1
|
Beyer K, Leenen R, Venderbos LDF, Helleman J, Denijs F, Bramer W, Vasilyeva V, Briers E, Rivas JG, Chloupkova R, Majek O, Annemans L, Vynckier P, Basu P, Chandran A, van den Bergh R, Collen S, van Poppel H, Roobol MJ. Health Policy for Prostate Cancer Early Detection in the European Union and the Impact of Opportunistic Screening: PRAISE-U Consortium. J Pers Med 2024; 14:84. [PMID: 38248785 PMCID: PMC10819943 DOI: 10.3390/jpm14010084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
With the new policy recommendation in 2022 to explore the possibilities of screening for prostate cancer by the European Commission, the landscape for prostate cancer early detection is evolving. In line with this recommendation, the PRAISE-U project aims to evaluate the early detection and diagnosis of prostate cancer through customised and risk-based screening programmes, with the goal to align protocols across European Union member states. This systematic review is part of the PRAISE-U project, with the goal to review the policy, medical guideline recommendations, and the current level of opportunistic screening presented in the scientific literature on prostate cancer early detection from 2016 to 2023 in European Union member states. An extensive literature search was performed on 1 June 2023 in a large number of databases, including Embase.com, Medline (Ovid), Web of Science Core Collection, Google Scholar, and Policy Commons. We identified 318 articles (qualitative, quantitative, and reviews), of which 41 were included in the full-text screening. Seventeen articles were ultimately identified as eligible for inclusion. The included articles revealed significant variations towards PSA-based early detection policies for prostate cancer in nine European countries. Despite official recommendations, opportunistic screening was prevalent across all nine countries regardless of recommendations for or against PSA-based early detection. This systematic review suggests that the current early detection policies are not fit for purpose. High levels of opportunistic screening and overdiagnosis persist, prompting policy recommendations for standardised guidelines, informed decision making, and increased awareness to improve efficiency and effectiveness in early detection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Beyer
- Department of Urology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (R.L.); (L.D.F.V.); (J.H.); (F.D.); (R.v.d.B.); (M.J.R.)
| | - Renée Leenen
- Department of Urology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (R.L.); (L.D.F.V.); (J.H.); (F.D.); (R.v.d.B.); (M.J.R.)
| | - Lionne D. F. Venderbos
- Department of Urology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (R.L.); (L.D.F.V.); (J.H.); (F.D.); (R.v.d.B.); (M.J.R.)
| | - Jozien Helleman
- Department of Urology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (R.L.); (L.D.F.V.); (J.H.); (F.D.); (R.v.d.B.); (M.J.R.)
| | - Frederique Denijs
- Department of Urology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (R.L.); (L.D.F.V.); (J.H.); (F.D.); (R.v.d.B.); (M.J.R.)
| | - Wichor Bramer
- Medical Library, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Vera Vasilyeva
- European Association of Urology, Policy Office, 6842 CV Arnhem, The Netherlands; (V.V.); (S.C.); (H.v.P.)
| | | | - Juan Gomez Rivas
- Department of Urology, Clínico San Carlos University Hospital, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Renata Chloupkova
- National Screening Centre, Institute of Health Information and Statistics of the Czech Republic, 128 01 Prague, Czech Republic; (R.C.); (O.M.)
- Institute of Biostatistics and Analyses, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ondrej Majek
- National Screening Centre, Institute of Health Information and Statistics of the Czech Republic, 128 01 Prague, Czech Republic; (R.C.); (O.M.)
