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Sasagawa E, Aiga H, Corado Soriano EY, Cuyuch Marroquín BL, Hernández Ramírez MA, Guevara de Aguilar AV, Romero Chévez JE, Ramos Hernández HM, Cedillos RA, Misago C, Kita K. Mother-to-Child Transmission of Chagas Disease in El Salvador. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2015; 93:326-33. [PMID: 26123959 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.14-0425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
To estimate the incidence (any mother to child) and rate (from seropositive mother to child) of mother-to-child transmission of Trypanosoma cruzi, a serological census was conducted, targeting pregnant women and infants born to seropositive mothers, in four municipalities of El Salvador. Of 943 pregnant women, 36 (3.8%) were seropositive for T. cruzi. Of 36, 32 proceeded to serological tests of their infants when they became 6-8 months of age. Six infants seropositive at the age of 6-8 months further proceeded to second-stage serological test at the age of 9-16 months. As the result, one infant was congenitally infected. Thus, serological tests at the age of 6-8 months produced five false positives. To ensure earlier effective medication only for true positives, identification of seropositive infants at the age of 9-16 months is crucial. Incidence and rate of mother-to-child transmission were 0.14 (per 100 person-years) and 4.0%, respectively. Estimated number of children infected through mother-to-child transmission in El Salvador (170 per year) was much higher than that of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV; seven per year). It is recommended that serological testing for T. cruzi be integrated into those for HIV and syphilis as part of antenatal care package.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emi Sasagawa
- Department of Biomedical Chemistry, School of International Health, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Human Development Department, Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA), Tokyo, Japan; Department of Global Health, Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia; Sección de Epidemiología, SIBASI Sonsonate, Ministerio de Salud de El Salvador (MINSAL), Sonsonate, El Salvador; Programa de Materno Infantil, Dirección Regional de Salud Zona Occidente, Ministerio de Salud de El Salvador (MINSAL), Santa Ana, El Salvador; Unidad de Vigilancia Laboratorial, Ministerio de Salud de El Salvador (MINSAL), San Salvador, El Salvador; Unidad de Vigilancia de Enfermedades Vectorizadas, Ministerio de Salud de El Salvador (MINSAL), San Salvador, El Salvador; Dirección de Vigilancia Sanitaria, Ministerio de Salud de El Salvador (MINSAL), San Salvador, El Salvador; Consejo de Investigaciones Científicas (CIC-UES), Universidad de El Salvador, San Salvador, El Salvador; Department of International and Cultural Studies, Tsuda College, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hirotsugu Aiga
- Department of Biomedical Chemistry, School of International Health, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Human Development Department, Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA), Tokyo, Japan; Department of Global Health, Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia; Sección de Epidemiología, SIBASI Sonsonate, Ministerio de Salud de El Salvador (MINSAL), Sonsonate, El Salvador; Programa de Materno Infantil, Dirección Regional de Salud Zona Occidente, Ministerio de Salud de El Salvador (MINSAL), Santa Ana, El Salvador; Unidad de Vigilancia Laboratorial, Ministerio de Salud de El Salvador (MINSAL), San Salvador, El Salvador; Unidad de Vigilancia de Enfermedades Vectorizadas, Ministerio de Salud de El Salvador (MINSAL), San Salvador, El Salvador; Dirección de Vigilancia Sanitaria, Ministerio de Salud de El Salvador (MINSAL), San Salvador, El Salvador; Consejo de Investigaciones Científicas (CIC-UES), Universidad de El Salvador, San Salvador, El Salvador; Department of International and Cultural Studies, Tsuda College, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Edith Yanira Corado Soriano
- Department of Biomedical Chemistry, School of International Health, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Human Development Department, Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA), Tokyo, Japan; Department of Global Health, Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia; Sección de Epidemiología, SIBASI Sonsonate, Ministerio de Salud de El Salvador (MINSAL), Sonsonate, El Salvador; Programa de Materno Infantil, Dirección Regional de Salud Zona Occidente, Ministerio de Salud de El Salvador (MINSAL), Santa Ana, El Salvador; Unidad de Vigilancia Laboratorial, Ministerio de Salud de El Salvador (MINSAL), San Salvador, El Salvador; Unidad de Vigilancia de Enfermedades Vectorizadas, Ministerio de Salud de El Salvador (MINSAL), San Salvador, El Salvador; Dirección de Vigilancia Sanitaria, Ministerio de Salud de El Salvador (MINSAL), San Salvador, El Salvador; Consejo de Investigaciones Científicas (CIC-UES), Universidad de El Salvador, San Salvador, El Salvador; Department of International and Cultural Studies, Tsuda College, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Blanca Leticia Cuyuch Marroquín
