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Ebmeyer J, Najjar A, Lange D, Boettcher M, Voß S, Brandmair K, Meinhardt J, Kuehnl J, Hewitt NJ, Krueger CT, Schepky A. Next generation risk assessment: an ab initio case study to assess the systemic safety of the cosmetic ingredient, benzyl salicylate, after dermal exposure. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1345992. [PMID: 38515841 PMCID: PMC10955127 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1345992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
We performed an ab initio next-generation risk assessment (NGRA) for a fragrance ingredient, benzyl salicylate (BSal), to demonstrate how cosmetic ingredients can be evaluated for systemic toxicity endpoints based on non-animal approaches. New approach methodologies (NAMs) used to predict the internal exposure included skin absorption assays, hepatocyte metabolism, and physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling, and potential toxicodynamic effects were assessed using pharmacology profiling, ToxProfiler cell stress assay, transcriptomics in HepG2 and MCF-7 cells, ReproTracker developmental and reproductive toxicology (DART) assays, and cytotoxicity assays in human kidney cells. The outcome of the NGRA was compared to that of the traditional risk assessment approach based on animal data. The identification of the toxicologically critical entity was a critical step that directed the workflow and the selection of chemicals for PBPK modeling and testing in bioassays. The traditional risk assessment and NGRA identified salicylic acid (SA) as the "toxdriver." A deterministic PBPK model for a single-day application of 1.54 g face cream containing 0.5% BSal estimated the Cmax for BSal (1 nM) to be much lower than that of its major in vitro metabolite, SA (93.2 nM). Therefore, SA was tested using toxicodynamics bioassays. The lowest points of departure (PoDs) were obtained from the toxicogenomics assays. The interpretation of these results by two companies and methods were similar (SA only results in significant gene deregulation in HepG2 cells), but PoD differed (213 μM and 10.6 µM). A probabilistic PBPK model for repeated applications of the face cream estimated the highest Cmax of SA to be 630 nM. The resulting margins of internal exposure (MoIE) using the PoDs were 338 and 16, which were more conservative than those derived from external exposure and in vivo PoDs (margin of safety values were 9,705). In conclusion, both traditional and ab initio NGRA approaches concluded that the daily application of BSal in a cosmetic leave-on face cream at 0.5% is safe for humans. The processing and interpretation of toxicogenomics data can lead to different PoDs, which can subsequently affect the calculation of the MoIE. This case study supports the use of NAMs in a tiered NGRA ab initio approach.
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Brandmair K, Dising D, Finkelmeier D, Schepky A, Kuehnl J, Ebmeyer J, Burger-Kentischer A. A novel three-dimensional Nrf2 reporter epidermis model for skin sensitization assessment. Toxicology 2024; 503:153743. [PMID: 38341018 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2024.153743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Skin sensitization assessment has progressed from the use of animal models towards the application of New Approach Methodologies (NAMs). Several skin sensitization NAMs are accepted for regulatory use, but a majority relies on submerged in vitro cell cultures that limit their applicability domain, posing challenges for testing hydrophobic chemicals and mixtures. A newly developed three-dimensional (3D) Nrf2 reporter epidermis model for skin sensitization assessment is reported. This NAM may help to overcome these limitations. The NAM combines the in vivo-like biology and exposure conditions of 3D epidermis models with the reliability, convenience, and cost-effectiveness of secreted reporter gene technology. The Keap1-Nrf2-ARE pathway was chosen as the reporter gene read-out, as it is induced by most skin sensitizers and already adopted in OECD Test guideline 442D. Immortalized human primary keratinocytes (Ker-CT) were stably transfected with the pIGB-Nrf2-SEAP vector to construct a Nrf2 reporter cell line. Ker-CT Nrf2 reporter cells showed negligible basal expression of the Secreted Embryonic Alkaline Phosphatase (SEAP) reporter, which was induced 13.5-fold by exposure to the skin sensitizer cinnamic aldehyde (CA). Co-exposure to CA and the Nrf2 inhibitor glucocorticoid clobetasol propionate significantly suppressed the CA-induced SEAP expression, confirming dependance of the SEAP expression on Nrf2 activation. Using air-liquid interface and animal constituent free culture conditions, the Ker-CT Nrf2 reporter cells differentiated to stratified 3D epidermis models with an in vivo-like skin architecture and functional skin barrier. Evaluation of a Ker-CT Nrf2 reporter cell-based 2D assay by testing 10 conventional reference chemicals showed a predictive accuracy for skin sensitization potential of 80% and 70% compared to LLNA and human data in two independent laboratories and a high intra- and interlaboratory reproducibility. Moreover, the 3D epidermis models predicted 3 sensitizing and 2 non-sensitizing reference chemicals correctly in a first proof-of-concept study. Further investigations foresee the testing of additional chemicals, including hydrophobic compounds and mixtures to confirm the potential of the 3D epidermis models to broaden the applicability domain for NAM-based skin sensitization assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Brandmair
- Beiersdorf AG, Beiersdorfstraße 1-9, Hamburg 20245, Germany
| | - D Dising
- Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology IGB, Cell and Tissue Technologies, Nobelstraße 12, Stuttgart 70569, Germany
| | - D Finkelmeier
- Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology IGB, Cell and Tissue Technologies, Nobelstraße 12, Stuttgart 70569, Germany
| | - A Schepky
- Beiersdorf AG, Beiersdorfstraße 1-9, Hamburg 20245, Germany
| | - J Kuehnl
- Beiersdorf AG, Beiersdorfstraße 1-9, Hamburg 20245, Germany
| | - J Ebmeyer
- Beiersdorf AG, Beiersdorfstraße 1-9, Hamburg 20245, Germany.
