1
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Speaks S, McFadden MI, Zani A, Solstad A, Leumi S, Roettger JE, Kenney AD, Bone H, Zhang L, Denz PJ, Eddy AC, Amer AO, Robinson RT, Cai C, Ma J, Hemann EA, Forero A, Yount JS. Gasdermin D promotes influenza virus-induced mortality through neutrophil amplification of inflammation. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2751. [PMID: 38553499 PMCID: PMC10980740 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47067-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Influenza virus activates cellular inflammasome pathways, which can be both beneficial and detrimental to infection outcomes. Here, we investigate the function of the inflammasome-activated, pore-forming protein gasdermin D (GSDMD) during infection. Ablation of GSDMD in knockout (KO) mice (Gsdmd-/-) significantly attenuates influenza virus-induced weight loss, lung dysfunction, lung histopathology, and mortality compared with wild type (WT) mice, despite similar viral loads. Infected Gsdmd-/- mice exhibit decreased inflammatory gene signatures shown by lung transcriptomics. Among these, diminished neutrophil gene activation signatures are corroborated by decreased detection of neutrophil elastase and myeloperoxidase in KO mouse lungs. Indeed, directly infected neutrophils are observed in vivo and infection of neutrophils in vitro induces release of DNA and tissue-damaging enzymes that is largely dependent on GSDMD. Neutrophil depletion in infected WT mice recapitulates the reductions in mortality, lung inflammation, and lung dysfunction observed in Gsdmd-/- animals, while depletion does not have additive protective effects in Gsdmd-/- mice. These findings implicate a function for GSDMD in promoting lung neutrophil responses that amplify influenza virus-induced inflammation and pathogenesis. Targeting the GSDMD/neutrophil axis may provide a therapeutic avenue for treating severe influenza.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Speaks
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Matthew I McFadden
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Ashley Zani
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Abigail Solstad
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Steve Leumi
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Jack E Roettger
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Adam D Kenney
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Hannah Bone
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Lizhi Zhang
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Parker J Denz
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Adrian C Eddy
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Amal O Amer
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Richard T Robinson
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Chuanxi Cai
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Science, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Jianjie Ma
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Science, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Emily A Hemann
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Adriana Forero
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
- Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
| | - Jacob S Yount
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
- Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
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2
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Denz PJ, Speaks S, Kenney AD, Eddy AC, Papa JL, Roettger J, Scace SC, Hemann EA, Forero A, Webby RJ, Bowman AS, Yount JS. Innate immune control of influenza virus interspecies adaptation. bioRxiv 2023:2023.08.23.554491. [PMID: 37662304 PMCID: PMC10473703 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.23.554491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Influenza virus pandemics are caused by viruses from animal reservoirs that adapt to efficiently infect and replicate in human hosts. Here, we investigated whether Interferon-Induced Transmembrane Protein 3 (IFITM3), a host antiviral factor with known human deficiencies, plays a role in interspecies virus infection and adaptation. We found that IFITM3-deficient mice and human cells could be infected with low doses of avian influenza viruses that failed to infect WT counterparts, identifying a new role for IFITM3 in controlling the minimum infectious viral dose threshold. Remarkably, influenza viruses passaged through Ifitm3-/- mice exhibited enhanced host adaptation, a result that was distinct from passaging in mice deficient for interferon signaling, which caused virus attenuation. Our data demonstrate that IFITM3 deficiency uniquely facilitates zoonotic influenza virus infections and subsequent adaptation, implicating IFITM3 deficiencies in the human population as a vulnerability for emergence of new pandemic viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parker J. Denz
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University College of Medicine; Columbus, OH, USA
- Viruses and Emerging Pathogens Program, Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University; Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Samuel Speaks
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University College of Medicine; Columbus, OH, USA
- Viruses and Emerging Pathogens Program, Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University; Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Adam D. Kenney
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University College of Medicine; Columbus, OH, USA
- Viruses and Emerging Pathogens Program, Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University; Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Adrian C. Eddy
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University College of Medicine; Columbus, OH, USA
- Viruses and Emerging Pathogens Program, Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University; Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Jonathan L. Papa
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University College of Medicine; Columbus, OH, USA
- Viruses and Emerging Pathogens Program, Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University; Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Jack Roettger
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University College of Medicine; Columbus, OH, USA
- Viruses and Emerging Pathogens Program, Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University; Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Sydney C. Scace
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University College of Medicine; Columbus, OH, USA
- Viruses and Emerging Pathogens Program, Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University; Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Emily A. Hemann
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University College of Medicine; Columbus, OH, USA
- Viruses and Emerging Pathogens Program, Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University; Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Adriana Forero
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University College of Medicine; Columbus, OH, USA
- Viruses and Emerging Pathogens Program, Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University; Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Richard J. Webby
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital; Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Andrew S. Bowman
- Viruses and Emerging Pathogens Program, Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University; Columbus, OH, USA
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Ohio State University; Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Jacob S. Yount
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University College of Medicine; Columbus, OH, USA
- Viruses and Emerging Pathogens Program, Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University; Columbus, OH, USA
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3
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Espada CE, Sari L, Cahill MP, Yang H, Phillips S, Martinez N, Kenney AD, Yount JS, Xiong Y, Lin MM, Wu L. SAMHD1 impairs type I interferon induction through the MAVS, IKKε, and IRF7 signaling axis during viral infection. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:104925. [PMID: 37328105 PMCID: PMC10404699 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.104925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Sterile alpha motif and HD domain-containing protein 1 (SAMHD1) restricts human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection by reducing the intracellular dNTP pool. We have shown that SAMHD1 suppresses nuclear factor kappa-B activation and type I interferon (IFN-I) induction by viral infection and inflammatory stimuli. However, the mechanism by which SAMHD1 inhibits IFN-I remains unclear. Here, we show that SAMHD1 inhibits IFN-I activation induced by the mitochondrial antiviral-signaling protein (MAVS). SAMHD1 interacted with MAVS and suppressed MAVS aggregation in response to Sendai virus infection in human monocytic THP-1 cells. This resulted in increased phosphorylation of TANK binding kinase 1 (TBK1), inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B kinase epsilon (IKKε), and IFN regulatory factor 3 (IRF3). SAMHD1 suppressed IFN-I activation induced by IKKε and prevented IRF7 binding to the kinase domain of IKKε. We found that SAMHD1 interaction with the inhibitory domain (ID) of IRF7 (IRF7-ID) was necessary and sufficient for SAMHD1 suppression of IRF7-mediated IFN-I activation in HEK293T cells. Computational docking and molecular dynamics simulations revealed possible binding sites between IRF7-ID and full-length SAMHD1. Individual substitution of F411, E416, or V460 in IRF7-ID significantly reduced IRF7 transactivation activity and SAMHD1 binding. Furthermore, we investigated the role of SAMHD1 inhibition of IRF7-mediated IFN-I induction during HIV-1 infection. We found that THP-1 cells lacking IRF7 expression had reduced HIV-1 infection and viral transcription compared to control cells, indicating a positive role of IRF7 in HIV-1 infection. Our findings suggest that SAMHD1 suppresses IFN-I induction through the MAVS, IKKε, and IRF7 signaling axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constanza E Espada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Levent Sari
- Lyda Hill Department of Bioinformatics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Michael P Cahill
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Hua Yang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Stacia Phillips
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Nicholas Martinez
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Adam D Kenney
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Jacob S Yount
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Yong Xiong
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Milo M Lin
- Lyda Hill Department of Bioinformatics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.
| | - Li Wu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.
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4
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Yang H, Espada CE, Phillips S, Martinez N, Kenney AD, Yount JS, Xiong Y, Wu L. The host anti-viral protein SAMHD1 suppresses NF-κB activation by interacting with the IKK complex during inflammatory responses and viral infection. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:104750. [PMID: 37100289 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.104750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Sterile alpha motif and histidine-aspartate (HD) domain-containing protein 1 (SAMHD1) inhibits HIV-1 replication in non-dividing cells by reducing the intracellular dNTP pool. SAMHD1 also suppresses NF-κB activation induced by inflammatory stimuli and viral infections. Specifically, SAMHD1-mediated reduction of NF-κB inhibitory protein (IκBα) phosphorylation is important for the suppression of NF-κB activation. However, while the inhibitors of NF-κB kinase subunit alpha and beta (IKKα and IKKβ) regulate IκBα phosphorylation, the mechanism by which SAMHD1 regulates phosphorylation of IκBα remains unclear. Here, we report that SAMHD1 suppresses phosphorylation of IKKα/β/γ via interaction with IKKα and IKKβ, thus inhibiting subsequent phosphorylation of IκBα in monocytic THP-1 cells and differentiated non-dividing THP-1 cells. We show that knockout of SAMHD1 enhanced phosphorylation of IKKα, IKKβ, and IKKγ in THP-1 cells treated with the NF-κB activator lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or infected with Sendai virus (SeV), and SAMHD1 reconstitution inhibited phosphorylation of IKKα/β/γ in SeV-infected THP-1 cells. We demonstrate that endogenous SAMHD1 interacted with IKKα and IKKβ in THP-1 cells and recombinant SAMHD1 bound to purified IKKα or IKKβ directly in vitro. Mapping of these protein interactions showed that the HD domain of SAMHD1 interacts with both IKKα and IKKβ and that the kinase domain of IKKα and the ubiquitin-like domain of IKKβ are required for their interactions with SAMHD1, respectively. Moreover, we found that SAMHD1 disrupts the interaction between upstream kinase TAK1 and IKKα or IKKβ. Our findings identify a new regulatory mechanism by which SAMHD1 inhibits phosphorylation of IκBα and NF-κB activation.
