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Doane MP, Morris MM, Papudeshi B, Allen L, Pande D, Haggerty JM, Johri S, Turnlund AC, Peterson M, Kacev D, Nosal A, Ramirez D, Hovel K, Ledbetter J, Alker A, Avalos J, Baker K, Bhide S, Billings E, Byrum S, Clemens M, Demery AJ, Lima LFO, Gomez O, Gutierrez O, Hinton S, Kieu D, Kim A, Loaiza R, Martinez A, McGhee J, Nguyen K, Parlan S, Pham A, Price-Waldman R, Edwards RA, Dinsdale EA. The skin microbiome of elasmobranchs follows phylosymbiosis, but in teleost fishes, the microbiomes converge. Microbiome 2020; 8:93. [PMID: 32534596 PMCID: PMC7293782 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-020-00840-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The vertebrate clade diverged into Chondrichthyes (sharks, rays, and chimeras) and Osteichthyes fishes (bony fishes) approximately 420 mya, with each group accumulating vast anatomical and physiological differences, including skin properties. The skin of Chondrichthyes fishes is covered in dermal denticles, whereas Osteichthyes fishes are covered in scales and are mucous rich. The divergence time among these two fish groups is hypothesized to result in predictable variation among symbionts. Here, using shotgun metagenomics, we test if patterns of diversity in the skin surface microbiome across the two fish clades match predictions made by phylosymbiosis theory. We hypothesize (1) the skin microbiome will be host and clade-specific, (2) evolutionary difference in elasmobranch and teleost will correspond with a concomitant increase in host-microbiome dissimilarity, and (3) the skin structure of the two groups will affect the taxonomic and functional composition of the microbiomes. RESULTS We show that the taxonomic and functional composition of the microbiomes is host-specific. Teleost fish had lower average microbiome within clade similarity compared to among clade comparison, but their composition is not different among clade in a null based model. Elasmobranch's average similarity within clade was not different than across clade and not different in a null based model of comparison. In the comparison of host distance with microbiome distance, we found that the taxonomic composition of the microbiome was related to host distance for the elasmobranchs, but not the teleost fishes. In comparison, the gene function composition was not related to the host-organism distance for elasmobranchs but was negatively correlated with host distance for teleost fishes. CONCLUSION Our results show the patterns of phylosymbiosis are not consistent across both fish clades, with the elasmobranchs showing phylosymbiosis, while the teleost fish are not. The discrepancy may be linked to alternative processes underpinning microbiome assemblage, including possible historical host-microbiome evolution of the elasmobranchs and convergent evolution in the teleost which filter specific microbial groups. Our comparison of the microbiomes among fishes represents an investigation into the microbial relationships of the oldest divergence of extant vertebrate hosts and reveals that microbial relationships are not consistent across evolutionary timescales. Video abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P Doane
- Sydney Institute of Marine Science, Mosman, NSW, Australia
- Biology Department, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Megan M Morris
- Biology Department, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
- Department Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Bhavya Papudeshi
- National Center for Genome Analysis Support, Indiana University, San Diego, Indiana, USA
| | - Lauren Allen
- Biology Department, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Dnyanada Pande
- Computer Sciences Department, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - John M Haggerty
- Biology Department, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Shaili Johri
- Biology Department, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
- Hopkins Marine Station, Stanford University, Pacific Grove, CA, USA
| | - Abigail C Turnlund
- Biology Department, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
- Australian Centre for Ecogenomics, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queens, USA
| | | | - Dovi Kacev
- Scripps Institute of Oceanography, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Andy Nosal
- Scripps Institute of Oceanography, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
- Department of Environmental and Ocean Sciences, University of San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Deni Ramirez
- Whale Shark Mexico, ConCiencia Mexico AC, La Paz, BC, USA
| | - Kevin Hovel
- Biology Department, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Julia Ledbetter
- Biology Department, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Amanda Alker
- Biology Department, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Jackeline Avalos
- Biology Department, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Kristi Baker
- Biology Department, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Shruti Bhide
- Biology Department, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Emma Billings
- Biology Department, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Steven Byrum
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Molly Clemens
- Biology Department, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Oscar Gomez
- Biology Department, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Omar Gutierrez
- Biology Department, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Selena Hinton
- Biology Department, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Donald Kieu
- Biology Department, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Angie Kim
- Biology Department, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Rebeca Loaiza
- Biology Department, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | - Jordan McGhee
- Biology Department, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Kristine Nguyen
- Biology Department, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Sabrina Parlan
- Biology Department, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Amanda Pham
- Biology Department, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Rosalyn Price-Waldman
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Robert A Edwards
- Biology Department, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
- Viral Information Institute, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Dinsdale
- Biology Department, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA.