| | - A Burger-Kentischer
- Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology IGB, Cell and Tissue Technologies, Nobelstraße 12, Stuttgart 70569, Germany.
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Connelly MK, Harris RMR, Kuehnl J, Andrade JPN, Andrade FS, Henschel S, Block E, Lean IJ, Hernandez LL. Influence of prepartum dietary cation-anion difference and the magnitude of calcium decline at the onset of lactation on mineral metabolism and physiological responses. J Dairy Sci 2024; 107:1228-1243. [PMID: 37769944 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2023-23588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
The onset of lactation is characterized by substantially altered calcium (Ca) metabolism; recently, emphasis has been placed on understanding the dynamics of blood Ca in the peripartal cow in response to this change. Thus, the aim of our study was to delineate how prepartum dietary cation-anion difference (DCAD) diets and the magnitude of Ca decline at the onset of lactation altered blood Ca dynamics in the periparturient cow. Thirty-two multiparous Holstein cows were blocked by parity, previous 305-d milk yield and expected parturition date, and randomly allocated to either a positive (+120 mEq/kg) or negative (-120 mEq/kg) DCAD diet from 251 d of gestation until parturition (n = 16/diet). Immediately after parturition cows were continuously infused for 24 h with (1) an intravenous solution of 10% dextrose or (2) Ca gluconate (CaGlc) to maintain blood ionized (iCa) concentrations at ∼1.2 mM (normocalcemia) to form 4 treatment groups (n = 8/treatment). Blood was sampled every 6 h from 102 h before parturition until 96 h after parturition and every 30 min during 24 h continuous infusion. Cows fed a negative DCAD diet prepartum exhibited a less pronounced decline in blood iCa approaching parturition with lesser magnitude of decline relative to positive DCAD-fed cows. Cows fed a negative DCAD diet prepartum required lower rates of CaGlc infusion to maintain normocalcemia in the 24 h postpartum relative to positive DCAD-fed cows. Infusion of CaGlc disrupted blood Ca and P dynamics in the immediate 24 h after parturition and in the days following infusion. Collectively, these data demonstrate that prepartum negative DCAD diets facilitate a more transient hypocalcemia and improve blood Ca profiles at the onset of lactation whereas CaGlc infusion disrupts mineral metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- M K Connelly
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
| | | | - J Kuehnl
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
| | - J P N Andrade
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
| | - F Sonnewend Andrade
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
| | - S Henschel
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
| | - E Block
- Arm & Hammer Animal Nutrition, Princeton, NJ 08543
| | - I J Lean
- Scibus, Camden, NSW 2570, Australia
| | - L L Hernandez
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706.