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5
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Kenney AD, Zani A, Kawahara J, Eddy AC, Wang X, Mahesh KC, Lu M, Thomas J, Kohlmeier JE, Suthar MS, Hemann EA, Li J, Peeples ME, Hall‐Stoodley L, Forero A, Cai C, Ma J, Yount JS. Interferon-induced transmembrane protein 3 (IFITM3) limits lethality of SARS-CoV-2 in mice. EMBO Rep 2023; 24:e56660. [PMID: 36880581 PMCID: PMC10074051 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202256660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Interferon-induced transmembrane protein 3 (IFITM3) is an antiviral protein that alters cell membranes to block fusion of viruses. Conflicting reports identified opposing effects of IFITM3 on SARS-CoV-2 infection of cells, and its impact on viral pathogenesis in vivo remains unclear. Here, we show that IFITM3 knockout (KO) mice infected with SARS-CoV-2 experience extreme weight loss and lethality compared to mild infection in wild-type (WT) mice. KO mice have higher lung viral titers and increases in inflammatory cytokine levels, immune cell infiltration, and histopathology. Mechanistically, we observe disseminated viral antigen staining throughout the lung and pulmonary vasculature in KO mice, as well as increased heart infection, indicating that IFITM3 constrains dissemination of SARS-CoV-2. Global transcriptomic analysis of infected lungs shows upregulation of gene signatures associated with interferons, inflammation, and angiogenesis in KO versus WT animals, highlighting changes in lung gene expression programs that precede severe lung pathology and fatality. Our results establish IFITM3 KO mice as a new animal model for studying severe SARS-CoV-2 infection and overall demonstrate that IFITM3 is protective in SARS-CoV-2 infections in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam D Kenney
- Department of Microbial Infection and ImmunityThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOHUSA
- Infectious Diseases InstituteThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOHUSA
| | - Ashley Zani
- Department of Microbial Infection and ImmunityThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOHUSA
- Infectious Diseases InstituteThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOHUSA
| | - Jeffrey Kawahara
- Department of Microbial Infection and ImmunityThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOHUSA
- Infectious Diseases InstituteThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOHUSA
| | - Adrian C Eddy
- Department of Microbial Infection and ImmunityThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOHUSA
- Infectious Diseases InstituteThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOHUSA
| | | | - KC Mahesh
- Infectious Diseases InstituteThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOHUSA
- Center for Vaccines and ImmunityAbigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's HospitalColumbusOHUSA
| | - Mijia Lu
- Infectious Diseases InstituteThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOHUSA
- Department of Veterinary BiosciencesThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOHUSA
| | - Jeronay Thomas
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyEmory UniversityAtlantaGAUSA
| | - Jacob E Kohlmeier
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyEmory UniversityAtlantaGAUSA
| | - Mehul S Suthar
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyEmory UniversityAtlantaGAUSA
- Department of PediatricsEmory University School of MedicineAtlantaGAUSA
- Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research CenterEmory UniversityAtlantaGAUSA
| | - Emily A Hemann
- Department of Microbial Infection and ImmunityThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOHUSA
- Infectious Diseases InstituteThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOHUSA
| | - Jianrong Li
- Infectious Diseases InstituteThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOHUSA
- Department of Veterinary BiosciencesThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOHUSA
| | - Mark E Peeples
- Infectious Diseases InstituteThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOHUSA
- Center for Vaccines and ImmunityAbigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's HospitalColumbusOHUSA
- Department of PediatricsThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOHUSA
| | - Luanne Hall‐Stoodley
- Department of Microbial Infection and ImmunityThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOHUSA
- Infectious Diseases InstituteThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOHUSA
| | - Adriana Forero
- Department of Microbial Infection and ImmunityThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOHUSA
- Infectious Diseases InstituteThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOHUSA
| | - Chuanxi Cai
- Department of SurgeryThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOHUSA
| | - Jianjie Ma
- Department of SurgeryThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOHUSA
| | - Jacob S Yount
- Department of Microbial Infection and ImmunityThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOHUSA
- Infectious Diseases InstituteThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOHUSA
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6
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Bednash JS, Johns F, Farkas D, Elhance A, Adair J, Cress K, Yount JS, Kenney AD, Londino JD, Mallampalli RK. Inhibiting the Deubiquitinase UCHL1 Reduces SARS-CoV-2 Viral Uptake by ACE2. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2023; 68:566-576. [PMID: 36730646 PMCID: PMC10174169 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2022-0331oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019) caused by SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) remains a significant public health burden with limited treatment options. Many beta-coronaviruses, including SARS-CoV-2, gain entry to host cells through interaction of SARS-CoV-2 Spike (S) protein with membrane-bound angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). Given its necessity for SARS-CoV-2 infection, ACE2 represents a potential therapeutic target in COVID-19. However, early attempts focusing on ACE2 in COVID-19 have not validated it as a druggable target nor identified other ACE2-related novel proteins for therapeutic intervention. Here, we identify a mechanism for ACE2 protein modulation by the deubiquitinase (DUB) enzyme, ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase isozyme L1 (UCHL1). ACE2 is constitutively ubiquitinated and degraded by the proteasome in lung epithelia. SARS-CoV-2 spike protein cellular internalization increased ACE2 protein abundance by decreasing its degradation. Using an siRNA library targeting 96 human DUBs, we identified UCHL1 as a putative regulator of ACE2 function as a viral receptor. Overexpressed UCHL1 preserved ACE2 protein abundance, whereas silencing of the DUB in cells destabilized ACE2 through increased polyubiquitination. A commercially available small molecule inhibitor of UCHL1 DUB activity decreased ACE2 protein levels coupled with inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 infection in epithelial cells. These findings describe a unique pathway of ACE2 regulation uncovering UCHL1 as a potential therapeutic target to modulate COVID-19 viral entry as a platform for future small molecule design and testing. This article is open access and distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial No Derivatives License 4.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph S Bednash
- Ohio State University College of Medicine, 12305, Internal Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, United States;
| | - Finny Johns
- Ohio State University College of Medicine, 12305, Internal Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, United States
| | - Daniela Farkas
- Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, 12306, Internal Medicine, PCCS, Columbus, Ohio, United States
| | - Ajit Elhance
- The Ohio State University College of Medicine, 12305, Columbus, Ohio, United States
| | - Jessica Adair
- Ohio State University College of Medicine, 12305, Internal Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, United States
| | - Kirstin Cress
- Ohio State University College of Medicine, 12305, Internal Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, United States
| | - Jacob S Yount
- The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, 12306, Microbial Infection and Immunity, Columbus, Ohio, United States
| | - Adam D Kenney
- The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, 12306, Microbial Infection and Immunity, Columbus, Ohio, United States
| | - James D Londino
- Ohio State University College of Medicine, 12305, Internal Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, United States
| | - Rama K Mallampalli
- Ohio State University College of Medicine, 12305, Internal Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, United States
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7
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Shi G, Chiramel AI, Li T, Lai KK, Kenney AD, Zani A, Eddy AC, Majdoul S, Zhang L, Dempsey T, Beare PA, Kar S, Yewdell JW, Best SM, Yount JS, Compton AA. Rapalogs downmodulate intrinsic immunity and promote cell entry of SARS-CoV-2. J Clin Invest 2022; 132:e160766. [PMID: 36264642 PMCID: PMC9753997 DOI: 10.1172/jci160766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection in immunocompromised individuals is associated with prolonged virus shedding and evolution of viral variants. Rapamycin and its analogs (rapalogs, including everolimus, temsirolimus, and ridaforolimus) are FDA approved as mTOR inhibitors for the treatment of human diseases, including cancer and autoimmunity. Rapalog use is commonly associated with an increased susceptibility to infection, which has been traditionally explained by impaired adaptive immunity. Here, we show that exposure to rapalogs increased susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection in tissue culture and in immunologically naive rodents by antagonizing the cell-intrinsic immune response. We identified 1 rapalog (ridaforolimus) that was less potent in this regard and demonstrated that rapalogs promote spike-mediated entry into cells, by triggering the degradation of the antiviral proteins IFITM2 and IFITM3 via an endolysosomal remodeling program called microautophagy. Rapalogs that increased virus entry inhibited mTOR-mediated phosphorylation of the transcription factor TFEB, which facilitated its nuclear translocation and triggered microautophagy. In rodent models of infection, injection of rapamycin prior to and after virus exposure resulted in elevated SARS-CoV-2 replication and exacerbated viral disease, while ridaforolimus had milder effects. Overall, our findings indicate that preexisting use of certain rapalogs may elevate host susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection and disease by activating lysosome-mediated suppression of intrinsic immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoli Shi
- HIV Dynamics and Replication Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute (NCI), NIH, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Abhilash I. Chiramel
- Laboratory of Virology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), NIH, Hamilton, Montana, USA
| | - Tiansheng Li
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Kin Kui Lai
- HIV Dynamics and Replication Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute (NCI), NIH, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Adam D. Kenney
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Ashley Zani
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Adrian C. Eddy
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Saliha Majdoul
- HIV Dynamics and Replication Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute (NCI), NIH, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Lizhi Zhang
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Tirhas Dempsey
- HIV Dynamics and Replication Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute (NCI), NIH, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Paul A. Beare
- Laboratory of Bacteriology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, NIAID, NIH, Hamilton, Montana, USA
| | | | | | - Sonja M. Best
- Laboratory of Virology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), NIH, Hamilton, Montana, USA
| | - Jacob S. Yount
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Alex A. Compton
- HIV Dynamics and Replication Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute (NCI), NIH, Frederick, Maryland, USA
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8
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Shi G, Chiramel AI, Li T, Lai KK, Kenney AD, Zani A, Eddy A, Majdoul S, Zhang L, Dempsey T, Beare PA, Kar S, Yewdell JW, Best SM, Yount JS, Compton AA. Rapalogs downmodulate intrinsic immunity and promote cell entry of SARS-CoV-2. bioRxiv 2022:2021.04.15.440067. [PMID: 33880473 PMCID: PMC8057238 DOI: 10.1101/2021.04.15.440067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 infection in immunocompromised individuals is associated with prolonged virus shedding and evolution of viral variants. Rapamycin and its analogs (rapalogs, including everolimus, temsirolimus, and ridaforolimus) are FDA-approved as mTOR inhibitors for the treatment of human diseases, including cancer and autoimmunity. Rapalog use is commonly associated with increased susceptibility to infection, which has been traditionally explained by impaired adaptive immunity. Here, we show that exposure to rapalogs increases susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection in tissue culture and in immunologically naive rodents by antagonizing the cell-intrinsic immune response. By identifying one rapalog (ridaforolimus) that is less potent in this regard, we demonstrate that rapalogs promote Spike-mediated entry into cells by triggering the degradation of antiviral proteins IFITM2 and IFITM3 via an endolysosomal remodeling program called microautophagy. Rapalogs that increase virus entry inhibit the mTOR-mediated phosphorylation of the transcription factor TFEB, which facilitates its nuclear translocation and triggers microautophagy. In rodent models of infection, injection of rapamycin prior to and after virus exposure resulted in elevated SARS-CoV-2 replication and exacerbated viral disease, while ridaforolimus had milder effects. Overall, our findings indicate that preexisting use of certain rapalogs may elevate host susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection and disease by activating lysosome-mediated suppression of intrinsic immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoli Shi