- Viral Information Institute, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA.
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2
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Edwards RA, Vega AA, Norman HM, Ohaeri M, Levi K, Dinsdale EA, Cinek O, Aziz RK, McNair K, Barr JJ, Bibby K, Brouns SJJ, Cazares A, de Jonge PA, Desnues C, Díaz Muñoz SL, Fineran PC, Kurilshikov A, Lavigne R, Mazankova K, McCarthy DT, Nobrega FL, Reyes Muñoz A, Tapia G, Trefault N, Tyakht AV, Vinuesa P, Wagemans J, Zhernakova A, Aarestrup FM, Ahmadov G, Alassaf A, Anton J, Asangba A, Billings EK, Cantu VA, Carlton JM, Cazares D, Cho GS, Condeff T, Cortés P, Cranfield M, Cuevas DA, De la Iglesia R, Decewicz P, Doane MP, Dominy NJ, Dziewit L, Elwasila BM, Eren AM, Franz C, Fu J, Garcia-Aljaro C, Ghedin E, Gulino KM, Haggerty JM, Head SR, Hendriksen RS, Hill C, Hyöty H, Ilina EN, Irwin MT, Jeffries TC, Jofre J, Junge RE, Kelley ST, Khan Mirzaei M, Kowalewski M, Kumaresan D, Leigh SR, Lipson D, Lisitsyna ES, Llagostera M, Maritz JM, Marr LC, McCann A, Molshanski-Mor S, Monteiro S, Moreira-Grez B, Morris M, Mugisha L, Muniesa M, Neve H, Nguyen NP, Nigro OD, Nilsson AS, O'Connell T, Odeh R, Oliver A, Piuri M, Prussin Ii AJ, Qimron U, Quan ZX, Rainetova P, Ramírez-Rojas A, Raya R, Reasor K, Rice GAO, Rossi A, Santos R, Shimashita J, Stachler EN, Stene LC, Strain R, Stumpf R, Torres PJ, Twaddle A, Ugochi Ibekwe M, Villagra N, Wandro S, White B, Whiteley A, Whiteson KL, Wijmenga C, Zambrano MM, Zschach H, Dutilh BE. Global phylogeography and ancient evolution of the widespread human gut virus crAssphage. Nat Microbiol 2019. [PMID: 31285584 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-019-04904-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
Microbiomes are vast communities of microorganisms and viruses that populate all natural ecosystems. Viruses have been considered to be the most variable component of microbiomes, as supported by virome surveys and examples of high genomic mosaicism. However, recent evidence suggests that the human gut virome is remarkably stable compared with that of other environments. Here, we investigate the origin, evolution and epidemiology of crAssphage, a widespread human gut virus. Through a global collaboration, we obtained DNA sequences of crAssphage from more than one-third of the world's countries and showed that the phylogeography of crAssphage is locally clustered within countries, cities and individuals. We also found fully colinear crAssphage-like genomes in both Old-World and New-World primates, suggesting that the association of crAssphage with primates may be millions of years old. Finally, by exploiting a large cohort of more than 1,000 individuals, we tested whether crAssphage is associated with bacterial taxonomic groups of the gut microbiome, diverse human health parameters and a wide range of dietary factors. We identified strong correlations with different clades of bacteria that are related to Bacteroidetes and weak associations with several diet categories, but no significant association with health or disease. We conclude that crAssphage is a benign cosmopolitan virus that may have coevolved with the human lineage and is an integral part of the normal human gut virome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Edwards
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA.
