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Álvarez E, Falqui M, Sin L, McGrail JP, Perdiguero B, Coloma R, Marcos-Villar L, Tárrega C, Esteban M, Gómez CE, Guerra S. Unveiling the Multifaceted Roles of ISG15: From Immunomodulation to Therapeutic Frontiers. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:153. [PMID: 38400136 PMCID: PMC10891536 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12020153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The Interferon Stimulated Gene 15 (ISG15), a unique Ubiquitin-like (Ubl) modifier exclusive to vertebrates, plays a crucial role in the immune system. Primarily induced by interferon (IFN) type I, ISG15 functions through diverse mechanisms: (i) covalent protein modification (ISGylation); (ii) non-covalent intracellular action; and (iii) exerting extracellular cytokine activity. These various roles highlight its versatility in influencing numerous cellular pathways, encompassing DNA damage response, autophagy, antiviral response, and cancer-related processes, among others. The well-established antiviral effects of ISGylation contrast with its intriguing dual role in cancer, exhibiting both suppressive and promoting effects depending on the tumour type. The multifaceted functions of ISG15 extend beyond intracellular processes to extracellular cytokine signalling, influencing immune response, chemotaxis, and anti-tumour effects. Moreover, ISG15 emerges as a promising adjuvant in vaccine development, enhancing immune responses against viral antigens and demonstrating efficacy in cancer models. As a therapeutic target in cancer treatment, ISG15 exhibits a double-edged nature, promoting or suppressing oncogenesis depending on the tumour context. This review aims to contribute to future studies exploring the role of ISG15 in immune modulation and cancer therapy, potentially paving the way for the development of novel therapeutic interventions, vaccine development, and precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrique Álvarez
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 28049 Madrid, Spain; (E.Á.); (L.S.); (B.P.); (L.M.-V.); (M.E.)
| | - Michela Falqui
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Public Health and Microbiology, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (M.F.); (J.P.M.); (R.C.); (C.T.)
| | - Laura Sin
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 28049 Madrid, Spain; (E.Á.); (L.S.); (B.P.); (L.M.-V.); (M.E.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Joseph Patrick McGrail
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Public Health and Microbiology, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (M.F.); (J.P.M.); (R.C.); (C.T.)
| | - Beatriz Perdiguero
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 28049 Madrid, Spain; (E.Á.); (L.S.); (B.P.); (L.M.-V.); (M.E.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Rocío Coloma
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Public Health and Microbiology, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (M.F.); (J.P.M.); (R.C.); (C.T.)
| | - Laura Marcos-Villar
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 28049 Madrid, Spain; (E.Á.); (L.S.); (B.P.); (L.M.-V.); (M.E.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Céline Tárrega
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Public Health and Microbiology, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (M.F.); (J.P.M.); (R.C.); (C.T.)
| | - Mariano Esteban
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 28049 Madrid, Spain; (E.Á.); (L.S.); (B.P.); (L.M.-V.); (M.E.)
| | - Carmen Elena Gómez
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 28049 Madrid, Spain; (E.Á.); (L.S.); (B.P.); (L.M.-V.); (M.E.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Susana Guerra
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Public Health and Microbiology, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (M.F.); (J.P.M.); (R.C.); (C.T.)