- HIV Dynamics and Replication Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Abhilash I. Chiramel
- Laboratory of Virology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Tiansheng Li
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kin Kui Lai
- HIV Dynamics and Replication Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Adam D. Kenney
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Ashley Zani
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Adrian Eddy
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Saliha Majdoul
- HIV Dynamics and Replication Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Lizhi Zhang
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Tirhas Dempsey
- HIV Dynamics and Replication Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Paul A. Beare
- Laboratory of Bacteriology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | | | - Jonathan W. Yewdell
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sonja M. Best
- Laboratory of Virology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Jacob S. Yount
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Alex A. Compton
- HIV Dynamics and Replication Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, USA
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9
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Eltobgy MM, Zani A, Kenney AD, Estfanous S, Kim E, Badr A, Carafice C, Daily K, Whitham O, Pietrzak M, Webb A, Kawahara J, Eddy AC, Denz P, Lu M, Mahesh KC, Peeples ME, Li J, Zhu J, Que J, Robinson R, Mejia OR, Rayner RE, Hall-Stoodley L, Seveau S, Gavrilin MA, Zhang X, Thomas J, Kohlmeier JE, Suthar MS, Oltz E, Tedeschi A, Robledo-Avila FH, Partida-Sanchez S, Hemann EA, Abdelrazik E, Forero A, Nimjee SM, Boyaka PN, Cormet-Boyaka E, Yount JS, Amer AO. Caspase-4/11 exacerbates disease severity in SARS-CoV-2 infection by promoting inflammation and immunothrombosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2202012119. [PMID: 35588457 PMCID: PMC9173818 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2202012119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS–CoV-2) is a worldwide health concern, and new treatment strategies are needed. Targeting inflammatory innate immunity pathways holds therapeutic promise, but effective molecular targets remain elusive. Here, we show that human caspase-4 (CASP4) and its mouse homolog, caspase-11 (CASP11), are up-regulated in SARS–CoV-2 infections and that CASP4 expression correlates with severity of SARS–CoV-2 infection in humans. SARS–CoV-2–infected Casp11−/− mice were protected from severe weight loss and lung pathology, including blood vessel damage, compared to wild-type (WT) mice and mice lacking the caspase downstream effector gasdermin-D (Gsdmd−/−). Notably, viral titers were similar regardless of CASP11 knockout. Global transcriptomics of SARS–CoV-2–infected WT, Casp11−/−, and Gsdmd−/− lungs identified restrained expression of inflammatory molecules and altered neutrophil gene signatures in Casp11−/− mice. We confirmed that protein levels of inflammatory mediators interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and CXCL1, as well as neutrophil functions, were reduced in Casp11−/− lungs. Additionally, Casp11−/− lungs accumulated less von Willebrand factor, a marker for endothelial damage, but expressed more Kruppel-Like Factor 2, a transcription factor that maintains vascular integrity. Overall, our results demonstrate that CASP4/11 promotes detrimental SARS–CoV-2–induced inflammation and coagulopathy, largely independently of GSDMD, identifying CASP4/11 as a promising drug target for treatment and prevention of severe COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa M. Eltobgy
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH 43210
- Neuroscience graduate program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
- Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Ashley Zani
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH 43210
- Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Adam D. Kenney
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH 43210
- Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Shady Estfanous
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH 43210
- Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University, Cairo,11731 Egypt
| | - Eunsoo Kim
- Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Asmaa Badr
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH 43210
- Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Cierra Carafice
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH 43210
- Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Kylene Daily
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH 43210
- Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Owen Whitham
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH 43210
- Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Maciej Pietrzak
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Amy Webb
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Jeffrey Kawahara
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH 43210
- Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Adrian C. Eddy
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH 43210
- Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Parker Denz
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH 43210
- Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Mijia Lu
- Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - KC Mahesh
- Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH 43205
| | - Mark E. Peeples
- Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH 43205
| | - Jianrong Li
- Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Jian Zhu
- Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Jianwen Que
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases and Center for Human Development, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027
| | - Richard Robinson
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH 43210
- Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Oscar Rosas Mejia
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH 43210
- Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Rachael E. Rayner
- Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Luanne Hall-Stoodley
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH 43210
- Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Stephanie Seveau
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH 43210
- Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Mikhail A. Gavrilin
- Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Xiaoli Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Jeronay Thomas
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Jacob E. Kohlmeier
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Mehul S. Suthar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
- Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Eugene Oltz
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Andrea Tedeschi
- Department of Neuroscience, Chronic Brain Injury Discovery Theme, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Frank H. Robledo-Avila
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH 43205
| | - Santiago Partida-Sanchez
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH 43205
| | - Emily A. Hemann
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH 43210
- Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Eman Abdelrazik
- Center for Informatics Science, Nile University, Giza, 12525, Egypt
| | - Adriana Forero
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH 43210
- Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Shahid M. Nimjee
- Department of Neurological Surgery, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Prosper N. Boyaka
- Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Estelle Cormet-Boyaka
- Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Jacob S. Yount
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH 43210
- Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Amal O. Amer
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH 43210
- Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
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10
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Kenney AD, Aron SL, Gilbert C, Kumar N, Chen P, Eddy A, Zhang L, Zani A, Vargas-Maldonado N, Speaks S, Kawahara J, Denz PJ, Dorn L, Accornero F, Ma J, Zhu H, Rajaram MVS, Cai C, Langlois RA, Yount JS. Influenza virus replication in cardiomyocytes drives heart dysfunction and fibrosis. Sci Adv 2022; 8:eabm5371. [PMID: 35544568 PMCID: PMC9094651 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abm5371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Cardiac dysfunction is a common complication of severe influenza virus infection, but whether this occurs due to direct infection of cardiac tissue or indirectly through systemic lung inflammation remains unclear. To test the etiology of this aspect of influenza disease, we generated a novel recombinant heart-attenuated influenza virus via genome incorporation of target sequences for miRNAs expressed in cardiomyocytes. Compared with control virus, mice infected with miR-targeted virus had significantly reduced heart viral titers, confirming cardiac attenuation of viral replication. However, this virus was fully replicative in the lungs and induced similar systemic inflammation and weight loss compared to control virus. The miR-targeted virus induced fewer cardiac conduction irregularities and significantly less fibrosis in mice lacking interferon-induced transmembrane protein 3 (IFITM3), which serve as a model for influenza-associated cardiac pathology. We conclude that robust virus replication in the heart is required for pathology, even when lung inflammation is severe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam D. Kenney
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Infectious Diseases Institute, Viruses and Emerging Pathogens Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Stephanie L. Aron
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Clara Gilbert
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Naresh Kumar
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Peng Chen
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Adrian Eddy
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Infectious Diseases Institute, Viruses and Emerging Pathogens Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Lizhi Zhang
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Infectious Diseases Institute, Viruses and Emerging Pathogens Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Ashley Zani
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Infectious Diseases Institute, Viruses and Emerging Pathogens Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Nahara Vargas-Maldonado
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Samuel Speaks
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Jeffrey Kawahara
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Infectious Diseases Institute, Viruses and Emerging Pathogens Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Parker J. Denz
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Infectious Diseases Institute, Viruses and Emerging Pathogens Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Lisa Dorn
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Federica Accornero
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Jianjie Ma
- Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Hua Zhu
- Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Murugesan V. S. Rajaram
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Chuanxi Cai
- Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Ryan A. Langlois
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Jacob S. Yount
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Infectious Diseases Institute, Viruses and Emerging Pathogens Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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11
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Solstad A, Kenney AD, Zani A, Yount JS, Hemann EA. Endogenous interferon-lambda signaling restricts virus replication and disease severity in a murine model of SARS-CoV-2 infection. The Journal of Immunology 2022. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.208.supp.125.08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Interferon-lambda (IFN-λ) is currently being investigated in a phase III clinical trial as a therapeutic against COVID-19. Exogenous IFN-λ restricts SARS-CoV-2 in vitro and in Balb/c and C57Bl/6 (WT) murine models of infection. However, roles of endogenously produced IFN-λ in SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis are not currently known, and the overall mechanisms by which IFN-λ modulates the induction of protective immune responses in SARS-CoV-2 infections remains to be elucidated. We find that IFN-λ receptor deficient mice (Ifnlr1−/−) infected with mouse-adapted SARS-CoV-2 lose significantly more weight and have increased SARS-CoV-2 viral replication compared to WT through day 5 post infection. Intriguingly, Ifit3 and Ifitm3 are increased in the lungs of Ifnlr1−/− mice compared to WT following infection, despite similar IFN-α/β and IFN-λ mRNA levels, suggesting compensatory increases in type I IFN signaling are not driving the increased weight loss or ISG induction observed in Ifnlr1−/− mice. Global transcriptomics revealed induction of a suppressive immunoregulatory signature with increased IL-10 as a hallmark in Ifnlr1−/− lungs, suggesting IFN-λ is critically involved in regulating appropriate immune activation to limit SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis. Histological analysis revealed a significant increase in CD45+ cells (but not neutrophils) in the lungs of Ifnlr1−/− mice compared to WT on day 5 post infection, and we identified increases in pathways associated with myeloid cell function and T cell activation in Ifnlr1−/− by comparative transcriptomics. Overall, broadening the understanding of how IFN-λ regulates SARS-CoV-2 infection, pathogenesis, and immunity will inform the utilization of IFN-λ as an immunotherapy and adjuvant.