- The Viral Information Institute, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA.
| | - Alejandro A Vega
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Holly M Norman
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Maria Ohaeri
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Kyle Levi
- Department of Computer Science, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | - Ondrej Cinek
- Department of Pediatrics, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ramy K Aziz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Katelyn McNair
- Computational Sciences Research Center, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Jeremy J Barr
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kyle Bibby
- Civil and Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - Stan J J Brouns
- Department of Bionanoscience, Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Adrian Cazares
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Patrick A de Jonge
- Department of Bionanoscience, Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
- Theoretical Biology and Bioinformatics, Science4Life, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Christelle Desnues
- MEPHI, Aix-Marseille Université, IRD, AP-HM, CNRS, IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
- Mediterranean Institute of Oceanography, Aix-Marseille Université, Université de Toulon, CNRS, IRD, UM 110, Marseille, France
| | - Samuel L Díaz Muñoz
- Center for Genomics and Systems Biology & Department of Biology, New York University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Peter C Fineran
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Alexander Kurilshikov
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Rob Lavigne
- Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Karla Mazankova
- Department of Pediatrics, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - David T McCarthy
- EPHM Lab, Civil Engineering Department, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Franklin L Nobrega
- Department of Bionanoscience, Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Alejandro Reyes Muñoz
- Max Planck Tandem Group in Computational Biology, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - German Tapia
- Department of Child Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Nicole Trefault
- GEMA Center for Genomics, Ecology & Environment, Universidad Mayor, Huechuraba, Chile
| | - Alexander V Tyakht
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine, Moscow, Russia
- Department of Informational Technologies, ITMO University, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Pablo Vinuesa
- Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | | | - Alexandra Zhernakova
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Frank M Aarestrup
- National Food Institute, Research Group for Genomic Epidemiology, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | - Abeer Alassaf
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Josefa Anton
- Department of Physiology, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain
| | - Abigail Asangba
- Carl R. Woese Institute of Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Emma K Billings
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Vito Adrian Cantu
- Computational Sciences Research Center, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Jane M Carlton
- Center for Genomics and Systems Biology & Department of Biology, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Daniel Cazares
- Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Gyu-Sung Cho
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Max Rubner-Institut, Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food, Kiel, Germany
| | - Tess Condeff
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Pilar Cortés
- Departament de Genètica i de Microbiologia, Universitat Autònoma De Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mike Cranfield
- Wildlife Health Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Daniel A Cuevas
- Computational Sciences Research Center, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Rodrigo De la Iglesia
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Przemyslaw Decewicz
- Department of Bacterial Genetics, Institute of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Michael P Doane
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | - Lukasz Dziewit
- Department of Bacterial Genetics, Institute of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Bashir Mukhtar Elwasila
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - A Murat Eren
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Charles Franz
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Max Rubner-Institut, Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food, Kiel, Germany
| | - Jingyuan Fu
- Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Cristina Garcia-Aljaro
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elodie Ghedin
- Center for Genomics and Systems Biology & Department of Biology, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kristen M Gulino
- Center for Genomics and Systems Biology & Department of Biology, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - John M Haggerty
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Steven R Head
- Next Generation Sequencing and Microarray Core Facility, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Rene S Hendriksen
- National Food Institute, Research Group for Genomic Epidemiology, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Colin Hill
- School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Heikki Hyöty
- Department of Virology, School of Medicine, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Elena N Ilina
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine, Moscow, Russia
| | - Mitchell T Irwin
- Department of Anthropology, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL, USA
| | - Thomas C Jeffries
- School of Science and Health, Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Juan Jofre
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Randall E Junge
- Department of Animal Health, Columbus Zoo and Aquarium, Powell, OH, USA
| | - Scott T Kelley
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | - Martin Kowalewski
- Department Estacion Biologica Corrientes, Institution Museo Arg. Cs. Naturales-CONICET, Corrientes, Argentina
| | - Deepak Kumaresan
- UWA School of Agriculture and Environment, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Steven R Leigh
- Department of Anthropology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - David Lipson
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | - Montserrat Llagostera
- Departament de Genètica i de Microbiologia, Universitat Autònoma De Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Julia M Maritz
- Center for Genomics and Systems Biology & Department of Biology, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Linsey C Marr