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Marx U, Akabane T, Andersson TB, Baker E, Beilmann M, Beken S, Brendler-Schwaab S, Cirit M, David R, Dehne EM, Durieux I, Ewart L, Fitzpatrick SC, Frey O, Fuchs F, Griffith LG, Hamilton GA, Hartung T, Hoeng J, Hogberg H, Hughes DJ, Ingber DE, Iskandar A, Kanamori T, Kojima H, Kuehnl J, Leist M, Li B, Loskill P, Mendrick DL, Neumann T, Pallocca G, Rusyn I, Smirnova L, Steger-Hartmann T, Tagle DA, Tonevitsky A, Tsyb S, Trapecar M, Van de Water B, Van den Eijnden-van Raaij J, Vulto P, Watanabe K, Wolf A, Zhou X, Roth A. Biology-inspired microphysiological systems to advance patient benefit and animal welfare in drug development. ALTEX 2020; 37:365-394. [PMID: 32113184 PMCID: PMC7863570 DOI: 10.14573/altex.2001241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The first microfluidic microphysiological systems (MPS) entered the academic scene more than 15 years ago and were considered an enabling technology to human (patho)biology in vitro and, therefore, provide alternative approaches to laboratory animals in pharmaceutical drug development and academic research. Nowadays, the field generates more than a thousand scientific publications per year. Despite the MPS hype in academia and by platform providers, which says this technology is about to reshape the entire in vitro culture landscape in basic and applied research, MPS approaches have neither been widely adopted by the pharmaceutical industry yet nor reached regulated drug authorization processes at all. Here, 46 leading experts from all stakeholders - academia, MPS supplier industry, pharmaceutical and consumer products industries, and leading regulatory agencies - worldwide have analyzed existing challenges and hurdles along the MPS-based assay life cycle in a second workshop of this kind in June 2019. They identified that the level of qualification of MPS-based assays for a given context of use and a communication gap between stakeholders are the major challenges for industrial adoption by end-users. Finally, a regulatory acceptance dilemma exists against that background. This t4 report elaborates on these findings in detail and summarizes solutions how to overcome the roadblocks. It provides recommendations and a roadmap towards regulatory accepted MPS-based models and assays for patients' benefit and further laboratory animal reduction in drug development. Finally, experts highlighted the potential of MPS-based human disease models to feedback into laboratory animal replacement in basic life science research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uwe Marx
- TissUse GmbH, Berlin, Germany.,Technische Universitaet Berlin, Germany
| | - Takafumi Akabane
- Stem Cell Evaluation Technology Research Association, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tommy B Andersson
- DMPK, Research and Early Development Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Elizabeth Baker
- Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine, Washington DC, USA
| | - Mario Beilmann
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Non-clinical Drug Safety, Biberach, Germany
| | - Sonja Beken
- Federal Agency for Medicines and Health Products, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | | | - Rhiannon David
- Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | | | | | - Lorna Ewart
- Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Suzanne C Fitzpatrick
- US Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, College Park, MD, USA
| | | | - Florian Fuchs
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research Chemical Biology & Therapeutics, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Thomas Hartung
- Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing-Europe, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany.,AxoSim, Inc., New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Julia Hoeng
- Philip Morris International R&D, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Helena Hogberg
- Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Donald E Ingber
- Wyss Institute for Biology Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, USA
| | | | - Toshiyuki Kanamori
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hajime Kojima
- Japanese Center for Validation of Animal Methods, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Marcel Leist
- Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing-Europe, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Bo Li
- National Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Peter Loskill
- Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology IGB, Stuttgart, Germany.,Faculty of Medicine, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Donna L Mendrick
- National Center for Toxicological Research, FDA, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | | | - Giorgia Pallocca
- Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing-Europe, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Ivan Rusyn
- Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Lena Smirnova
- Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Danilo A Tagle
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Alexander Tonevitsky
- M.M. Shemyakin & Yu.A. Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia.,National Research University Higher School of Economics, Russia
| | - Sergej Tsyb
- Russian Ministry of Production and Trade, Moscow, Russia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Xiaobing Zhou
- National Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Adrian Roth
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Switzerland