Supported by NIH Award K22 AI146141 to EAH.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ashley Zani
- 1Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State Univ
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12
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Yount JS, Zani A, Kenney AD. Interferon-induced transmembrane protein 3 (IFITM3) limits lethality of SARS-CoV-2 in mice. The Journal of Immunology 2022. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.208.supp.51.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Interferon-induced transmembrane protein 3 (IFITM3) is a host antiviral protein that alters cell membranes to block fusion of viruses. Published reports have identified conflicting pro- and anti-viral effects of IFITM3 on SARS-CoV-2 in cultured cells, and its impact on viral pathology in vivo remains unclear. Here, we show that IFITM3 knockout (KO) mice infected with mouse-adapted SARS-CoV-2 experienced extreme weight loss and lethality, while wild type (WT) mice lost only 10% of their body weight and recovered. KO mice had higher lung viral titers and increases in lung inflammatory cytokine levels, CD45-positive immune cell infiltration, and histopathology, compared to WT mice. Mechanistically, we observed disseminated viral antigen staining throughout the lung tissue and pulmonary vasculature in KO mice, while staining was observed in confined regions in WT lungs. Global transcriptomic analysis of infected lungs identified upregulation of gene signatures associated with interferons, inflammation, and angiogenesis in KO versus WT animals, highlighting changes in lung gene expression programs that precede severe lung pathology and fatality. Corroborating the protective effect of IFITM3 in vivo, K18-hACE2/IFITM3 KO mice infected with non-adapted SARS-CoV-2 showed enhanced, rapid weight loss and early death compared to control mice. Increased heart infection was observed in both mouse models in the absence of IFITM3, indicating that IFITM3 constrains extrapulmonary dissemination of SARS-CoV-2. Our results establish IFITM3 KO mice as a new animal model for studying severe SARS-CoV-2 infection, and overall demonstrate that IFITM3 is protective in SARS-CoV-2 infections of mice.
Supported by grants from the NIH (R01 AI130110, R21 AI151230, R01 HL154001, R21 AI142256, and U54 CA260582)
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob S Yount
- 1Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University
| | - Ashley Zani
- 1Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University
| | - Adam D. Kenney
- 1Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University
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13
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Martens CR, Dorn LE, Kenney AD, Bansal SS, Yount JS, Accornero F. BEX1 is a critical determinant of viral myocarditis. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010342. [PMID: 35192678 PMCID: PMC8896894 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral infection of the heart is a common but underappreciated cause of heart failure. Viruses can cause direct cardiac damage by lysing infected cardiomyocytes. Inflammatory immune responses that limit viral replication can also indirectly cause damage during infection, making regulatory factors that fine-tune these responses particularly important. Identifying and understanding these factors that regulate cardiac immune responses during infection will be essential for developing targeted treatments for virus-associated heart failure. Our laboratory has discovered Brain Expressed X-linked protein 1 (BEX1) as a novel stress-regulated pro-inflammatory factor in the heart. Here we report that BEX1 plays a cardioprotective role in the heart during viral infection. Specifically, we adopted genetic gain- and loss-of-function strategies to modulate BEX1 expression in the heart in the context of coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3)-induced cardiomyopathy and found that BEX1 limits viral replication in cardiomyocytes. Interestingly, despite the greater viral load observed in mice lacking BEX1, inflammatory immune cell recruitment in the mouse heart was profoundly impaired in the absence of BEX1. Overall, the absence of BEX1 accelerated CVB3-driven heart failure and pathologic heart remodeling. This result suggests that limiting inflammatory cell recruitment has detrimental consequences for the heart during viral infections. Conversely, transgenic mice overexpressing BEX1 in cardiomyocytes revealed the efficacy of BEX1 for counteracting viral replication in the heart in vivo. We also found that BEX1 retains its antiviral role in isolated cells. Indeed, BEX1 was necessary and sufficient to counteract viral replication in both isolated primary cardiomyocytes and mouse embryonic fibroblasts suggesting a broader applicability of BEX1 as antiviral agent that extended to viruses other than CVB3, including Influenza A and Sendai virus. Mechanistically, BEX1 regulated interferon beta (IFN-β) expression in infected cells. Overall, our study suggests a multifaceted role of BEX1 in the cardiac antiviral immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colton R. Martens
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Lisa E. Dorn
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Adam D. Kenney
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Shyam S. Bansal
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Jacob S. Yount
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Federica Accornero
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
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14
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Li TW, Kenney AD, Park JG, Fiches GN, Liu H, Zhou D, Biswas A, Zhao W, Que J, Santoso N, Martinez-Sobrido L, Yount JS, Zhu J. SARS-CoV-2 Nsp14 protein associates with IMPDH2 and activates NF-κB signaling. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1007089. [PMID: 36177032 PMCID: PMC9513374 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1007089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection leads to NF-κB activation and induction of pro-inflammatory cytokines, though the underlying mechanism for this activation is not fully understood. Our results reveal that the SARS-CoV-2 Nsp14 protein contributes to the viral activation of NF-κB signaling. Nsp14 caused the nuclear translocation of NF-κB p65. Nsp14 induced the upregulation of IL-6 and IL-8, which also occurred in SARS-CoV-2 infected cells. IL-8 upregulation was further confirmed in lung tissue samples from COVID-19 patients. A previous proteomic screen identified the putative interaction of Nsp14 with host Inosine-5'-monophosphate dehydrogenase 2 (IMPDH2), which is known to regulate NF-κB signaling. We confirmed the Nsp14-IMPDH2 protein interaction and identified that IMPDH2 knockdown or chemical inhibition using ribavirin (RIB) and mycophenolic acid (MPA) abolishes Nsp14- mediated NF-κB activation and cytokine induction. Furthermore, IMPDH2 inhibitors (RIB, MPA) or NF-κB inhibitors (bortezomib, BAY 11-7082) restricted SARS-CoV-2 infection, indicating that IMPDH2-mediated activation of NF-κB signaling is beneficial to viral replication. Overall, our results identify a novel role of SARS-CoV-2 Nsp14 in inducing NF-κB activation through IMPDH2 to promote viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tai-Wei Li
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Adam D. Kenney
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Jun-Gyu Park
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Guillaume N. Fiches
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Helu Liu
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Dawei Zhou
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Ayan Biswas
- Department of Genetics, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Weiqiang Zhao
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Jianwen Que
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Netty Santoso
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United States
| | | | - Jacob S. Yount
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Jian Zhu
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United States
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United States
- *Correspondence: Jian Zhu,
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15
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Zani A, Kenney AD, Kawahara J, Eddy AC, Wang XL, Kc M, Lu M, Hemann EA, Li J, Peeples ME, Hall-Stoodley L, Forero A, Cai C, Ma J, Yount JS. Interferon-induced transmembrane protein 3 (IFITM3) limits lethality of SARS-CoV-2 in mice. bioRxiv 2021:2021.12.22.473914. [PMID: 34981061 PMCID: PMC8722598 DOI: 10.1101/2021.12.22.473914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Interferon-induced transmembrane protein 3 (IFITM3) is a host antiviral protein that alters cell membranes to block fusion of viruses. Published reports have identified conflicting pro- and antiviral effects of IFITM3 on SARS-CoV-2 in cultured cells, and its impact on viral pathogenesis in vivo remains unclear. Here, we show that IFITM3 knockout (KO) mice infected with mouse-adapted SARS-CoV-2 experienced extreme weight loss and lethality, while wild type (WT) mice lost minimal weight and recovered. KO mice had higher lung viral titers and increases in lung inflammatory cytokine levels, CD45-positive immune cell infiltration, and histopathology, compared to WT mice. Mechanistically, we observed disseminated viral antigen staining throughout the lung tissue and pulmonary vasculature in KO mice, while staining was observed in confined regions in WT lungs. Global transcriptomic analysis of infected lungs identified upregulation of gene signatures associated with interferons, inflammation, and angiogenesis in KO versus WT animals, highlighting changes in lung gene expression programs that precede severe lung pathology and fatality. Corroborating the protective effect of IFITM3 in vivo , K18-hACE2/IFITM3 KO mice infected with non-adapted SARS-CoV-2 showed enhanced, rapid weight loss and early death compared to control mice. Increased heart infection was observed in both mouse models in the absence of IFITM3, indicating that IFITM3 constrains extrapulmonary dissemination of SARS-CoV-2. Our results establish IFITM3 KO mice as a new animal model for studying severe SARS-CoV-2 infection of the lung and cardiovascular system, and overall demonstrate that IFITM3 is protective in SARS-CoV-2 infections of mice.