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Angela McCann
- APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Shahar Molshanski-Mor
- Clinical Microbiology & Immunology, Sackler school of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Silvia Monteiro
- Laboratorio de Analises, Instituto Superior Tecnico, Universidade Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Benjamin Moreira-Grez
- UWA School of Agriculture and Environment, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Megan Morris
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Lawrence Mugisha
- CEHA, Kampala, Uganda
- COVAB, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Maite Muniesa
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Horst Neve
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Max Rubner-Institut, Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food, Kiel, Germany
| | - Nam-Phuong Nguyen
- Computer Science and Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Olivia D Nigro
- College of Natural and Computational Sciences, Hawai'i Pacific University, Kaneohe, HI, USA
| | - Anders S Nilsson
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Taylor O'Connell
- Biological and Medical Informatics Program, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Rasha Odeh
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Andrew Oliver
- Department of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Mariana Piuri
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Aaron J Prussin Ii
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Udi Qimron
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Zhe-Xue Quan
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Petra Rainetova
- Centre of Epidemiology and Microbiology, National Institute of Public Health, Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | | | - Kim Reasor
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | - Alessandro Rossi
- Theoretical Biology and Bioinformatics, Science4Life, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Ricardo Santos
- Laboratorio de Analises, Instituto Superior Tecnico, Universidade Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - John Shimashita
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Elyse N Stachler
- Swanson School of Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Lars C Stene
- Department of Child Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ronan Strain
- APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Rebecca Stumpf
- Carl R. Woese Institute of Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Pedro J Torres
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Alan Twaddle
- Center for Genomics and Systems Biology & Department of Biology, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - MaryAnn Ugochi Ibekwe
- Department of Pediatrics, Federal Teaching Hospital Abakaliki, Ebonyi State University, Abakaliki, Nigeria
| | - Nicolás Villagra
- Escuela de Tecnología Médica, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Stephen Wandro
- Department of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Bryan White
- Carl R. Woese Institute of Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Andy Whiteley
- UWA School of Agriculture and Environment, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Katrine L Whiteson
- Department of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Cisca Wijmenga
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Henrike Zschach
- The Bioinformatics Centre, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bas E Dutilh
- Theoretical Biology and Bioinformatics, Science4Life, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
- Centre for Molecular and Biomolecular Informatics, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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3
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Edwards RA, Vega AA, Norman HM, Ohaeri M, Levi K, Dinsdale EA, Cinek O, Aziz RK, McNair K, Barr JJ, Bibby K, Brouns SJJ, Cazares A, de Jonge PA, Desnues C, Díaz Muñoz SL, Fineran PC, Kurilshikov A, Lavigne R, Mazankova K, McCarthy DT, Nobrega FL, Reyes Muñoz A, Tapia G, Trefault N, Tyakht AV, Vinuesa P, Wagemans J, Zhernakova A, Aarestrup FM, Ahmadov G, Alassaf A, Anton J, Asangba A, Billings EK, Cantu VA, Carlton JM, Cazares D, Cho GS, Condeff T, Cortés P, Cranfield M, Cuevas DA, De la Iglesia R, Decewicz P, Doane MP, Dominy NJ, Dziewit L, Elwasila BM, Eren AM, Franz C, Fu J, Garcia-Aljaro C, Ghedin E, Gulino KM, Haggerty JM, Head SR, Hendriksen RS, Hill C, Hyöty H, Ilina EN, Irwin MT, Jeffries TC, Jofre J, Junge RE, Kelley ST, Khan Mirzaei M, Kowalewski M, Kumaresan D, Leigh SR, Lipson D, Lisitsyna ES, Llagostera M, Maritz JM, Marr LC, McCann A, Molshanski-Mor S, Monteiro S, Moreira-Grez B, Morris M, Mugisha L, Muniesa M, Neve H, Nguyen NP, Nigro OD, Nilsson AS, O'Connell T, Odeh R, Oliver A, Piuri M, Prussin Ii AJ, Qimron U, Quan ZX, Rainetova P, Ramírez-Rojas A, Raya R, Reasor K, Rice GAO, Rossi A, Santos R, Shimashita J, Stachler EN, Stene LC, Strain R, Stumpf R, Torres PJ, Twaddle A, Ugochi Ibekwe M, Villagra N, Wandro S, White B, Whiteley A, Whiteson KL, Wijmenga C, Zambrano MM, Zschach H, Dutilh BE. Global phylogeography and ancient evolution of the widespread human gut virus crAssphage. Nat Microbiol 2019; 4:1727-1736. [PMID: 31285584 DOI: 10.1101/527796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Microbiomes are vast communities of microorganisms and viruses that populate all natural ecosystems. Viruses have been considered to be the most variable component of microbiomes, as supported by virome surveys and examples of high genomic mosaicism. However, recent evidence suggests that the human gut virome is remarkably stable compared with that of other environments. Here, we investigate the origin, evolution and epidemiology of crAssphage, a widespread human gut virus. Through a global collaboration, we obtained DNA sequences of crAssphage from more than one-third of the world's countries and showed that the phylogeography of crAssphage is locally clustered within countries, cities and individuals. We also found fully colinear crAssphage-like genomes in both Old-World and New-World primates, suggesting that the association of crAssphage with primates may be millions of years old. Finally, by exploiting a large cohort of more than 1,000 individuals, we tested whether crAssphage is associated with bacterial taxonomic groups of the gut microbiome, diverse human health parameters and a wide range of dietary factors. We identified strong correlations with different clades of bacteria that are related to Bacteroidetes and weak associations with several diet categories, but no significant association with health or disease. We conclude that crAssphage is a benign cosmopolitan virus that may have coevolved with the human lineage and is an integral part of the normal human gut virome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Edwards
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA.
