1
|
McMichael TM, Zhang L, Chemudupati M, Hach JC, Kenney AD, Hang HC, Yount JS. The palmitoyltransferase ZDHHC20 enhances interferon-induced transmembrane protein 3 (IFITM3) palmitoylation and antiviral activity. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:21517-21526. [PMID: 29079573 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.800482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2017] [Revised: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Interferon-induced transmembrane protein 3 (IFITM3) is a cellular endosome- and lysosome-localized protein that restricts numerous virus infections. IFITM3 is activated by palmitoylation, a lipid posttranslational modification. Palmitoylation of proteins is primarily mediated by zinc finger DHHC domain-containing palmitoyltransferases (ZDHHCs), but which members of this enzyme family can modify IFITM3 is not known. Here, we screened a library of human cell lines individually lacking ZDHHCs 1-24 and found that IFITM3 palmitoylation and its inhibition of influenza virus infection remained strong in the absence of any single ZDHHC, suggesting functional redundancy of these enzymes in the IFITM3-mediated antiviral response. In an overexpression screen with 23 mammalian ZDHHCs, we unexpectedly observed that more than half of the ZDHHCs were capable of increasing IFITM3 palmitoylation with ZDHHCs 3, 7, 15, and 20 having the greatest effect. Among these four enzymes, ZDHHC20 uniquely increased IFITM3 antiviral activity when both proteins were overexpressed. ZDHHC20 colocalized extensively with IFITM3 at lysosomes unlike ZDHHCs 3, 7, and 15, which showed a defined perinuclear localization pattern, suggesting that the location at which IFITM3 is palmitoylated may influence its activity. Unlike knock-out of individual ZDHHCs, siRNA-mediated knockdown of both ZDHHC3 and ZDHHC7 in ZDHHC20 knock-out cells decreased endogenous IFITM3 palmitoylation. Overall, our results demonstrate that multiple ZDHHCs can palmitoylate IFITM3 to ensure a robust antiviral response and that ZDHHC20 may serve as a particularly useful tool for understanding and enhancing IFITM3 activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Temet M McMichael
- From the Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210 and
| | - Lizhi Zhang
- From the Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210 and
| | - Mahesh Chemudupati
- From the Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210 and
| | - Jocelyn C Hach
- From the Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210 and
| | - Adam D Kenney
- From the Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210 and
| | - Howard C Hang
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Microbial Pathogenesis, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10065
| | - Jacob S Yount
- From the Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210 and
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Chesarino NM, Hach JC, Chen JL, Zaro BW, Rajaram MV, Turner J, Schlesinger LS, Pratt MR, Hang HC, Yount JS. Chemoproteomics reveals Toll-like receptor fatty acylation. BMC Biol 2014; 12:91. [PMID: 25371237 PMCID: PMC4240870 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-014-0091-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2014] [Accepted: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Palmitoylation is a 16-carbon lipid post-translational modification that increases protein hydrophobicity. This form of protein fatty acylation is emerging as a critical regulatory modification for multiple aspects of cellular interactions and signaling. Despite recent advances in the development of chemical tools for the rapid identification and visualization of palmitoylated proteins, the palmitoyl proteome has not been fully defined. Here we sought to identify and compare the palmitoylated proteins in murine fibroblasts and dendritic cells. Results A total of 563 putative palmitoylation substrates were identified, more than 200 of which have not been previously suggested to be palmitoylated in past proteomic studies. Here we validate the palmitoylation of several new proteins including Toll-like receptors (TLRs) 2, 5 and 10, CD80, CD86, and NEDD4. Palmitoylation of TLR2, which was uniquely identified in dendritic cells, was mapped to a transmembrane domain-proximal cysteine. Inhibition of TLR2 S-palmitoylation pharmacologically or by cysteine mutagenesis led to decreased cell surface expression and a decreased inflammatory response to microbial ligands. Conclusions This work identifies many fatty acylated proteins involved in fundamental cellular processes as well as cell type-specific functions, highlighting the value of examining the palmitoyl proteomes of multiple cell types. S-palmitoylation of TLR2 is a previously unknown immunoregulatory mechanism that represents an entirely novel avenue for modulation of TLR2 inflammatory activity. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12915-014-0091-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas M Chesarino
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, Center for Microbial Interface Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
| | - Jocelyn C Hach
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, Center for Microbial Interface Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
| | - James L Chen
- Biomedical Informatics, Internal Medicine in the Division of Medical Oncology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
| | - Balyn W Zaro
- Departments of Chemistry and Molecular and Computational Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA.
| | - Murugesan Vs Rajaram
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, Center for Microbial Interface Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
| | - Joanne Turner
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, Center for Microbial Interface Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
| | - Larry S Schlesinger
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, Center for Microbial Interface Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
| | - Matthew R Pratt
- Departments of Chemistry and Molecular and Computational Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA.
| | - Howard C Hang
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Microbial Pathogenesis, Rockefeller University, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
| | - Jacob S Yount
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, Center for Microbial Interface Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Chesarino NM, McMichael TM, Hach JC, Yount JS. Phosphorylation of the antiviral protein interferon-inducible transmembrane protein 3 (IFITM3) dually regulates its endocytosis and ubiquitination. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:11986-11992. [PMID: 24627473 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.557694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferon-inducible transmembrane protein 3 (IFITM3) is essential for innate defense against influenza virus in mice and humans. IFITM3 localizes to endolysosomes where it prevents virus fusion, although mechanisms controlling its trafficking to this cellular compartment are not fully understood. We determined that both mouse and human IFITM3 are phosphorylated by the protein-tyrosine kinase FYN on tyrosine 20 (Tyr(20)) and that mouse IFITM3 is also phosphorylated on the non-conserved Tyr(27). Phosphorylation led to a cellular redistribution of IFITM3, including plasma membrane accumulation. Mutation of Tyr(20) caused a similar redistribution of IFITM3 and resulted in decreased antiviral activity against influenza virus, whereas Tyr(27) mutation of mouse IFITM3 showed minimal effects on localization or activity. Using FYN knockout cells, we also found that IFITM3 phosphorylation is not a requirement for its antiviral activity. Together, these results indicate that Tyr(20) is part of an endocytosis signal that can be blocked by phosphorylation or by mutation of this residue. Further mutagenesis narrowed this endocytosis-controlling region to four residues conforming to a YXXΦ (where X is any amino acid and Φ is Val, Leu, or Ile) endocytic motif that, when transferred to CD4, resulted in its internalization from the cell surface. Additionally, we found that phosphorylation of IFITM3 by FYN and mutagenesis of Tyr(20) both resulted in decreased IFITM3 ubiquitination. Overall, these results suggest that modification of Tyr(20) may serve in a cellular checkpoint controlling IFITM3 trafficking and degradation and demonstrate the complexity of posttranslational regulation of IFITM3.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas M Chesarino
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity and the Center for Microbial Interface Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Temet M McMichael
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity and the Center for Microbial Interface Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Jocelyn C Hach
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity and the Center for Microbial Interface Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Jacob S Yount
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity and the Center for Microbial Interface Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210.
| |
Collapse
|