- Department of Biomedical Chemistry, School of International Health, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Human Development Department, Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA), Tokyo, Japan; Department of Global Health, Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia; Sección de Epidemiología, SIBASI Sonsonate, Ministerio de Salud de El Salvador (MINSAL), Sonsonate, El Salvador; Programa de Materno Infantil, Dirección Regional de Salud Zona Occidente, Ministerio de Salud de El Salvador (MINSAL), Santa Ana, El Salvador; Unidad de Vigilancia Laboratorial, Ministerio de Salud de El Salvador (MINSAL), San Salvador, El Salvador; Unidad de Vigilancia de Enfermedades Vectorizadas, Ministerio de Salud de El Salvador (MINSAL), San Salvador, El Salvador; Dirección de Vigilancia Sanitaria, Ministerio de Salud de El Salvador (MINSAL), San Salvador, El Salvador; Consejo de Investigaciones Científicas (CIC-UES), Universidad de El Salvador, San Salvador, El Salvador; Department of International and Cultural Studies, Tsuda College, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Marta Alicia Hernández Ramírez
- Department of Biomedical Chemistry, School of International Health, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Human Development Department, Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA), Tokyo, Japan; Department of Global Health, Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia; Sección de Epidemiología, SIBASI Sonsonate, Ministerio de Salud de El Salvador (MINSAL), Sonsonate, El Salvador; Programa de Materno Infantil, Dirección Regional de Salud Zona Occidente, Ministerio de Salud de El Salvador (MINSAL), Santa Ana, El Salvador; Unidad de Vigilancia Laboratorial, Ministerio de Salud de El Salvador (MINSAL), San Salvador, El Salvador; Unidad de Vigilancia de Enfermedades Vectorizadas, Ministerio de Salud de El Salvador (MINSAL), San Salvador, El Salvador; Dirección de Vigilancia Sanitaria, Ministerio de Salud de El Salvador (MINSAL), San Salvador, El Salvador; Consejo de Investigaciones Científicas (CIC-UES), Universidad de El Salvador, San Salvador, El Salvador; Department of International and Cultural Studies, Tsuda College, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ana Vilma Guevara de Aguilar
- Department of Biomedical Chemistry, School of International Health, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Human Development Department, Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA), Tokyo, Japan; Department of Global Health, Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia; Sección de Epidemiología, SIBASI Sonsonate, Ministerio de Salud de El Salvador (MINSAL), Sonsonate, El Salvador; Programa de Materno Infantil, Dirección Regional de Salud Zona Occidente, Ministerio de Salud de El Salvador (MINSAL), Santa Ana, El Salvador; Unidad de Vigilancia Laboratorial, Ministerio de Salud de El Salvador (MINSAL), San Salvador, El Salvador; Unidad de Vigilancia de Enfermedades Vectorizadas, Ministerio de Salud de El Salvador (MINSAL), San Salvador, El Salvador; Dirección de Vigilancia Sanitaria, Ministerio de Salud de El Salvador (MINSAL), San Salvador, El Salvador; Consejo de Investigaciones Científicas (CIC-UES), Universidad de El Salvador, San Salvador, El Salvador; Department of International and Cultural Studies, Tsuda College, Tokyo, Japan
| | - José Eduardo Romero Chévez
- Department of Biomedical Chemistry, School of International Health, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Human Development Department, Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA), Tokyo, Japan; Department of Global Health, Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia; Sección de Epidemiología, SIBASI Sonsonate, Ministerio de Salud de El Salvador (MINSAL), Sonsonate, El Salvador; Programa de Materno Infantil, Dirección Regional de Salud Zona Occidente, Ministerio de Salud de El Salvador (MINSAL), Santa Ana, El Salvador; Unidad de Vigilancia Laboratorial, Ministerio de Salud de El Salvador (MINSAL), San Salvador, El Salvador; Unidad de Vigilancia de Enfermedades Vectorizadas, Ministerio de Salud de El Salvador (MINSAL), San Salvador, El Salvador; Dirección de Vigilancia Sanitaria, Ministerio de Salud de El Salvador (MINSAL), San Salvador, El Salvador; Consejo de Investigaciones Científicas (CIC-UES), Universidad de El Salvador, San Salvador, El Salvador; Department of International and Cultural Studies, Tsuda College, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hector Manuel Ramos Hernández