- The Viral Information Institute, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA.
| | - Alejandro A Vega
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Holly M Norman
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Maria Ohaeri
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Kyle Levi
- Department of Computer Science, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | - Ondrej Cinek
- Department of Pediatrics, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ramy K Aziz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Katelyn McNair
- Computational Sciences Research Center, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Jeremy J Barr
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kyle Bibby
- Civil and Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - Stan J J Brouns
- Department of Bionanoscience, Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Adrian Cazares
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Patrick A de Jonge
- Department of Bionanoscience, Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
- Theoretical Biology and Bioinformatics, Science4Life, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Christelle Desnues
- MEPHI, Aix-Marseille Université, IRD, AP-HM, CNRS, IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
- Mediterranean Institute of Oceanography, Aix-Marseille Université, Université de Toulon, CNRS, IRD, UM 110, Marseille, France
| | - Samuel L Díaz Muñoz
- Center for Genomics and Systems Biology & Department of Biology, New York University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Peter C Fineran
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Alexander Kurilshikov
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Rob Lavigne
- Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Karla Mazankova
- Department of Pediatrics, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - David T McCarthy
- EPHM Lab, Civil Engineering Department, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Franklin L Nobrega
- Department of Bionanoscience, Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Alejandro Reyes Muñoz
- Max Planck Tandem Group in Computational Biology, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - German Tapia
- Department of Child Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Nicole Trefault
- GEMA Center for Genomics, Ecology & Environment, Universidad Mayor, Huechuraba, Chile
| | - Alexander V Tyakht
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine, Moscow, Russia
- Department of Informational Technologies, ITMO University, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Pablo Vinuesa
- Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Mexico
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- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Frank M Aarestrup
- National Food Institute, Research Group for Genomic Epidemiology, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
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- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Josefa Anton
- Department of Physiology, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain
| | - Abigail Asangba
- Carl R. Woese Institute of Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Emma K Billings
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Vito Adrian Cantu
- Computational Sciences Research Center, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Jane M Carlton
- Center for Genomics and Systems Biology & Department of Biology, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Daniel Cazares
- Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Gyu-Sung Cho
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Max Rubner-Institut, Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food, Kiel, Germany
| | - Tess Condeff
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Pilar Cortés
- Departament de Genètica i de Microbiologia, Universitat Autònoma De Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mike Cranfield
- Wildlife Health Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Daniel A Cuevas
- Computational Sciences Research Center, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Rodrigo De la Iglesia
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Przemyslaw Decewicz
- Department of Bacterial Genetics, Institute of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Michael P Doane
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | - Lukasz Dziewit
- Department of Bacterial Genetics, Institute of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Bashir Mukhtar Elwasila
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - A Murat Eren
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Charles Franz
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Max Rubner-Institut, Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food, Kiel, Germany
| | - Jingyuan Fu
- Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Cristina Garcia-Aljaro
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elodie Ghedin
- Center for Genomics and Systems Biology & Department of Biology, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kristen M Gulino
- Center for Genomics and Systems Biology & Department of Biology, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - John M Haggerty
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Steven R Head
- Next Generation Sequencing and Microarray Core Facility, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Rene S Hendriksen
- National Food Institute, Research Group for Genomic Epidemiology, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Colin Hill
- School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Heikki Hyöty
- Department of Virology, School of Medicine, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Elena N Ilina
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine, Moscow, Russia
| | - Mitchell T Irwin
- Department of Anthropology, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL, USA
| | - Thomas C Jeffries
- School of Science and Health, Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Juan Jofre
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Randall E Junge
- Department of Animal Health, Columbus Zoo and Aquarium, Powell, OH, USA
| | - Scott T Kelley
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | - Martin Kowalewski
