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Lee DCW, Chua DTT, Wei WI, Sham JST, Lau ASY. Induction of matrix metalloproteinases by Epstein–Barr virus latent membrane protein 1 isolated from nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Biomed Pharmacother 2007; 61:520-6. [PMID: 17913445 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2007.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein--Barr virus latent infection is associated with human malignancies including Burkitt's lymphoma, gastric carcinoma and the highly invasive nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). Increased expression of EBV latent membrane protein 1, LMP1, is correlated with tumor progression and metastasis in NPC. LMP1 induces cellular proteins including cytokines and matrix metalloproteinases (e.g., MMP1, MMP2 and MMP9). MMPs are endopeptidases involved in the degradation of extracellular matrix proteins; and their upregulation in cancer implicates their potential role in tumor metastasis. In light of the role of LMP1 in cytokine dysregulation and the fact that MMPs are regulated by cytokines, we examined whether LMP1 promotes NPC metastasis via the induction of MMPs. To delineate the oncogenic role of LMP1 in NPC, we first investigated the induction of MMP1, MMP2, MMP3 and MMP9 in LMP1-positive NPC tumor samples (n=15) by quantitative RT-PCR. We showed a significant induction of MMP1 and MMP3 transcripts in the EBV LMP1-positive NPC tissues, compared with biopsies obtained from the adjacent non-tumor tissues. To investigate the role of LMP1 in MMP expression in NPC, we cloned the LMP1 gene from NPC samples and transiently expressed it in MRC5 cells (human lung fibroblasts). Following transfection, a time-dependent elevation of endogenous MMP3 expression was found in the LMP1-transfectants by quantitative RT-PCR and Western analysis. Taken together, we observed that MMP3 is upregulated in LMP1-positive NPC tumors and LMP1-expression in fibroblasts is associated with MMP3 and cytokine expression. Our results suggest that LMP1 may contribute to invasiveness of NPC cells via the expression of MMP3 in fibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- D C W Lee
- Immunology Research Laboratory, Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, PR China
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Ji MF, Wang DK, Yu YL, Guo YQ, Liang JS, Cheng WM, Zong YS, Chan KH, Ng SP, Wei WI, Chua DTT, Sham JST, Ng MH. Sustained elevation of Epstein-Barr virus antibody levels preceding clinical onset of nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Br J Cancer 2007; 96:623-30. [PMID: 17285127 PMCID: PMC2360049 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6603609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
We have monitored Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) IgA antibody levels of 39 nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) cases for up to 15 years before clinical onset of NPC, and assessed preclinical serologic status of another 68 cases. Our results identify a serologic window preceding diagnosis when antibody levels are raised and sustained. This window can persist for as long as 10 years, with a mean duration estimated to as 37±28 months. Ninety-seven of these 107 NPC cases exhibited such a window. Cases that did not may reflect individual antibody response to EBV. Serologic screening at enrollment identified those cases who had already entered the window and became clinically manifested earlier (median=28 months) than those who entered the window after enrollment (median=90 months). The former account for 19 of 21 cases diagnosed within 2 years of screening. Nasopharyngeal carcinoma risk levels among seropositive subjects were also highest during this period. Both prediction rates and risk levels declined thereafter; cases detected at later times were composed of increasing proportions of individuals who entered the serological window after screening. Our findings establish EBV antibody as an early marker of NPC and suggest that repeated screening to monitor cases as they enter this window has considerable predictive value, with practical consequences for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- M F Ji
- Cancer Research Institute of Zhongshan City, Zhongshan City, PRC
| | - D K Wang
- Cancer Research Institute of Zhongshan City, Zhongshan City, PRC
| | - Y L Yu
- Cancer Research Institute of Zhongshan City, Zhongshan City, PRC
| | - Y Q Guo
- Cancer Research Institute of Zhongshan City, Zhongshan City, PRC
| | - J S Liang
- Cancer Research Institute of Zhongshan City, Zhongshan City, PRC
| | - W M Cheng
- Cancer Research Institute of Zhongshan City, Zhongshan City, PRC
| | - Y S Zong
- Department of Pathology, Sun Yat Sen Medical College, Sun Yat Sen University, Guangzhou, PRC
| | - K H Chan
- Department of Microbiology, Hong Kong SAR, PRC
| | - S P Ng
- Department of Microbiology, Hong Kong SAR, PRC
| | - W I Wei