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16
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Laliotis GI, Kenney AD, Chavdoula E, Orlacchio A, Kaba A, La Ferlita A, Anastas V, Tsatsanis C, Beane JD, Sehgal L, Coppola V, Yount JS, Tsichlis PN. Retraction Note: Phosphor-IWS1-dependent U2AF2 splicing regulates trafficking of CAR-E-positive intronless gene mRNAs and sensitivity to viral infection. Commun Biol 2021; 4:1419. [PMID: 34912055 PMCID: PMC8674245 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02941-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Georgios I Laliotis
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine Columbus, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA. .,The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA. .,University of Crete, School of Medicine, Heraklion Crete, 71500, Greece. .,Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center and Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
| | - Adam D Kenney
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.,Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity and Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Evangelia Chavdoula
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine Columbus, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.,The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Arturo Orlacchio
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine Columbus, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.,The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Abdul Kaba
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine Columbus, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Alessandro La Ferlita
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine Columbus, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.,The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.,Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Bioinformatics Unit, University of Catania, Catania, 95131, Italy
| | - Vollter Anastas
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine Columbus, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.,The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.,Tufts Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Program in Genetics, Boston, MA, 02111, USA
| | - Christos Tsatsanis
- University of Crete, School of Medicine, Heraklion Crete, 71500, Greece.,Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Heraklion, Crete, 70013, Greece
| | - Joal D Beane
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.,Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Lalit Sehgal
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.,Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Vincenzo Coppola
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine Columbus, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.,The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Jacob S Yount
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.,Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity and Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Philip N Tsichlis
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine Columbus, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA. .,The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA. .,Tufts Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Program in Genetics, Boston, MA, 02111, USA.
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17
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Antonson AM, Kenney AD, Chen HJ, Corps KN, Yount JS, Gur TL. Moderately pathogenic maternal influenza A virus infection disrupts placental integrity but spares the fetal brain. Brain Behav Immun 2021; 96:28-39. [PMID: 33989741 PMCID: PMC8319055 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2021.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Maternal infection during pregnancy is a known risk factor for offspring mental health disorders. Animal models of maternal immune activation (MIA) have implicated specific cellular and molecular etiologies of psychiatric illness, but most rely on pathogen mimetics. Here, we developed a mouse model of live H3N2 influenza A virus (IAV) infection during pregnancy that induces a robust inflammatory response but is sublethal to both dams and offspring. We observed classic indicators of lung inflammation and severely diminished weight gain in IAV-infected dams. This was accompanied by immune cell infiltration in the placenta and partial breakdown of placental integrity. However, indications of fetal neuroinflammation were absent. Further hallmarks of mimetic-induced MIA, including enhanced circulating maternal IL-17A, were also absent. Respiratory IAV infection did result in an upregulation in intestinal expression of transcription factor RORγt, master regulator of a subset of T lymphocytes, TH17 cells, which are heavily implicated in MIA-induced etiologies. Nonetheless, subsequent augmentation in IL-17A production and concomitant overt intestinal injury was not evident. Our results suggest that mild or moderately pathogenic IAV infection during pregnancy does not inflame the developing fetal brain, and highlight the importance of live pathogen infection models for the study of MIA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrienne M Antonson
- Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA; Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA; Biosciences Division, College of Dentistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA; Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA; Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.
| | - Adam D Kenney
- Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA; Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Helen J Chen
- Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA; Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA; Medical Scientist Training Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA; Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Kara N Corps
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Jacob S Yount
- Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA; Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Tamar L Gur
- Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA; Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA; Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA; Medical Scientist Training Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA; Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA; Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
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18
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Li T, Kenney AD, Liu H, Fiches GN, Zhou D, Biswas A, Que J, Santoso N, Yount JS, Zhu J. SARS-CoV-2 Nsp14 activates NF-κB signaling and induces IL-8 upregulation. bioRxiv 2021:2021.05.26.445787. [PMID: 34075374 PMCID: PMC8168382 DOI: 10.1101/2021.05.26.445787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection leads to NF-κB activation and induction of pro-inflammatory cytokines, though the underlying mechanism for this activation is not fully understood. Our results reveal that the SARS-CoV-2 Nsp14 protein contributes to the viral activation of NF-κB signaling. Nsp14 caused the nuclear translocation of NF-κB p65. Nsp14 induced the upregulation of IL-6 and IL-8, which also occurred in SARS-CoV-2 infected cells. IL-8 upregulation was further confirmed in lung tissue samples from COVID-19 patients. A previous proteomic screen identified the putative interaction of Nsp14 with host Inosine-5'-monophosphate dehydrogenase 2 (IMPDH2) protein, which is known to regulate NF-κB signaling. We confirmed the Nsp14-IMPDH2 protein interaction and found that IMPDH2 knockdown or chemical inhibition using ribavirin (RIB) and mycophenolic acid (MPA) abolishes Nsp14-mediated NF-κB activation and cytokine induction. Furthermore, IMDPH2 inhibitors (RIB, MPA) efficiently blocked SARS-CoV-2 infection, indicating that IMDPH2, and possibly NF-κB signaling, is beneficial to viral replication. Overall, our results identify a novel role of SARS-CoV-2 Nsp14 in causing the activation of NF-κB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taiwei Li
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Adam D. Kenney
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Helu Liu
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Guillaume N. Fiches
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Dawei Zhou
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Ayan Biswas
- Department of Genetics, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
| | - Jianwen Que
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Netty Santoso
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Jacob S. Yount
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Jian Zhu
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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19
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Shi G, Kenney AD, Kudryashova E, Zani A, Zhang L, Lai KK, Hall‐Stoodley L, Robinson RT, Kudryashov DS, Compton AA, Yount JS. Opposing activities of IFITM proteins in SARS-CoV-2 infection. EMBO J 2021; 40:e106501. [PMID: 33270927 PMCID: PMC7744865 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2020106501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferon-induced transmembrane proteins (IFITMs) restrict infections by many viruses, but a subset of IFITMs enhance infections by specific coronaviruses through currently unknown mechanisms. We show that SARS-CoV-2 Spike-pseudotyped virus and genuine SARS-CoV-2 infections are generally restricted by human and mouse IFITM1, IFITM2, and IFITM3, using gain- and loss-of-function approaches. Mechanistically, SARS-CoV-2 restriction occurred independently of IFITM3 S-palmitoylation, indicating a restrictive capacity distinct from reported inhibition of other viruses. In contrast, the IFITM3 amphipathic helix and its amphipathic properties were required for virus restriction. Mutation of residues within the IFITM3 endocytosis-promoting YxxФ motif converted human IFITM3 into an enhancer of SARS-CoV-2 infection, and cell-to-cell fusion assays confirmed the ability of endocytic mutants to enhance Spike-mediated fusion with the plasma membrane. Overexpression of TMPRSS2, which increases plasma membrane fusion versus endosome fusion of SARS-CoV-2, attenuated IFITM3 restriction and converted amphipathic helix mutants into infection enhancers. In sum, we uncover new pro- and anti-viral mechanisms of IFITM3, with clear distinctions drawn between enhancement of viral infection at the plasma membrane and amphipathicity-based mechanisms used for endosomal SARS-CoV-2 restriction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoli Shi
- HIV Dynamics and Replication ProgramCenter for Cancer ResearchNational Cancer InstituteFrederickMDUSA
| | - Adam D Kenney
- Department of Microbial Infection and ImmunityThe Ohio State University College of MedicineColumbusOHUSA
- Viruses and Emerging Pathogens ProgramInfectious Diseases InstituteThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOHUSA
| | - Elena Kudryashova
