Mechanosignaling-related angiocrine factors drive osteoblastic phenotype in response to zirconia

BACKGROUND

The growing use of zirconia as a ceramic material in dentistry is attributed to its biocompatibility, mechanical properties, esthetic appearance, and reduced bacterial adhesion. These favorable properties make ceramic materials a viable alternative to commonly used titanium alloys. Mimicking the physiological properties of blood flow, particularly the mechanosignaling in endothelial cells (ECs), is crucial for enhancing our understanding of their role in the response to zirconia exposure.

METHODS

In this study, EC cultures were subjected to shear stress while being exposed to zirconia for up to 3 days. The conditioned medium obtained from these cultures was then used to expose osteoblasts for a duration of 7 days. To investigate the effects of zirconia on osteoblasts, we examined the expression of genes associated with osteoblast differentiation, including Runx2, Osterix, bone sialoprotein, and osteocalcin genes. Additionally, we assessed the impact of mechanosignaling-related angiocrine factors on extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling by measuring the activities of matrix metalloproteinases 2 and 9 (MMP2 and MMP9) during the acquisition of the osteogenic phenotype, which precedes mineralization.

RESULTS

Our data revealed that mechanosignaling-related angiocrine factors play a crucial role in promoting an osteoblastic phenotype in response to zirconia exposure. Specifically, exposed osteoblasts exhibited significantly higher expression levels of genes associated with osteoblast differentiation, such as Runx2, Osterix, bone sialoprotein, and osteocalcin genes. Furthermore, the activities of MMP2 and MMP9, which are involved in ECM remodeling, were modulated by mechanosignaling-related angiocrine factors. This modulation is likely an initial event preceding the mineralization phase.

CONCLUSION

Based on our findings, we propose that mechanosignaling drives the release of angiocrine factors capable of modulating the osteogenic phenotype at the biointerface with zirconia. This process creates a microenvironment that promotes wound healing and osseointegration. Moreover, these results highlight the importance of considering the mechanosignaling of endothelial cells in the modulation of bone healing and osseointegration in the context of blood vessel effects. Our data provide new insights and open avenues for further investigation into the influence of mechanosignaling on bone healing and the osseointegration of dental devices.

Metalloproteomic Investigation of Hg-Binding Proteins in Renal Tissue of Rats Exposed to Mercury Chloride

Results obtained from rat studies indicate that, even at low concentrations, mercurial species cause harmful effects on the kidneys, by inducing the nephrotic oxidative stress response. In the present work, Hg-associated proteins were identified as possible mercury-exposure biomarkers in rat kidneys exposed to low mercury chloride concentrations for 30 days (Hg-30) and 60 days (Hg-60), using metalloproteomic strategies. The renal proteomic profile was fractioned by two-dimensional electrophoresis and the mercury determinations in kidney samples, protein pellets and protein spots were performed using graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry. The characterization of Hg-associated protein spots and the analysis of differentially expressed proteins were performed by liquid chromatography, coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. Eleven Hg-associated protein spots with a concentration range of 79 ± 1 to 750 ± 9 mg kg-1 in the Hg-60 group were identified. The characterization and expression analyses allowed the identification of 53 proteins that were expressed only in the Hg-60 group, 13 "upregulated" proteins (p > 0.95) and 47 "downregulated" proteins (p < 0.05). Actin isoforms and hemoglobin subunits were identified in protein spots of the Hg-60 group, with mercury concentrations in the range of 138 to 750 mg kg-1, which qualifies these proteins as potential mercury-exposure biomarkers.

Determination of the Mercury Fraction Linked to Protein of Muscle and Liver Tissue of Tucunaré (Cichla spp.) from the Amazon Region of Brazil

This study used metalloproteomic techniques to characterize mercury (Hg)-bound proteins in the muscle and liver tissue of Tucunaré (Cichla spp.) collected at the Jirau Hydroelectric Power Plant in Madeira River Basin, Brazil. The proteome of the muscle and liver tissue was obtained after two steps of fractional precipitation and separating the proteins by 2-D polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Hg was identified and quantified in the protein spots by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry after acid mineralization in an ultrasound bath. Hg with a molecular weight <20 kDa and a concentration between 13.30 and 33.40 mg g(-1) was found in the protein spots. These protein spots were characterized by electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry after trypsin digestion. From a total of 12 analyzed spots, seven proteins showing Hg biomarker characteristics were identified: parvalbumin and its isoforms, ubiquitin-40S ribosomal protein S27a, zinc (Zn) finger and BTB domain-containing protein 24, and dual-specificity protein phosphatase 22-B.

GFAAS determination of mercury in muscle samples of fish from Amazon, Brazil

In the present study, a simple, rapid and sensitive method was developed for the determination of mercury concentrations in the muscle tissue of fish from the Brazilian Amazon using graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GFAAS) following acid mineralization of the samples in an ultrasonic cold water bath. Using copper nitrate as a chemical modifier in solution and sodium tungstate as permanent modifier, we were able to attain thermal stabilization of the mercury up to the atomisation temperature of 1600 °C in the GFAAS assay. The calculated limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) were 0.014 and 0.047 mg kg(-1), respectively.

A preliminary and qualitative metallomics study of mercury in the muscle of fish from Amazonas, Brazil

This paper presents preliminary findings for a metallomics study of mercury in the muscle of the fish species from Amazonas, Brazil, after protein separation by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and subsequent evaluation of mercury by synchrotron radiation X-ray fluorescence. The fluorescence spectra revealed mercury in two protein spots. The mercury-containing protein spots showed molecular weights of 20.8 ± 0.7 and 19.8 ± 0.5 kDa and isoelectric points of 5.6 ± 0.2 and 7.5 ± 0.3, respectively.