of silver from BHNS without aggregation of the nanostructures. The low amount of Hg2+ was not sufficient enough to interact with SDS capping layer present on the BHNS surface, unlike the higher concentrations of mercury and therefore, did not cause any aggregation. The developed colorimetric sensor showed high sensitivity and selectivity towards Hg2+ detection with a limit of detection of 10 pM and good linearity (R² = 0.97) in the concentration range of 10 pM-10 nM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saumey Jain
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, SE-164 40 Kista, Sweden
| | - S Manoj Kumaran
- Centre for Nanobiotechnology, VIT-Vellore 632014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Jitendra Satija
- Centre for Nanobiotechnology, VIT-Vellore 632014, Tamil Nadu, India
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Yadav S, Nair SS, Sai VVR, Satija J. Nanomaterials based optical and electrochemical sensing of histamine: Progress and perspectives. Food Res Int 2019; 119:99-109. [PMID: 30884738 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2019.01.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Histamine is known to be a principal causative agent associated with marine food poisoning outbreaks worldwide, which is typically formed in the contaminated food by decarboxylation of histidine by bacterial histidine decarboxylase. Upon quantification of histamine in different food products, one can comment on the quality of the food and use it as an indicator of the good manufacturing practices and the state of preservation. The United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has established 50 ppm (50 mg/kg) of histamine as the chemical index for fish spoilage. Consumption of foods containing histamine higher than the permissible limit can cause serious health issues. Several methods have been developed for the determination of histamine in a variety of food products. The conventional methods for histamine detection such as thin layer chromatography, capillary zone electrophoresis, gas chromatography, colorimetry, fluorimetry, ion mobility spectrometry, high-performance liquid chromatography, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), are being used for sensitive and selective detection of histamine. However, there are a number of disadvantages associated with the conventional techniques, such as multi-step sample processing and requirement of expensive sophisticated instruments, which restrict their applications at laboratory level only. In order to address the limitations associated with the traditional methods, new approaches have been developed by various research groups. Current advances in nanomaterial-based sensing of histamine in different food products have shown significant measurement accuracy due to their high sensitivity, specificity, field deployability, cost and ease of operation. In this review, we have discussed the development of nanomaterials-based histamine sensing assays/strategies where the detection is based on optical (fluorescence, surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS), localized surface plasmon resonance) and electrochemical (impedimetric, voltammetry, potentiometric, etc.). Further, the advantages, disadvantages and future scope of the nanomaterials-based histamine sensor research are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangeeta Yadav
- Centre for Nanobiotechnology, VIT, Vellore, Tamil Nadu 632014, India; School of Biosciences and Technology, VIT, Vellore, Tamil Nadu 632014, India
| | - Sheethal S Nair
- School of Biosciences and Technology, VIT, Vellore, Tamil Nadu 632014, India
| | - V V R Sai
- Department of Applied Mechanics, IIT, Madras, Tamil Nadu 600036, India
| | - Jitendra Satija
- Centre for Nanobiotechnology, VIT, Vellore, Tamil Nadu 632014, India.
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Barman SR, Nain A, Jain S, Punjabi N, Mukherji S, Satija J. Dendrimer as a multifunctional capping agent for metal nanoparticles for use in bioimaging, drug delivery and sensor applications. J Mater Chem B 2018; 6:2368-2384. [DOI: 10.1039/c7tb03344c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Various strategies (single & multi-pot) to synthesize dendrimer-coated metal nanoparticles and their exploration in various biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amit Nain
- School of Biosciences and Technology
- VIT Vellore
- India
| | - Saumey Jain
- School of Biosciences and Technology
- VIT Vellore
- India
| | - Nirmal Punjabi
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering
- IIT Bombay
- Mumbai 400076
- India
| | - Soumyo Mukherji
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering
- IIT Bombay
- Mumbai 400076
- India
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Paul IE, Rajeshwari A, Satija J, Raichur AM, Chandrasekaran N, Mukherjee A. Fluorescence Based Study for Melamine Detection Using Gold Colloidal Solutions. J Fluoresc 2016; 26:2225-2235. [DOI: 10.1007/s10895-016-1918-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Abstract
Convergence of localized surface plasmon resonance of metal nanoparticles with classical ELISA has emerged as a new class of immunoassays, i.e. plasmonic ELISA, enabling biocatalysis mediated ultrasensitive naked-eye detection of disease biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jitendra Satija
- School of BioSciences and Technology (SBST)
- VIT University
- Vellore
- India
| | - Nirmal Punjabi
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering
- IIT Bombay
- Mumbai 400 076
- India
| | - Debasish Mishra
- School of BioSciences and Technology (SBST)
- VIT University
- Vellore
- India
- Centre for Biomaterials, Cellular and Molecular Theranostics (CBCMT)
| | - Soumyo Mukherji
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering
- IIT Bombay
- Mumbai 400 076
- India
- Centre of Excellence for Nanoelectronics
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Alex SA, Satija J, Khan MA, Bhalerao GM, Chakravarty S, Kasilingam B, Sivakumar A, Chandrasekaran N, Mukherjee A. Etching-based transformation of dumbbell-shaped gold nanorods facilitated by hexavalent chromium and their possible application as a plasmonic sensor. Anal Methods 2015; 7:5583-5592. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ay00935a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
Investigation of the transformation of morphology, optical properties, and zeta potential of dumbbell-shaped gold nanorods upon Cr(vi) interaction was performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sruthi Ann Alex