- Viruses and Emerging Pathogens ProgramInfectious Diseases InstituteThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOHUSA
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOHUSA
| | - Ashley Zani
- Department of Microbial Infection and ImmunityThe Ohio State University College of MedicineColumbusOHUSA
- Viruses and Emerging Pathogens ProgramInfectious Diseases InstituteThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOHUSA
| | - Lizhi Zhang
- Department of Microbial Infection and ImmunityThe Ohio State University College of MedicineColumbusOHUSA
- Viruses and Emerging Pathogens ProgramInfectious Diseases InstituteThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOHUSA
| | - Kin Kui Lai
- HIV Dynamics and Replication ProgramCenter for Cancer ResearchNational Cancer InstituteFrederickMDUSA
| | - Luanne Hall‐Stoodley
- Department of Microbial Infection and ImmunityThe Ohio State University College of MedicineColumbusOHUSA
| | - Richard T Robinson
- Department of Microbial Infection and ImmunityThe Ohio State University College of MedicineColumbusOHUSA
| | - Dmitri S Kudryashov
- Viruses and Emerging Pathogens ProgramInfectious Diseases InstituteThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOHUSA
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOHUSA
| | - Alex A Compton
- HIV Dynamics and Replication ProgramCenter for Cancer ResearchNational Cancer InstituteFrederickMDUSA
| | - Jacob S Yount
- Department of Microbial Infection and ImmunityThe Ohio State University College of MedicineColumbusOHUSA
- Viruses and Emerging Pathogens ProgramInfectious Diseases InstituteThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOHUSA
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20
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Laliotis GI, Kenney AD, Chavdoula E, Orlacchio A, Anastas V, La Ferlita A, Kaba A, Sehgal L, Coppola V, Yount JS, Tsichlis PN. Abstract PO088: Sensitivity of cancer cells to oncolytic viruses is defined by IWS1 phosphorylation dependent epigenetic regulation of U2AF2 splicing and nucleocytoplasmic export of type I IFN transcripts. Cancer Immunol Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1158/2326-6074.tumimm20-po088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
We have previously shown that loss of IWS1 phosphorylation promotes the alternative RNA splicing of U2 Associated-Factor 2 (U2AF2), resulting in transcripts lacking exon 2. This exon encodes part of the Serine-Rich (SR) domain of U2AF65, which is responsible for its binding with pre-mRNA Processing Factor 19 (Prp19). Here, we show that whereas both U2AF65 isoforms bind cytoplasmic accumulation response elements (CAR-E) of intronless mRNAs, the loading of Prp19 occurs only in exon 2-containing U2AF65, in cells expressing phosphorylated IWS1, promoting their nucleocytoplasmic export. Furthermore, this Prp19 loading is RNA Pol II dependent. Given that IFNA1 and IFNB1 are among the target genes, the expression of IFNα and IFNβ was decreased in cells deficient in IWS1 phosphorylation, and their sensitivity to the oncolytic VSV and Reovirus virus infection was increased accordingly. More importantly, treatment of the lung adenocarcinoma cells with the pan-AKT inhibitor, MK2206 phenocopied the loss of IWS1 phosphorylation and showed increased sensitivity to oncolytic viral infection. These data identify a novel mechanism by which the AKT/p-IWS1 axis, via the epigenetic regulation of alternative RNA splicing, contribute to the sensitivity to oncolytic viruses.
Citation Format: Georgios I. Laliotis, Adam D. Kenney, Evangelia Chavdoula, Arturo Orlacchio, Vollter Anastas, Alessandro La Ferlita, Abdul Kaba, Lalit Sehgal, Vincenzo Coppola, Jacob S. Yount, Philip N. Tsichlis. Sensitivity of cancer cells to oncolytic viruses is defined by IWS1 phosphorylation dependent epigenetic regulation of U2AF2 splicing and nucleocytoplasmic export of type I IFN transcripts [abstract]. In: Abstracts: AACR Virtual Special Conference: Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy; 2020 Oct 19-20. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Immunol Res 2021;9(2 Suppl):Abstract nr PO088.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Abdul Kaba
- The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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21
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Larue RC, Xing E, Kenney AD, Zhang Y, Tuazon JA, Li J, Yount JS, Li PK, Sharma A. Rationally Designed ACE2-Derived Peptides Inhibit SARS-CoV-2. Bioconjug Chem 2021; 32:215-223. [PMID: 33356169 PMCID: PMC7784661 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.0c00664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV)-2 is a novel and highly pathogenic coronavirus and is the causative agent of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The high morbidity and mortality associated with COVID-19 and the lack of an approved drug or vaccine for SARS-CoV-2 underscores the urgent need for developing effective antiviral therapies. Therapeutics that target essential viral proteins are effective at controlling virus replication and spread. Coronavirus Spike glycoproteins mediate viral entry and fusion with the host cell, and thus are essential for viral replication. To enter host cells, the Spike proteins of SARS-CoV-2 and related coronavirus, SARS-CoV, bind the host angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor through their receptor binding domains (RBDs). Here, we rationally designed a panel of ACE2-derived peptides based on the RBD-ACE2 binding interfaces of SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV. Using SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV Spike-pseudotyped viruses, we found that a subset of peptides inhibits Spike-mediated infection with IC50 values in the low millimolar range. We identified two peptides that bound Spike RBD in affinity precipitation assays and inhibited infection with genuine SARS-CoV-2. Moreover, these peptides inhibited the replication of a common cold causing coronavirus, which also uses ACE2 as its entry receptor. Results from the infection experiments and modeling of the peptides with Spike RBD identified a 6-amino-acid (Glu37-Gln42) ACE2 motif that is important for SARS-CoV-2 inhibition. Our work demonstrates the feasibility of inhibiting SARS-CoV-2 with peptide-based inhibitors. These findings will allow for the successful development of engineered peptides and peptidomimetic-based compounds for the treatment of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross C Larue
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Enming Xing
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Adam D Kenney
- Department of Microbial Infection & Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Yuexiu Zhang
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Jasmine A Tuazon
- Medical Scientist Training Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Jianrong Li
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Jacob S Yount
- Department of Microbial Infection & Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Pui-Kai Li
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Amit Sharma
- Department of Microbial Infection & Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
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22
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Kenney AD, Li Z, Bian Z, Zhou X, Li H, Whitson BA, Tan T, Cai C, Ma J, Yount JS. Recombinant MG53 Protein Protects Mice from Lethal Influenza Virus Infection. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2021; 203:254-257. [PMID: 33031705 PMCID: PMC7874416 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.202007-2908le] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Adam D Kenney
- The Ohio State University College of Medicine Columbus, Ohio and
| | - Zhongguang Li
- The Ohio State University College of Medicine Columbus, Ohio and
- Shaanxi Normal University College of Life Sciences X'ian, China
| | - Zehua Bian
- The Ohio State University College of Medicine Columbus, Ohio and
| | - Xinyu Zhou
- The Ohio State University College of Medicine Columbus, Ohio and
| | - Haichang Li
- The Ohio State University College of Medicine Columbus, Ohio and
| | - Bryan A Whitson
- The Ohio State University College of Medicine Columbus, Ohio and
| | - Tao Tan
- The Ohio State University College of Medicine Columbus, Ohio and
| | - Chuanxi Cai
- The Ohio State University College of Medicine Columbus, Ohio and
| | - Jianjie Ma
- The Ohio State University College of Medicine Columbus, Ohio and
| | - Jacob S Yount
- The Ohio State University College of Medicine Columbus, Ohio and
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23
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Laliotis GI, Kenney AD, Orlacchio A, Coppola V, Yount JS, Tsichlis PN. Abstract LB-183: Sensitivity of cancer cells to oncolytic viruses is defined by IWS1 phosphorylation dependent epigenetic regulation of U2AF2 splicing and nucleocytoplasmic export of type I IFN transcripts. Cancer Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2020-lb-183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
We have previously shown that phosphorylation of IWS1 by AKT (primarily AKT3) at Ser720/Thr721 promotes the binding of SETD2 to an Spt6/IWS1/Aly-Ref transcription elongation complex. This complex is bound via Spt6 to the Ser2-phosphorylated CTD of RNA Pol II. We have also shown that this results in the AKT-dependent trimethylation of Histone H3 at K36, a histone modification that contributes to the regulation of alternative splicing, and that this splicing pathway plays an important role in lung cancer. Here, we show that one of the genes targeted for alternative splicing via this mechanism is U2AF2, which encodes the splicing factor U2AF65. The predominant alternatively spliced U2AF2 transcript in cells which have lost IWS1, and in cells in which IWS1 is not phosphorylated, lacks exon 2, which encodes the SR domain of U2AF65. U2AF65 lacking the SR domain does not bind Prp19, a member of a seven-protein complex, which also contributes to RNA processing. U2AF65 and Prp19, along with the TREX complex, bind Cytoplasmic Accumulation Response Elements (CAR-E) in naturally intronless mRNAs and promotes their nucleocytoplasmic export. Examples of mRNAs whose transport is regulated by this mechanism include IFNα1, IFNβ1, HSPBP3 and c-Jun. Based on these data, we predicted that the production of type I IFNs would be dependent on IWS1 phosphorylation by AKT and that inhibition of this pathway would lead to increased sensitivity of cells to virus infection. Indeed, type I IFN production was decreased in such cells and infection with Vesicular Stomatitis Virus (VSV) was accordingly increased. In addition, whereas U2AF65 binds CAR-E elements in the RNA of type I interferons independent of IWS1 phosphorylation, the binding of Prp19 to the same RNA elements occured only in cells expressing AKT-phosphorylated IWS1. These data identify a mechanism by which AKT inhibits viral infection and suggest that inhibition of the AKT/IWS1 axis will increase the sensitivity of cancer cells to infection by oncolytic viruses.