- Department of Surgery, Hong Kong SAR, PRC
| | - D T T Chua
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PRC
| | - J S T Sham
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PRC
| | - M H Ng
- Department of Microbiology, Hong Kong SAR, PRC
- E-mail:
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Lau SH, Sham JST, Xie D, Tzang CH, Tang D, Ma N, Hu L, Wang Y, Wen JM, Xiao G, Zhang WM, Lau GKK, Yang M, Guan XY. Clusterin plays an important role in hepatocellular carcinoma metastasis. Oncogene 2006; 25:1242-50. [PMID: 16247463 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1209141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
To identify genes associated with tumor metastasis in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), gene expression profiles between a pair of primary HCC (H2-P) and their matched metastatic HCC (H2-M) were compared. Overexpression of clusterin (CLU) was found in H2-M cells. To determine the roles CLU played in HCC metastasis, CLU was transfected into H2-P cells. Overexpression of CLU in H2-P cells increased cell migration by twofold in vitro and formation of metastatic tumor nodules in liver by eightfold in vivo. To evaluate the correlation of CLU expression with HCC metastasis, the expression levels of CLU in HCCs were investigated using a tissue microarray (TMA) containing 104 pairs of primary HCCs and their matched metastases. The frequency of CLU overexpression increased significantly in metastatic HCCs (59.1%) compared with that in primary tumors (32.6%, P<0.001). To gain additional insight into the function of CLU, the expression profile of H2P-CLU was compared with vector-transfected H2-P cells by cDNA microarray. A total of 35 upregulated and 14 downregulated genes were detected in H2P-CLU. One of the upregulated genes known as YKL-40, which is implicated in matrix-remodeling and metastasis, was further studied using TMA. A significant correlation (P<0.001) between the expression levels of YKL-40 and CLU was observed, implying that the CLU-YKL-40 pathway may play an important role in HCC metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S H Lau
- Department of Clinical Oncology, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
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Abstract
Clinically, human glioblastoma (GBM) may develop de novo or from a low-grade glioma (secondary GBM), and molecular alterations in the two pathways may differ. This study examined the status of Survivin expression and apoptosis in 30 primary and 26 secondary GBMs. Our results show that cytoplasmic Survivin positivity was significantly (P<0.001) more frequent in primary GBMs (83%) than that in secondary GBMs (46%). In addition, an inverse correlation of cytoplasmc Survivin positivity with GBM apoptotic index, and a positive association between cytoplasmic Survivin and size of the tumours were observed. These results suggest that cytoplasmic Survivin, via its antiapoptotic function, may be involved in the tumorigenesis of many primary GBMs, but only in a small fraction of secondary GBMs. Furthermore, the overall progression times from low-grade precursor lesions to secondary GBMs were significantly shorter (P<0.05) in cytoplasmic Survivin-positive cases (mean, 15.6 months) than those in Survivin-negative cases (mean, 23.8 moths), and the positive expression level of Survivin in cytoplasm was upregulated in most secondary GBMs when compared to matched pre-existing low-graded lesions. These results suggest that the increased accumulation of Survivin in the cytoplasm of more malignant glioma cells may prove to be a selective advantage, thus accelerating progression to a more aggressive phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, 651 Dongfeng Road East, Guangzhou, china. E-mail:
| | - Y X Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - H J Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - J M Wen
- Department of Pathology, Zhong Shan Medical College, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Y Tao
- Department of Pathology, Zhong Shan Medical College, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - J S T Sham
- Department of Clinical Oncology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - X Y Guan
- Department of Clinical Oncology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, 651 Dongfeng Road East, Guangzhou, china. E-mail:
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Xie D, Sham JST, Zeng WF, Che LH, Zhang M, Wu HX, Lin HL, Wen JM, Lau SH, Hu L, Guan XY. Oncogenic role of clusterin overexpression in multistage colorectal tumorigenesis and progression. World J Gastroenterol 2005; 11:3285-9. [PMID: 15929184 PMCID: PMC4316065 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v11.i21.3285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the expression pattern of clusterin in colorectal adenoma-carcinoma-metastasis series, and to explore the potential role of clusterin in multistage colorectal tumorigenesis and progression.