- Centre for Nanobiotechnology
- VIT University
- Vellore-632014
- India
| | - Jitendra Satija
- School of Biosciences and Technology
- VIT University
- Vellore
- India
| | - Mohd Azeem Khan
- Centre for Nanobiotechnology
- VIT University
- Vellore-632014
- India
| | | | | | | | - A. Sivakumar
- School of Advanced Sciences
- VIT University
- Vellore
- India
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Satija J, Tharion J, Mukherji S. Facile synthesis of size and wavelength tunable hollow gold nanostructures for the development of a LSPR based label-free fiber-optic biosensor. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra13941d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Hollow bimetallic nanostructures have recently emerged as attractive plasmonic materials due to the ease of optical tunability by changing their size/composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jitendra Satija
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering
- IIT Bombay
- Mumbai 400 076
- India
- School of Bio Sciences and Technology
| | - Joseph Tharion
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering
- IIT Bombay
- Mumbai 400 076
- India
| | - Soumyo Mukherji
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering
- IIT Bombay
- Mumbai 400 076
- India
- Centre of Excellence for Nanoelectronics
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Satija J, Karunakaran B, Mukherji S. A dendrimer matrix for performance enhancement of evanescent wave absorption-based fiber-optic biosensors. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra00198b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Tharion J, Satija J, Mukherji S. Glucose mediated synthesis of gold nanoshells: A facile and eco-friendly approach conferring high colloidal stability. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra45815f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
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Satija J, Mukherji S. Dendrimeric nano-glue material for localized surface plasmon resonance-based fiber-optic sensors. Appl Nanosci 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s13204-012-0107-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Satija J, Bharadwaj R, Sai V, Mukherji S. Emerging use of nanostructure films containing capped gold nanoparticles in biosensors. Nanotechnol Sci Appl 2010; 3:171-88. [PMID: 24198481 DOI: 10.2147/nsa.s8981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) property of gold nanoparticles (GNP) has been exploited in a variety of optical sensor configurations including solution-based bioassays, paper-based colorimetric detection, surface-confined nanoparticle film/array-based sensing, etc. Amongst these, gold nanostructured films are of great interest because of their high stability, good reproducibility, robustness, and cost-effectiveness. The inherent optical characteristics of GNP, are attributed to parameters like size and shape (eg, nanospheres, nanorods, nanostars), eg, LSPR spectral location sensitivity to the local environment, composition (eg, gold-silver or silica-gold nanoshells), sensing volume, mesospacing, and multiplexing. These properties allow sensor tunability, enabling enhanced sensitivity and better performance of these biosensors. Ultrasensitive biosensor designs were realized using gold nanostructured films fabricated by bottom-up as well as top-down approaches. In this review, we describe the past, present, and future trends in the development of GNP-LSPR-based sensors, concentrating on both design (fabrication) and application. In the process, we have discussed various combinations of GNP size and shape, substrate, and application domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jitendra Satija
- Department of Bioscience and Bioengineering, IIT Bombay, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
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Abstract
Dendrimers are hyperbranched, globular, monodisperse, nanometric polymeric architecture, having definite molecular weight, shape, and size (which make these an inimitable and optimum carrier molecule in pharmaceutical field). Dendritic architecture is having immense potential over the other carrier systems, particularly in the field of drug delivery because of their unique properties, such as structural uniformity, high purity, efficient membrane transport, high drug pay load, targeting potential, and good colloidal, biological, and shelf stability. Despite their enormous applicability in different areas, the inherent cytotoxicity, reticuloendothelial system (RES) uptake, drug leakage, immunogenicity, and hemolytic toxicity restricted their use in clinical applications, which is primarily associated with cationic charge present on the periphery due to amine groups. To overcome this toxic nature of dendrimers, some new types of nontoxic, biocompatible, and biodegradable dendrimers have been developed (e.g., polyester dendrimer, citric acid dendrimer, arginine dendrimer, carbohydrate dendrimers, etc.). The surface engineering of parent dendrimers is graceful and convenient strategy, which not only shields the positive charge to make this carrier more biomimetic but also improves the physicochemical and biological behavior of parent dendrimers. Thus, surface modification chemistry of parent dendrimers holds promise in pharmaceutical applications (such as solubilization, improved drug encapsulation, enhanced gene transfection, sustained and controlled drug release, intracellular targeting) and in the diagnostic field. Development of multifunctional dendrimer holds greater promise toward the biomedical applications because a number of targeting ligands determine specificity in the same manner as another type of group would secure stability in biological milieu and prolonged circulation, whereas others facilitate their transport through cell membranes. Therefore, as a consequence of ideal hyperbranched architecture and the biocompatible nature of engineered dendrimers, their utilization has been included in the scope of this review, which focuses on current surface alteration strategies of dendrimers for their potential use in drug delivery and explains the possible beneficial applications of these engineered dendrimers in the biomedical field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jitendra Satija
- Pharmaceutics Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dr. H. S. Gour University, Sagar (M.P.) 470003, India
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