Citation Format: Georgios I. Laliotis, Adam D. Kenney, Arturo Orlacchio, Vincenzo Coppola, Jacob S. Yount, Philip N. Tsichlis. Sensitivity of cancer cells to oncolytic viruses is defined by IWS1 phosphorylation dependent epigenetic regulation of U2AF2 splicing and nucleocytoplasmic export of type I IFN transcripts [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research 2020; 2020 Apr 27-28 and Jun 22-24. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(16 Suppl):Abstract nr LB-183.
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24
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Shi G, Kenney AD, Kudryashova E, Zhang L, Hall-Stoodley L, Robinson RT, Kudryashov DS, Compton AA, Yount JS. Opposing activities of IFITM proteins in SARS-CoV-2 infection. bioRxiv 2020. [PMID: 32803197 DOI: 10.1101/2020.08.11.246678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Interferon-induced transmembrane proteins (IFITMs) restrict infections by many viruses, but a subset of IFITMs enhance infections by specific coronaviruses through currently unknown mechanisms. Here we show that SARS-CoV-2 Spike-pseudotyped virus and genuine SARS-CoV-2 infections are generally restricted by expression of human IFITM1, IFITM2, and IFITM3, using both gain- and loss-of-function approaches. Mechanistically, restriction of SARS-CoV-2 occurred independently of IFITM3 S -palmitoylation sites, indicating a restrictive capacity that is distinct from reported inhibition of other viruses. In contrast, the IFITM3 amphipathic helix and its amphipathic properties were required for virus restriction. Mutation of residues within the human IFITM3 endocytosis-promoting YxxΦ motif converted human IFITM3 into an enhancer of SARS-CoV-2 infection, and cell-to-cell fusion assays confirmed the ability of endocytic mutants to enhance Spike-mediated fusion with the plasma membrane. Overexpression of TMPRSS2, which reportedly increases plasma membrane fusion versus endosome fusion of SARS-CoV-2, attenuated IFITM3 restriction and converted amphipathic helix mutants into strong enhancers of infection. In sum, these data uncover new pro- and anti-viral mechanisms of IFITM3, with clear distinctions drawn between enhancement of viral infection at the plasma membrane and amphipathicity-based mechanisms used for endosomal virus restriction. Indeed, the net effect of IFITM3 on SARS-CoV-2 infections may be a result of these opposing activities, suggesting that shifts in the balance of these activities could be coopted by viruses to escape this important first line innate defense mechanism.
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25
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Chemudupati M, Kenney AD, Smith AC, Fillinger RJ, Zhang L, Zani A, Liu SL, Anderson MZ, Sharma A, Yount JS. Butyrate Reprograms Expression of Specific Interferon-Stimulated Genes. J Virol 2020; 94:e00326-20. [PMID: 32461320 PMCID: PMC7394905 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00326-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Butyrate is an abundant metabolite produced by gut microbiota. While butyrate is a known histone deacetylase inhibitor that activates expression of many genes involved in immune system pathways, its effects on virus infections and on the antiviral type I interferon (IFN) response have not been adequately investigated. We found that butyrate increases cellular infection with viruses relevant to human and animal health, including influenza virus, reovirus, HIV-1, human metapneumovirus, and vesicular stomatitis virus. Mechanistically, butyrate suppresses levels of specific antiviral IFN-stimulated gene (ISG) products, such as RIG-I and IFITM3, in human and mouse cells without inhibiting IFN-induced phosphorylation or nuclear translocation of the STAT1 and STAT2 transcription factors. Accordingly, we discovered that although butyrate globally increases baseline expression of more than 800 cellular genes, it strongly represses IFN-induced expression of 60% of ISGs and upregulates 3% of ISGs. Our findings reveal that there are differences in the IFN responsiveness of major subsets of ISGs depending on the presence of butyrate in the cell environment, and overall, they identify a new mechanism by which butyrate influences virus infection of cells.IMPORTANCE Butyrate is a lipid produced by intestinal bacteria. Here, we newly show that butyrate reprograms the innate antiviral immune response mediated by type I interferons (IFNs). Many of the antiviral genes induced by type I IFNs are repressed in the presence of butyrate, resulting in increased virus infection and replication. Our research demonstrates that metabolites produced by the gut microbiome, such as butyrate, can have complex effects on cellular physiology, including dampening of an inflammatory innate immune pathway resulting in a proviral cellular environment. Our work further suggests that butyrate could be broadly used as a tool to increase growth of virus stocks for research and for the generation of vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahesh Chemudupati
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Adam D Kenney
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Anna C Smith
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Robert J Fillinger
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Lizhi Zhang
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Ashley Zani
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Shan-Lu Liu
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Matthew Z Anderson
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Amit Sharma
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Jacob S Yount
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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26
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Sermersheim M, Kenney AD, Lin PH, McMichael TM, Cai C, Gumpper K, Adesanya TMA, Li H, Zhou X, Park KH, Yount JS, Ma J. MG53 suppresses interferon-β and inflammation via regulation of ryanodine receptor-mediated intracellular calcium signaling. Nat Commun 2020; 11:3624. [PMID: 32681036 PMCID: PMC7368064 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-17177-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
TRIM family proteins play integral roles in the innate immune response to virus infection. MG53 (TRIM72) is essential for cell membrane repair and is believed to be a muscle-specific TRIM protein. Here we show human macrophages express MG53, and MG53 protein expression is reduced following virus infection. Knockdown of MG53 in macrophages leads to increases in type I interferon (IFN) upon infection. MG53 knockout mice infected with influenza virus show comparable influenza virus titres to wild type mice, but display increased morbidity accompanied by more accumulation of CD45+ cells and elevation of IFNβ in the lung. We find that MG53 knockdown results in activation of NFκB signalling, which is linked to an increase in intracellular calcium oscillation mediated by ryanodine receptor (RyR). MG53 inhibits IFNβ induction in an RyR-dependent manner. This study establishes MG53 as a new target for control of virus-induced morbidity and tissue injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Sermersheim
- Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Adam D Kenney
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Pei-Hui Lin
- Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Temet M McMichael
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Chuanxi Cai
- Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Kristyn Gumpper
- Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - T M Ayodele Adesanya
- Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Haichang Li
- Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Xinyu Zhou
- Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Ki-Ho Park
- Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Jacob S Yount
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA.
| | - Jianjie Ma
- Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA.
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27
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Zani A, Zhang L, McMichael TM, Kenney AD, Chemudupati M, Kwiek JJ, Liu SL, Yount JS. Interferon-induced transmembrane proteins inhibit cell fusion mediated by trophoblast syncytins. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:19844-19851. [PMID: 31735710 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ac119.010611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Type I interferon (IFN) induced by virus infections during pregnancy can cause placental damage, but the mechanisms and identities of IFN-stimulated genes that are involved in this damage remain under investigation. The IFN-induced transmembrane proteins (IFITMs) inhibit virus infections by preventing virus membrane fusion with cells and by inhibiting fusion of infected cells (syncytialization). Fusion of placental trophoblasts via expression of endogenous retroviral fusogens known as syncytins forms the syncytiotrophoblast, a multinucleated cell structure essential for fetal development. We found here that IFN blocks fusion of BeWo human placental trophoblasts. Stably expressed IFITM1, -2, and -3 also blocked fusion of these trophoblasts while making them more resistant to virus infections. Conversely, stable IFITM knockdowns in BeWo trophoblasts increased their spontaneous fusion and allowed fusion in the presence of IFN while also making the cells more susceptible to virus infection. We additionally found that exogenous expression of IFITMs in HEK293T cells blocked fusion with cells expressing syncytin-1 or syncytin-2, confirming the ability of IFITMs to block individual syncytin-mediated fusion. Overall, our data indicate that IFITMs inhibit trophoblast fusion and suggest that there may be a critical balance between these antifusogenic effects and the beneficial antiviral effects of IFITMs in virus infections during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley Zani
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210.,Infectious Diseases Institute, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Lizhi Zhang
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210.,Infectious Diseases Institute, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Temet M McMichael
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210.,Infectious Diseases Institute, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Adam D Kenney
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210.,Infectious Diseases Institute, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Mahesh Chemudupati
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210.,Infectious Diseases Institute, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Jesse J Kwiek
- Infectious Diseases Institute, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210.,Department of Microbiology, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Shan-Lu Liu
- Infectious Diseases Institute, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210.,Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Jacob S Yount
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210 .,Infectious Diseases Institute, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
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28
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McMichael TM, Zhang Y, Kenney AD, Zhang L, Zani A, Lu M, Chemudupati M, Li J, Yount JS. IFITM3 Restricts Human Metapneumovirus Infection. J Infect Dis 2019; 218:1582-1591. [PMID: 29917090 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiy361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Human metapneumovirus (hMPV) utilizes a bifurcated cellular entry strategy, fusing either with the plasma membrane or, after endocytosis, with the endosome membrane. Whether cellular factors restrict or enhance either entry pathway is largely unknown. We found that the interferon-induced transmembrane protein 3 (IFITM3) inhibits hMPV infection to an extent similar to endocytosis-inhibiting drugs, and an IFITM3 variant that accumulates at the plasma membrane in addition to its endosome localization provided increased virus restriction. Mechanistically, IFITM3 blocks hMPV F protein-mediated membrane fusion, and inhibition of infection was reversed by the membrane destabilizing drug amphotericin B. Conversely, we found that infection by some hMPV strains is enhanced by the endosomal protein toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7), and that IFITM3 retains the ability to restrict hMPV infection even in cells expressing TLR7. Overall, our results identify IFITM3 as an endosomal restriction factor that limits hMPV infection of cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Temet M McMichael
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.,Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Adam D Kenney
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.,Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Lizhi Zhang
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.,Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Ashley Zani
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.,Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Mijia Lu