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Klaric M, Alépée N, Allen D, Ashikaga T, Casey W, Clouet E, Cluzel M, Del Bufalo A, Gellatly N, Goebel C, Hoffmann S, Kern P, Kuehnl J, Mewes K, Miyazawa M, Petersohn D, Strickland J, Van Vliet E, Zang D, Kleinstreuer N. Cosmetics Europe assessment of non-animal approaches for predicting skin sensitization. Toxicol Lett 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2017.07.359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Desprez B, Fautz R, Hoffmann S, Hewitt N, Fowler P, Reisinger K, Kuehnl J, Ouédraogo G, Kenny J, Pfuhler S. In-vitro-only testing strategies for cosmetic ingredients: Utility of newly validated genotoxicity assays using human skin and fertilized hen's eggs. Toxicol Lett 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2017.08.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Petersohn D, Nathalie A, Ashikaga T, Clouet E, Cluzel M, Del Bufalo A, Gilmour N, Goebel C, Hibatallah J, Hoffmann S, Hutchison L, Kern P, Kuehnl J, Mewes K, Miyazawa M, Van Vliet E, Klaric M. Skin sensitization testing strategy and safety assessment of topical ingredients: A case study. Toxicol Lett 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2017.07.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Maschmeyer I, Lorenz A, Bauer S, Ramme A, Rings T, Kuehnl J, Marx U. State-of-the-art of the assessment of ADME using multiple organs on a chip. Toxicol Lett 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2017.07.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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9
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Marx U, Andersson TB, Bahinski A, Beilmann M, Beken S, Cassee FR, Cirit M, Daneshian M, Fitzpatrick S, Frey O, Gaertner C, Giese C, Griffith L, Hartung T, Heringa MB, Hoeng J, de Jong WH, Kojima H, Kuehnl J, Luch A, Maschmeyer I, Sakharov D, Sips AJAM, Steger-Hartmann T, Tagle DA, Tonevitsky A, Tralau T, Tsyb S, van de Stolpe A, Vandebriel R, Vulto P, Wang J, Wiest J, Rodenburg M, Roth A. Biology-inspired microphysiological system approaches to solve the prediction dilemma of substance testing. ALTEX 2016; 33:272-321. [PMID: 27180100 PMCID: PMC5396467 DOI: 10.14573/altex.1603161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The recent advent of microphysiological systems - microfluidic biomimetic devices that aspire to emulate the biology of human tissues, organs and circulation in vitro - is envisaged to enable a global paradigm shift in drug development. An extraordinary US governmental initiative and various dedicated research programs in Europe and Asia have led recently to the first cutting-edge achievements of human single-organ and multi-organ engineering based on microphysiological systems. The expectation is that test systems established on this basis would model various disease stages, and predict toxicity, immunogenicity, ADME profiles and treatment efficacy prior to clinical testing. Consequently, this technology could significantly affect the way drug substances are developed in the future. Furthermore, microphysiological system-based assays may revolutionize our current global programs of prioritization of hazard characterization for any new substances to be used, for example, in agriculture, food, ecosystems or cosmetics, thus, replacing laboratory animal models used currently. Thirty-six experts from academia, industry and regulatory bodies present here the results of an intensive workshop (held in June 2015, Berlin, Germany). They review the status quo of microphysiological systems available today against industry needs, and assess the broad variety of approaches with fit-for-purpose potential in the drug development cycle. Feasible technical solutions to reach the next levels of human biology in vitro are proposed. Furthermore, key organ-on-a-chip case studies, as well as various national and international programs are highlighted. Finally, a roadmap into the future is outlined, to allow for more predictive and regulatory-accepted substance testing on a global scale.
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Kuehnl J, Gerlach S, Reuter H, Onken S, Wenck H, Schepky A. Development and evaluation of an in vitro skin sensitization assay based on primary monocyte-derived dendritic cells (P6376). The Journal of Immunology 2013. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.190.supp.201.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Allergic contact dermatitis is a delayed T-cell mediated allergic response associated with relevant social and economic impacts. Until now, animal experiments (e.g. the local lymph node assay) are supplying most of the data used to assess the sensitization potential of new chemicals. However, becoming effective in March 2013, the 7th amendment to the EU Cosmetic Directive introduced an animal testing ban for the endpoint skin sensitisation for cosmetic ingredients. In vitro alternative methods are thus being actively developed. Although promising results have been obtained with cell lines, their reduced functionality and inherent genomic instability led us to reinvestigate the use of peripheral blood monocyte-derived dendritic cells (PBMDCs) for the establishment of a reliable in vitro sensitization test. We successfully solved the issues associated with the use of primary cells (optimized cytokine concentrations, incubation time, readout, pooled vs. single donors and cytoxicity) resulting in a stable and reproducible protocol. Here, we report on the adaption of the protocol to the 96-well format, allowing for a higher and cost-effective throughput of test substances. Comparative analyses of the effect of several skin sensitizers on CD86 expression display similar results for 24- and 96-well format. Upscaling of the PBMDCs advances its applicability for the reliable detection of human skin sensitizers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Horst Wenck
- 1Toxicology, Beiersdorf AG, Hamburg, Germany
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Hewitt NJ, Edwards RJ, Fritsche E, Goebel C, Aeby P, Scheel J, Reisinger K, Ouédraogo G, Duche D, Eilstein J, Latil A, Kenny J, Moore C, Kuehnl J, Barroso J, Fautz R, Pfuhler S. Use of Human In Vitro Skin Models for Accurate and Ethical Risk Assessment: Metabolic Considerations. Toxicol Sci 2013; 133:209-17. [DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kft080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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