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
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Paniz-Mondolfi A, Reidy J, Pagani N, Lednicky JA, McGrail JP, Kasminskaya Y, Patino LH, Garcia-Sastre A, Palacios G, Gonzalez-Reiche AS, van Bakel H, Firpo Betancourt A, Hernandez MM, Cordon-Cardo C, Simon V, Sordillo EM, Ramírez JD, Guerra S. Genomic and ultrastructural analysis of monkeypox virus in skin lesions and in human/animal infected cells reveals further morphofunctional insights into viral pathogenicity. J Med Virol 2023; 95:e28878. [PMID: 37322614 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.28878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Monkeypox (MPOX) is a zoonotic disease that affects humans and other primates, resulting in a smallpox-like illness. It is caused by monkeypox virus (MPXV), which belongs to the Poxviridae family. Clinically manifested by a range of cutaneous and systemic findings, as well as variable disease severity phenotypes based on the genetic makeup of the virus, the cutaneous niche and respiratory mucosa are the epicenters of MPXV pathogenicity. Herein, we describe the ultrastructural features of MPXV infection in both human cultured cells and cutaneous clinical specimens collected during the 2022-2023 MPOX outbreak in New York City that were revealed through electron microscopy. We observed typical enveloped virions with brick-shaped morphologies that contained surface protrusions, consistent with the classic ultrastructural features of MPXV. In addition, we describe morpho-functional evidence that point to roles of distinct cellular organelles in viral assembly during clinical MPXV infection. Interestingly, in skin lesions, we found abundant melanosomes near viral assembly sites, particularly in the vicinity of mature virions, which provides further insight into virus-host interactions at the subcellular level that contribute to MPXV pathogenesis. These findings not only highlight the importance of electron microscopic studies for further investigation of this emerging pathogen but also in characterizing MPXV pathogenesis during human infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Paniz-Mondolfi
- Department of Pathology, Molecular, and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| | - Jason Reidy
- Department of Pathology, Molecular, and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| | - Nina Pagani
- Department of Pathology, Molecular, and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
- Department of Biotechnology Laboratory Sciences, Valencia College, Orlando, Florida, USA
- Infectious Diseases Research Department, Division of Virology, Venezuelan Science Incubator and The Zoonosis and Emerging Pathogens Regional Collaborative Network, Cabudare, Lara, Venezuela
| | - John A Lednicky
- Department of Environmental and Global Health, College of Public Health and Health Professions, Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Joseph Patrick McGrail
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Public Health and Microbiology, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Yana Kasminskaya
- Department of Pathology, Molecular, and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| | - Luz H Patino
- Department of Pathology, Molecular, and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| | - Adolfo Garcia-Sastre
- Department of Pathology, Molecular, and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
- Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
- The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| | - Gustavo Palacios
- Department of Pathology, Molecular, and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
- Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
- The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| | | | - Harm van Bakel
- Department of Pathology, Molecular, and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
- Icahn Genomics Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| | - Adolfo Firpo Betancourt
- Department of Pathology, Molecular, and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| | - Matthew M Hernandez
- Department of Pathology, Molecular, and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| | - Carlos Cordon-Cardo
- Department of Pathology, Molecular, and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| | - Viviana Simon
- Department of Pathology, Molecular, and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
- Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
- Center for Vaccine Research and Pandemic Preparedness (C-VARPP), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| | - Emilia M Sordillo
- Department of Pathology, Molecular, and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| | - Juan David Ramírez
- Department of Pathology, Molecular, and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
- Centro de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Biotecnología-UR (CIMBIUR), Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Susana Guerra
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Public Health and Microbiology, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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Falqui M, Perdiguero B, Coloma R, Albert M, Marcos-Villar L, McGrail JP, Sorzano CÓS, Esteban M, Gómez CE, Guerra S. An MVA-based vector expressing cell-free ISG15 increases IFN-I production and improves HIV-1-specific CD8 T cell immune responses. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1187193. [PMID: 37313341 PMCID: PMC10258332 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1187193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), responsible of the Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS), continues to be a major global public health issue with any cure or vaccine available. The Interferon-stimulated gene 15 (ISG15) encodes a ubiquitin-like protein that is induced by interferons and plays a critical role in the immune response. ISG15 is a modifier protein that covalently binds to its targets via a reversible bond, a process known as ISGylation, which is the best-characterized activity of this protein to date. However, ISG15 can also interact with intracellular proteins via non-covalent binding or act as a cytokine in the extracellular space after secretion. In previous studies we proved the adjuvant effect of ISG15 when delivered by a DNA-vector in heterologous prime-boost combination with a Modified Vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA)-based recombinant virus expressing HIV-1 antigens Env/Gag-Pol-Nef (MVA-B). Here we extended these results evaluating the adjuvant effect of ISG15 when expressed by an MVA vector. For this, we generated and characterized two novel MVA recombinants expressing different forms of ISG15, the wild-type ISG15GG (able to perform ISGylation) or the mutated ISG15AA (unable to perform ISGylation). In mice immunized with the heterologous DNA prime/MVA boost regimen, the expression of the mutant ISG15AA from MVA-Δ3-ISG15AA vector in combination with MVA-B induced an increase in the magnitude and quality of HIV-1-specific CD8 T cells as well as in the levels of IFN-I released, providing a better immunostimulatory activity than the wild-type ISG15GG. Our results confirm the importance of ISG15 as an immune adjuvant in the vaccine field and highlights its role as a potential relevant component in HIV-1 immunization protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Falqui
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Public Health and Microbiology, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz Perdiguero
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Rocio Coloma
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Public Health and Microbiology, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Albert
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Public Health and Microbiology, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Marcos-Villar
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Joseph Patrick McGrail
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Public Health and Microbiology, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Óscar S. Sorzano
- Biocomputing Unit and Computational Genomics, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Mariano Esteban
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Elena Gómez
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Susana Guerra
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Public Health and Microbiology, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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