- Department Estacion Biologica Corrientes, Institution Museo Arg. Cs. Naturales-CONICET, Corrientes, Argentina
| | - Deepak Kumaresan
- UWA School of Agriculture and Environment, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Steven R Leigh
- Department of Anthropology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - David Lipson
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | - Montserrat Llagostera
- Departament de Genètica i de Microbiologia, Universitat Autònoma De Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Julia M Maritz
- Center for Genomics and Systems Biology & Department of Biology, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Linsey C Marr
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Angela McCann
- APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Shahar Molshanski-Mor
- Clinical Microbiology & Immunology, Sackler school of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Silvia Monteiro
- Laboratorio de Analises, Instituto Superior Tecnico, Universidade Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Benjamin Moreira-Grez
- UWA School of Agriculture and Environment, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Megan Morris
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Lawrence Mugisha
- CEHA, Kampala, Uganda
- COVAB, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Maite Muniesa
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Horst Neve
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Max Rubner-Institut, Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food, Kiel, Germany
| | - Nam-Phuong Nguyen
- Computer Science and Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Olivia D Nigro
- College of Natural and Computational Sciences, Hawai'i Pacific University, Kaneohe, HI, USA
| | - Anders S Nilsson
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Taylor O'Connell
- Biological and Medical Informatics Program, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Rasha Odeh
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Andrew Oliver
- Department of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Mariana Piuri
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Aaron J Prussin Ii
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Udi Qimron
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Zhe-Xue Quan
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Petra Rainetova
- Centre of Epidemiology and Microbiology, National Institute of Public Health, Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | | | - Kim Reasor
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | - Alessandro Rossi
- Theoretical Biology and Bioinformatics, Science4Life, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Ricardo Santos
- Laboratorio de Analises, Instituto Superior Tecnico, Universidade Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - John Shimashita
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Elyse N Stachler
- Swanson School of Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Lars C Stene
- Department of Child Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ronan Strain
- APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Rebecca Stumpf
- Carl R. Woese Institute of Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Pedro J Torres
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Alan Twaddle
- Center for Genomics and Systems Biology & Department of Biology, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - MaryAnn Ugochi Ibekwe
- Department of Pediatrics, Federal Teaching Hospital Abakaliki, Ebonyi State University, Abakaliki, Nigeria
| | - Nicolás Villagra
- Escuela de Tecnología Médica, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Stephen Wandro
- Department of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Bryan White
- Carl R. Woese Institute of Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Andy Whiteley
- UWA School of Agriculture and Environment, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Katrine L Whiteson
- Department of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Cisca Wijmenga
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Henrike Zschach
- The Bioinformatics Centre, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bas E Dutilh
- Theoretical Biology and Bioinformatics, Science4Life, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
- Centre for Molecular and Biomolecular Informatics, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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4
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Silveira CB, Gregoracci GB, Coutinho FH, Silva GGZ, Haggerty JM, de Oliveira LS, Cabral AS, Rezende CE, Thompson CC, Francini-Filho RB, Edwards RA, Dinsdale EA, Thompson FL. Bacterial Community Associated with the Reef Coral Mussismilia braziliensis's Momentum Boundary Layer over a Diel Cycle. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:784. [PMID: 28588555 PMCID: PMC5438984 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Corals display circadian physiological cycles, changing from autotrophy during the day to heterotrophy during the night. Such physiological transition offers distinct environments to the microbial community associated with corals: an oxygen-rich environment during daylight hours and an oxygen-depleted environment during the night. Most studies of coral reef microbes have been performed on samples taken during the day, representing a bias in the understanding of the composition and function of these communities. We hypothesized that coral circadian physiology alters the composition and function of microbial communities in reef boundary layers. Here, we analyzed microbial communities associated with the momentum boundary layer (MBL) of the Brazilian endemic reef coral Mussismilia braziliensis during a diurnal cycle, and compared them to the water column. We determined microbial abundance and nutrient concentration in samples taken within a few centimeters of the coral's surface every 6 h for 48 h, and sequenced microbial metagenomes from a subset of the samples. We found that dominant taxa and functions in the coral MBL community were stable over the time scale of our sampling, with no significant shifts between night and day samples. Interestingly, the two water column metagenomes sampled 1 m above the corals were also very similar to the MBL metagenomes. When all samples were analyzed together, nutrient concentration significantly explained 40% of the taxonomic dissimilarity among dominant genera in the community. Functional profiles were highly homogenous and not significantly predicted by any environmental variables measured. Our data indicated that water flow may overrule the effects of coral physiology in the MBL bacterial community, at the scale of centimeters, and suggested that sampling resolution at the scale of millimeters may be necessary to address diurnal variation in community composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia B Silveira
- Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de JaneiroRio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Department of Biology, San Diego State UniversitySan Diego, CA, USA
| | | | - Felipe H Coutinho
- Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de JaneiroRio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Centre for Molecular and Biomolecular Informatics, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical CentreNijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Genivaldo G Z Silva
- Department of Computational Science, San Diego State UniversitySan Diego, CA, USA
| | - John M Haggerty
- Department of Biology, San Diego State UniversitySan Diego, CA, USA
| | - Louisi S de Oliveira
- Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de JaneiroRio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Anderson S Cabral
- Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de JaneiroRio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Carlos E Rezende
- Laboratório de Ciências Ambientais, Universidade Estadual do Norte FluminenseCampos dos Goytacazes, Brazil
| | - Cristiane C Thompson
- Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de JaneiroRio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Robert A Edwards
- Department of Computational Science, San Diego State UniversitySan Diego, CA, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Dinsdale
- Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de JaneiroRio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fabiano L Thompson
- Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de JaneiroRio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Laboratório de Sistemas Avançados de Gestão da Produção, COPPE, Universidade Federal do Rio de JaneiroRio de Janeiro, Brazil
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5
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Morris MM, Haggerty JM, Papudeshi BN, Vega AA, Edwards MS, Dinsdale EA. Nearshore Pelagic Microbial Community Abundance Affects Recruitment Success of Giant Kelp, Macrocystis pyrifera. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1800. [PMID: 27895628 PMCID: PMC5107569 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Marine microbes mediate key ecological processes in kelp forest ecosystems and interact with macroalgae. Pelagic and biofilm-associated microbes interact with macroalgal propagules at multiple stages of recruitment, yet these interactions have not been described for Macrocystis pyrifera. Here we investigate the influence of microbes from coastal environments on recruitment of giant kelp, M. pyrifera. Through repeated laboratory experiments, we tested the effects of altered pelagic microbial abundance on the settlement and development of the microscopic propagules of M. pyrifera during recruitment. M. pyrifera zoospores were reared in laboratory microcosms exposed to environmental microbial communities from seawater during the complete haploid stages of the kelp recruitment cycle, including zoospore release, followed by zoospore settlement, to gametophyte germination and development. We altered the microbial abundance states differentially in three independent experiments with repeated trials, where microbes were (a) present or absent in seawater, (b) altered in community composition, and (c) altered in abundance. Within the third experiment, we also tested the effect of nearshore versus offshore microbial communities on the macroalgal propagules. Distinct pelagic microbial communities were collected from two southern California temperate environments reflecting contrasting intensity of human influence, the nearshore Point Loma kelp forest and the offshore Santa Catalina Island kelp forest. The Point Loma kelp forest is a high impacted coastal region adjacent to the populous San Diego Bay; whereas the kelp forest at Catalina Island is a low impacted region of the Channel Islands, 40 km offshore the southern California coast, and is adjacent to a marine protected area. Kelp gametophytes reared with nearshore Point Loma microbes showed lower survival, growth, and deteriorated morphology compared to gametophytes with the offshore Catalina Island microbial community, and these effects were magnified under high microbial abundances. Reducing abundance of Point Loma microbes restored M. pyrifera propagule success. Yet an intermediate microbial abundance was optimal for kelp propagules reared with Catalina Island microbes, suggesting that microbes also have a beneficial influence on kelp. Our study shows that pelagic microbes from nearshore and offshore environments are differentially influencing kelp propagule success, which has significant implications for kelp recruitment and kelp forest ecosystem health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan M Morris
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University San Diego, CA, USA
| | - John M Haggerty
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Bhavya N Papudeshi
- Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics, San Diego State University San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Alejandro A Vega
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Matthew S Edwards
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University San Diego, CA, USA
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6
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Friedland B, Haggerty JM. Responding to attorney requests for patient information. J Mass Dent Soc 1998; 46:14, 16. [PMID: 9540711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- B Friedland
- Division of Oral Diagnosis, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, USA
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