METHODS: A colorectal carcinoma (CRC)-tissue microarray (TMA), which contained 85 advanced CRCs including 43 cases of Dukes B, 21 of Dukes C and 21 of Dukes D tumors, were used for assessing the expression of clusterin (clone 41D) and tumor cell apoptotic index (AI) by immunohist-ochemistry and TUNEL assay, respectively. Moreover the potential correlation of clusterin expression with the patient’s clinical-pathological features were also examined.
RESULTS: The positive staining of clusterin in different colorectal tissues was primarily a cytoplasmic pattern. Cytoplasmic overexpression of clusterin was detected in none of the normal colorectal mucosa, 17% of the adenomas, 46% of the primary CRCs, and 57% of the CRC metastatic lesions. In addition, a significant positive correlation between overexpression of clusterin and advanced clinical (Dukes) stage was observed (P<0.01). Overexpression of cytoplasmic clusterin in CRCs was inversely correlated with tumor apoptotic index (P<0.01), indicating the anti-apoptotic function of cytoplasmic clusterin in CRCs.
CONCLUSION: These data suggests that overexpression of cytoplasmic clusterin might be involved in the tumorigenesis and/or progression of CRCs. The anti-apoptotic function of cytoplasmic clusterin may be responsible, at least in part, for the development and biologically aggressive behavior of CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Xie
- Department of Clinical Oncology, The University of Hong Kong, Room 109, School of Chinese Medicine Building, 10 Sassoon Road, Hong Kong, China
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Wu VWC, Sham JST, Kwong DLW. Inverse planning in three-dimensional conformal and intensity-modulated radiotherapy of mid-thoracic oesophageal cancer. Br J Radiol 2004; 77:568-72. [PMID: 15238403 DOI: 10.1259/bjr/19972578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study is to demonstrate the use of inverse planning in three-dimensional conformal radiation therapy (3DCRT) of oesophageal cancer patients and to evaluate its dosimetric results by comparing them with forward planning of 3DCRT and inverse planning of intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT). For each of the 15 oesophageal cancer patients in this study, the forward 3DCRT, inverse 3DCRT and inverse IMRT plans were produced using the FOCUS treatment planning system. The dosimetric results and the planner's time associated with each of the treatment plans were recorded for comparison. The inverse 3DCRT plans showed similar dosimetric results to the forward plans in the planning target volume (PTV) and organs at risk (OARs). However, they were inferior to that of the IMRT plans in terms of tumour control probability and target dose conformity. Furthermore, the inverse 3DCRT plans were less effective in reducing the percentage lung volume receiving a dose below 25 Gy when compared with the IMRT plans. The inverse 3DCRT plans delivered a similar heart dose as in the forward plans, but higher dose than the IMRT plans. The inverse 3DCRT plans significantly reduced the operator's time by 2.5 fold relative to the forward plans. In conclusion, inverse planning for 3DCRT is a reasonable alternative to the forward planning for oesophageal cancer patients with reduction of the operator's time. However, IMRT has the better potential to allow further dose escalation and improvement of tumour control.
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Affiliation(s)
- V W C Wu
- Department of Optometry and Radiography, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong
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Cheng W, Chan KH, Chen H, Luo R, Ng SP, Luk W, Zheng B, Ji M, Liang M, Sham JST, Wang DK, Zong Y, Ng MH. Cheng W, Chan KH, Chen H, Luo R, Ng SP, Luk W, Zheng B, Ji M, Liang M, Sham JST, Wang DK, Y Zong Y, Ng MH. Assessing the risk of nasopharyngeal carcinoma on the basis of EBV antibody spectrum.International Journal of Cancer 2002;97(4): 489-492. Int J Cancer 2002. [DOI: 10.1002/ijc.10383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Guan XY, Fang Y, Sham JST, Kwong DLW, Zhang Y, Liang Q, Li H, Zhou H, Trent JM. Recurrent chromosome alterations in hepatocellular carcinoma detected by comparative genomic hybridization. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2000. [DOI: 10.1002/1098-2264(2000)9999:9999<::aid-gcc1063>3.0.co;2-o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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