- Department of Biomedical Chemistry, School of International Health, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Human Development Department, Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA), Tokyo, Japan; Department of Global Health, Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia; Sección de Epidemiología, SIBASI Sonsonate, Ministerio de Salud de El Salvador (MINSAL), Sonsonate, El Salvador; Programa de Materno Infantil, Dirección Regional de Salud Zona Occidente, Ministerio de Salud de El Salvador (MINSAL), Santa Ana, El Salvador; Unidad de Vigilancia Laboratorial, Ministerio de Salud de El Salvador (MINSAL), San Salvador, El Salvador; Unidad de Vigilancia de Enfermedades Vectorizadas, Ministerio de Salud de El Salvador (MINSAL), San Salvador, El Salvador; Dirección de Vigilancia Sanitaria, Ministerio de Salud de El Salvador (MINSAL), San Salvador, El Salvador; Consejo de Investigaciones Científicas (CIC-UES), Universidad de El Salvador, San Salvador, El Salvador; Department of International and Cultural Studies, Tsuda College, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Rafael Antonio Cedillos
- Department of Biomedical Chemistry, School of International Health, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Human Development Department, Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA), Tokyo, Japan; Department of Global Health, Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia; Sección de Epidemiología, SIBASI Sonsonate, Ministerio de Salud de El Salvador (MINSAL), Sonsonate, El Salvador; Programa de Materno Infantil, Dirección Regional de Salud Zona Occidente, Ministerio de Salud de El Salvador (MINSAL), Santa Ana, El Salvador; Unidad de Vigilancia Laboratorial, Ministerio de Salud de El Salvador (MINSAL), San Salvador, El Salvador; Unidad de Vigilancia de Enfermedades Vectorizadas, Ministerio de Salud de El Salvador (MINSAL), San Salvador, El Salvador; Dirección de Vigilancia Sanitaria, Ministerio de Salud de El Salvador (MINSAL), San Salvador, El Salvador; Consejo de Investigaciones Científicas (CIC-UES), Universidad de El Salvador, San Salvador, El Salvador; Department of International and Cultural Studies, Tsuda College, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chizuru Misago
- Department of Biomedical Chemistry, School of International Health, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Human Development Department, Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA), Tokyo, Japan; Department of Global Health, Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia; Sección de Epidemiología, SIBASI Sonsonate, Ministerio de Salud de El Salvador (MINSAL), Sonsonate, El Salvador; Programa de Materno Infantil, Dirección Regional de Salud Zona Occidente, Ministerio de Salud de El Salvador (MINSAL), Santa Ana, El Salvador; Unidad de Vigilancia Laboratorial, Ministerio de Salud de El Salvador (MINSAL), San Salvador, El Salvador; Unidad de Vigilancia de Enfermedades Vectorizadas, Ministerio de Salud de El Salvador (MINSAL), San Salvador, El Salvador; Dirección de Vigilancia Sanitaria, Ministerio de Salud de El Salvador (MINSAL), San Salvador, El Salvador; Consejo de Investigaciones Científicas (CIC-UES), Universidad de El Salvador, San Salvador, El Salvador; Department of International and Cultural Studies, Tsuda College, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Kita
- Department of Biomedical Chemistry, School of International Health, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Human Development Department, Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA), Tokyo, Japan; Department of Global Health, Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia; Sección de Epidemiología, SIBASI Sonsonate, Ministerio de Salud de El Salvador (MINSAL), Sonsonate, El Salvador; Programa de Materno Infantil, Dirección Regional de Salud Zona Occidente, Ministerio de Salud de El Salvador (MINSAL), Santa Ana, El Salvador; Unidad de Vigilancia Laboratorial, Ministerio de Salud de El Salvador (MINSAL), San Salvador, El Salvador; Unidad de Vigilancia de Enfermedades Vectorizadas, Ministerio de Salud de El Salvador (MINSAL), San Salvador, El Salvador; Dirección de Vigilancia Sanitaria, Ministerio de Salud de El Salvador (MINSAL), San Salvador, El Salvador; Consejo de Investigaciones Científicas (CIC-UES), Universidad de El Salvador, San Salvador, El Salvador; Department of International and Cultural Studies, Tsuda College, Tokyo, Japan
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