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Yao Z, Geng B, Marcon E, Pu S, Tang H, Merluza J, Bello A, Snider J, Lu P, Wood H, Stagljar I. Omicron Spike Protein Is Vulnerable to Reduction. J Mol Biol 2023; 435:168128. [PMID: 37100168 PMCID: PMC10125213 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2023.168128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 virus spike (S) protein is an envelope protein responsible for binding to the ACE2 receptor, driving subsequent entry into host cells. The existence of multiple disulfide bonds in the S protein makes it potentially susceptible to reductive cleavage. Using a tri-part split luciferase-based binding assay, we evaluated the impacts of chemical reduction on S proteins from different virus variants and found that those from the Omicron family are highly vulnerable to reduction. Through manipulation of different Omicron mutations, we found that alterations in the receptor binding module (RBM) are the major determinants of this vulnerability. Specifically we discovered that Omicron mutations facilitate the cleavage of C480-C488 and C379-C432 disulfides, which consequently impairs binding activity and protein stability. The vulnerability of Omicron S proteins suggests a mechanism that can be harnessed to treat specific SARS-CoV-2 strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong Yao
- Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada.
| | - Betty Geng
- Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Edyta Marcon
- Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Shuye Pu
- Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Hua Tang
- Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - John Merluza
- Zoonotic Diseases and Special Pathogens division, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada
| | - Alexander Bello
- Zoonotic Diseases and Special Pathogens division, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada
| | - Jamie Snider
- Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Ping Lu
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China
| | - Heidi Wood
- Zoonotic Diseases and Special Pathogens division, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada
| | - Igor Stagljar
- Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada; Mediterranean Institute for Life Sciences, Meštrovićevo Šetalište 45, HR-21000 Split, Croatia.
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Qiu H, Cassan R, Johnstone D, Han X, Joyee AG, McQuoid M, Masi A, Merluza J, Hrehorak B, Reid R, Kennedy K, Tighe B, Rak C, Leonhardt M, Dupas B, Saward L, Berry JD, Nykiforuk CL. Novel Clostridium difficile Anti-Toxin (TcdA and TcdB) Humanized Monoclonal Antibodies Demonstrate In Vitro Neutralization across a Broad Spectrum of Clinical Strains and In Vivo Potency in a Hamster Spore Challenge Model. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0157970. [PMID: 27336843 PMCID: PMC4919053 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0157970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Clostridium difficile (C. difficile) infection (CDI) is the main cause of nosocomial antibiotic-associated colitis and increased incidence of community-associated diarrhea in industrialized countries. At present, the primary treatment of CDI is antibiotic administration, which is effective but often associated with recurrence, especially in the elderly. Pathogenic strains produce enterotoxin, toxin A (TcdA), and cytotoxin, toxin B (TcdB), which are necessary for C. difficile induced diarrhea and gut pathological changes. Administration of anti-toxin antibodies provides an alternative approach to treat CDI, and has shown promising results in preclinical and clinical studies. In the current study, several humanized anti-TcdA and anti-TcdB monoclonal antibodies were generated and their protective potency was characterized in a hamster infection model. The humanized anti-TcdA (CANmAbA4) and anti-TcdB (CANmAbB4 and CANmAbB1) antibodies showed broad spectrum in vitro neutralization of toxins from clinical strains and neutralization in a mouse toxin challenge model. Moreover, co-administration of humanized antibodies (CANmAbA4 and CANmAbB4 cocktail) provided a high level of protection in a dose dependent manner (85% versus 57% survival at day 22 for 50 mg/kg and 20 mg/kg doses, respectively) in a hamster gastrointestinal infection (GI) model. This study describes the protective effects conferred by novel neutralizing anti-toxin monoclonal antibodies against C. difficile toxins and their potential as therapeutic agents in treating CDI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyu Qiu
- Cangene Corporation, a subsidiary of Emergent BioSolutions Inc., 155 Innovation Drive, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 5Y3, Canada
| | - Robyn Cassan
- Cangene Corporation, a subsidiary of Emergent BioSolutions Inc., 155 Innovation Drive, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 5Y3, Canada
| | - Darrell Johnstone
- Cangene Corporation, a subsidiary of Emergent BioSolutions Inc., 155 Innovation Drive, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 5Y3, Canada
| | - Xiaobing Han
- Cangene Corporation, a subsidiary of Emergent BioSolutions Inc., 155 Innovation Drive, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 5Y3, Canada
| | - Antony George Joyee
- Cangene Corporation, a subsidiary of Emergent BioSolutions Inc., 155 Innovation Drive, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 5Y3, Canada
| | - Monica McQuoid
- Cangene Corporation, a subsidiary of Emergent BioSolutions Inc., 155 Innovation Drive, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 5Y3, Canada
| | - Andrea Masi
- Cangene Corporation, a subsidiary of Emergent BioSolutions Inc., 155 Innovation Drive, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 5Y3, Canada
| | - John Merluza
- Cangene Corporation, a subsidiary of Emergent BioSolutions Inc., 155 Innovation Drive, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 5Y3, Canada
| | - Bryce Hrehorak
- Cangene Corporation, a subsidiary of Emergent BioSolutions Inc., 155 Innovation Drive, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 5Y3, Canada
| | - Ross Reid
- Cangene Corporation, a subsidiary of Emergent BioSolutions Inc., 155 Innovation Drive, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 5Y3, Canada
| | - Kieron Kennedy
- Cangene Corporation, a subsidiary of Emergent BioSolutions Inc., 155 Innovation Drive, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 5Y3, Canada
| | - Bonnie Tighe
- Cangene Corporation, a subsidiary of Emergent BioSolutions Inc., 155 Innovation Drive, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 5Y3, Canada
| | - Carla Rak
- Cangene Corporation, a subsidiary of Emergent BioSolutions Inc., 155 Innovation Drive, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 5Y3, Canada
| | - Melanie Leonhardt
- Cangene Corporation, a subsidiary of Emergent BioSolutions Inc., 155 Innovation Drive, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 5Y3, Canada
| | - Brian Dupas
- Cangene Corporation, a subsidiary of Emergent BioSolutions Inc., 155 Innovation Drive, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 5Y3, Canada
| | - Laura Saward
- Cangene Corporation, a subsidiary of Emergent BioSolutions Inc., 155 Innovation Drive, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 5Y3, Canada
| | - Jody D. Berry
- Cangene Corporation, a subsidiary of Emergent BioSolutions Inc., 155 Innovation Drive, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 5Y3, Canada
| | - Cory L. Nykiforuk
- Cangene Corporation, a subsidiary of Emergent BioSolutions Inc., 155 Innovation Drive, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 5Y3, Canada
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Nykiforuk CL, Johnstone D, Reid R, Hrehorak B, Merluza J, Cheung P, Kodihalli S, Dupas B, Leonhardt M, Hoffman H, Han X, Saward L, Goertzen A, Jackson M, Silverman JM, Gibbs E, Cashman NR. O4‐04‐01: Characterization of a humanized amyloid beta oligomer monoclonal antibody (5E3) under preclinical development for passive immunotherapy of Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimers Dement 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2015.07.363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ross Reid
- Emergent BioSolutionsWinnipegMBCanada
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