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.,Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Mahesh Chemudupati
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.,Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Jianrong Li
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.,Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Jacob S Yount
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.,Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
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29
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Kenney AD, McMichael TM, Imas A, Chesarino NM, Zhang L, Dorn LE, Wu Q, Alfaour O, Amari F, Chen M, Zani A, Chemudupati M, Accornero F, Coppola V, Rajaram MVS, Yount JS. IFITM3 protects the heart during influenza virus infection. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:18607-18612. [PMID: 31451661 PMCID: PMC6744864 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1900784116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza virus can disseminate from the lungs to the heart in severe infections and can induce cardiac pathology, but this has been difficult to study due to a lack of small animal models. In humans, polymorphisms in the gene encoding the antiviral restriction factor IFN-induced transmembrane protein 3 (IFITM3) are associated with susceptibility to severe influenza, but whether IFITM3 deficiencies contribute to cardiac dysfunction during infection is unclear. We show that IFITM3 deficiency in a new knockout (KO) mouse model increases weight loss and mortality following influenza virus infections. We investigated this enhanced pathogenesis with the A/PR/8/34 (H1N1) (PR8) influenza virus strain, which is lethal in KO mice even at low doses, and observed increased replication of virus in the lungs, spleens, and hearts of KO mice compared with wild-type (WT) mice. Infected IFITM3 KO mice developed aberrant cardiac electrical activity, including decreased heart rate and irregular, arrhythmic RR (interbeat) intervals, whereas WT mice exhibited a mild decrease in heart rate without irregular RR intervals. Cardiac electrical dysfunction in PR8-infected KO mice was accompanied by increased activation of fibrotic pathways and fibrotic lesions in the heart. Infection with a sublethal dose of a less virulent influenza virus strain (A/WSN/33 [H1N1]) resulted in a milder cardiac electrical dysfunction in KO mice that subsided as the mice recovered. Our findings reveal an essential role for IFITM3 in limiting influenza virus replication and pathogenesis in heart tissue and establish IFITM3 KO mice as a powerful model for studying mild and severe influenza virus-induced cardiac dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam D Kenney
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
- Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Temet M McMichael
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Alexander Imas
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Nicholas M Chesarino
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Lizhi Zhang
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
- Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Lisa E Dorn
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Qian Wu
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Omar Alfaour
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Foued Amari
- Genetically Engineered Mouse Modeling Core, The Ohio State University and James Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Min Chen
- Genetically Engineered Mouse Modeling Core, The Ohio State University and James Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Ashley Zani
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
- Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Mahesh Chemudupati
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
- Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Federica Accornero
- Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Vincenzo Coppola
- Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
- Genetically Engineered Mouse Modeling Core, The Ohio State University and James Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH 43210
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Murugesan V S Rajaram
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210;
- Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Jacob S Yount
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210;
- Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
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30
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McMichael TM, Zhang L, Chemudupati M, Hach JC, Kenney AD, Hang HC, Yount JS. The palmitoyltransferase ZDHHC20 enhances interferon-induced transmembrane protein 3 (IFITM3) palmitoylation and antiviral activity. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:21517-21526. [PMID: 29079573 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.800482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2017] [Revised: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Interferon-induced transmembrane protein 3 (IFITM3) is a cellular endosome- and lysosome-localized protein that restricts numerous virus infections. IFITM3 is activated by palmitoylation, a lipid posttranslational modification. Palmitoylation of proteins is primarily mediated by zinc finger DHHC domain-containing palmitoyltransferases (ZDHHCs), but which members of this enzyme family can modify IFITM3 is not known. Here, we screened a library of human cell lines individually lacking ZDHHCs 1-24 and found that IFITM3 palmitoylation and its inhibition of influenza virus infection remained strong in the absence of any single ZDHHC, suggesting functional redundancy of these enzymes in the IFITM3-mediated antiviral response. In an overexpression screen with 23 mammalian ZDHHCs, we unexpectedly observed that more than half of the ZDHHCs were capable of increasing IFITM3 palmitoylation with ZDHHCs 3, 7, 15, and 20 having the greatest effect. Among these four enzymes, ZDHHC20 uniquely increased IFITM3 antiviral activity when both proteins were overexpressed. ZDHHC20 colocalized extensively with IFITM3 at lysosomes unlike ZDHHCs 3, 7, and 15, which showed a defined perinuclear localization pattern, suggesting that the location at which IFITM3 is palmitoylated may influence its activity. Unlike knock-out of individual ZDHHCs, siRNA-mediated knockdown of both ZDHHC3 and ZDHHC7 in ZDHHC20 knock-out cells decreased endogenous IFITM3 palmitoylation. Overall, our results demonstrate that multiple ZDHHCs can palmitoylate IFITM3 to ensure a robust antiviral response and that ZDHHC20 may serve as a particularly useful tool for understanding and enhancing IFITM3 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Temet M McMichael
- From the Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210 and
| | - Lizhi Zhang
- From the Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210 and
| | - Mahesh Chemudupati
- From the Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210 and
| | - Jocelyn C Hach
- From the Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210 and
| | - Adam D Kenney
- From the Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210 and
| | - Howard C Hang
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Microbial Pathogenesis, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10065
| | - Jacob S Yount
- From the Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210 and
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31
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Kenney AD, Dowdle JA, Bozzacco L, McMichael TM, St Gelais C, Panfil AR, Sun Y, Schlesinger LS, Anderson MZ, Green PL, López CB, Rosenberg BR, Wu L, Yount JS. Human Genetic Determinants of Viral Diseases. Annu Rev Genet 2017; 51:241-263. [PMID: 28853921 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-genet-120116-023425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Much progress has been made in the identification of specific human gene variants that contribute to enhanced susceptibility or resistance to viral diseases. Herein we review multiple discoveries made with genome-wide or candidate gene approaches that have revealed significant insights into virus-host interactions. Genetic factors that have been identified include genes encoding virus receptors, receptor-modifying enzymes, and a wide variety of innate and adaptive immunity-related proteins. We discuss a range of pathogenic viruses, including influenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus, human immunodeficiency virus, human T cell leukemia virus, human papilloma virus, hepatitis B and C viruses, herpes simplex virus, norovirus, rotavirus, parvovirus, and Epstein-Barr virus. Understanding the genetic underpinnings that affect infectious disease outcomes should allow tailored treatment and prevention approaches in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam D Kenney
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA; , , ,
| | - James A Dowdle
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA;
| | - Leonia Bozzacco
- Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Disease, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA.,Current affiliation: Target Information Group, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, New York 10591, USA;
| | - Temet M McMichael
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA; , , ,
| | - Corine St Gelais
- Center of Retrovirus Research, Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA; , , ,
| | - Amanda R Panfil
- Center of Retrovirus Research, Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA; , , ,
| | - Yan Sun
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA; ,
| | - Larry S Schlesinger
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA; , , , .,Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas 78227, USA;
| | - Matthew Z Anderson
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA; , , ,
| | - Patrick L Green
- Center of Retrovirus Research, Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA; , , ,
| | - Carolina B López
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA; ,
| | - Brad R Rosenberg
- Program in Immunogenomics, John C. Whitehead Presidential Fellows Program, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA.,Current affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA;
| | - Li Wu
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA; , , , .,Center of Retrovirus Research, Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA; , , ,
| | - Jacob S Yount
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA; , , ,
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32
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Chesarino NM, Compton AA, McMichael TM, Kenney AD, Zhang L, Soewarna V, Davis M, Schwartz O, Yount JS. IFITM3 requires an amphipathic helix for antiviral activity. EMBO Rep 2017; 18:1740-1751. [PMID: 28835547 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201744100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Revised: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferon-induced transmembrane protein 3 (IFITM3) is a cellular factor that blocks virus fusion with cell membranes. IFITM3 has been suggested to alter membrane curvature and fluidity, though its exact mechanism of action is unclear. Using a bioinformatic approach, we predict IFITM3 secondary structures and identify a highly conserved, short amphipathic helix within a hydrophobic region of IFITM3 previously thought to be a transmembrane domain. Consistent with the known ability of amphipathic helices to alter membrane properties, we show that this helix and its amphipathicity are required for the IFITM3-dependent inhibition of influenza virus, Zika virus, vesicular stomatitis virus, Ebola virus, and human immunodeficiency virus infections. The homologous amphipathic helix within IFITM1 is also required for the inhibition of infection, indicating that IFITM proteins possess a conserved mechanism of antiviral action. We further demonstrate that the amphipathic helix of IFITM3 is required to block influenza virus hemagglutinin-mediated membrane fusion. Overall, our results provide evidence that IFITM proteins utilize an amphipathic helix for inhibiting virus fusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas M Chesarino
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Alex A Compton
- Virus & Immunity Unit, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,CNRS URA 3015, Paris, France.,HIV Dynamics and Replication Program, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Temet M McMichael
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Adam D Kenney
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Lizhi Zhang
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Victoria Soewarna
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Matthew Davis
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Olivier Schwartz
- Virus & Immunity Unit, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,CNRS URA 3015, Paris, France
| | - Jacob S Yount
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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