- Institute of Biostatistics and Analyses, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Lieven Annemans
- Department of Urology, Gasthuisberg University Hospital, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (L.A.); (P.V.)
| | - Pieter Vynckier
- Department of Urology, Gasthuisberg University Hospital, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (L.A.); (P.V.)
| | - Partha Basu
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, World Health Organization, 69366 Lyon, France; (P.B.); (A.C.)
| | - Arunah Chandran
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, World Health Organization, 69366 Lyon, France; (P.B.); (A.C.)
| | - Roderick van den Bergh
- Department of Urology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (R.L.); (L.D.F.V.); (J.H.); (F.D.); (R.v.d.B.); (M.J.R.)
| | - Sarah Collen
- European Association of Urology, Policy Office, 6842 CV Arnhem, The Netherlands; (V.V.); (S.C.); (H.v.P.)
| | - Hendrik van Poppel
- European Association of Urology, Policy Office, 6842 CV Arnhem, The Netherlands; (V.V.); (S.C.); (H.v.P.)
| | - Monique J. Roobol
- Department of Urology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (R.L.); (L.D.F.V.); (J.H.); (F.D.); (R.v.d.B.); (M.J.R.)
| | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Gómez Rivas J, Leenen RCA, Venderbos LDF, Helleman J, de la Parra I, Vasilyeva V, Moreno-Sierra J, Basu P, Chandran A, van den Bergh RCN, Collen S, Van Poppel H, Roobol MJ, Beyer K. Navigating through the Controversies and Emerging Paradigms in Early Detection of Prostate Cancer: Bridging the Gap from Classic RCTs to Modern Population-Based Pilot Programs. J Pers Med 2023; 13:1677. [PMID: 38138904 PMCID: PMC10744765 DOI: 10.3390/jpm13121677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2023] [Revised: 11/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the last three decades, the European Randomized Study of Screening for Prostate Cancer (ERSPC) and the US-based Prostate, Lung, Colorectal and Ovarian (PLCO) Cancer Screening have steered the conversation around the early detection of prostate cancer. These two randomized trials assessed the effect of screening on prostate cancer disease-specific mortality. Elevated PSA levels were followed by a systematic sextant prostate biopsy. Standard repeat testing intervals were applied. After controversies from 2009 to 2016 due to contradicting results of the two trials, the results aligned in 2016 and showed that early PSA detection reduces prostate cancer-specific mortality. However, overdiagnosis rates of up to 50% were reported, and this sparked an intense debate on harms and benefits for almost 20 years. The balance between harms and benefits is highly debated and has initiated further research to investigate new ways of early detection. In the meantime, the knowledge and tools for the diagnostic algorithm improved. This is a continuously ongoing effort which focuses on individual risk-based screening algorithms that preserve the benefits of the purely PSA-based screening algorithms, while reducing the side effects. An important push towards investigating new techniques for early detection came from the European Commission on the 20th of September 2022. The European Commission published its updated recommendation to investigate prostate, lung, and gastric cancer early detection programs. This opened a new window of opportunity to move away from the trial setting to population-based early detection settings. With this review, we aim to review 30 years of historical evidence of prostate cancer screening, which led to the initiation of the 'The Prostate Cancer Awareness and Initiative for Screening in the European Union' (PRAISE-U) project, which aims to encourage the early detection and diagnosis of PCa through customized and risk-based screening programs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Gómez Rivas
- Department of Urology, Health Research Institute, Hospital Clinico San Carlos, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (I.d.l.P.); (J.M.-S.)
| | - Renée C. A. Leenen
- Department of Urology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, University Medical Center, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (R.C.A.L.); (L.D.F.V.); (J.H.); (R.C.N.v.d.B.); (M.J.R.); (K.B.)
| | - Lionne D. F. Venderbos
- Department of Urology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, University Medical Center, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (R.C.A.L.); (L.D.F.V.); (J.H.); (R.C.N.v.d.B.); (M.J.R.); (K.B.)
| | - Jozien Helleman
- Department of Urology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, University Medical Center, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (R.C.A.L.); (L.D.F.V.); (J.H.); (R.C.N.v.d.B.); (M.J.R.); (K.B.)
| | - Irene de la Parra
- Department of Urology, Health Research Institute, Hospital Clinico San Carlos, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (I.d.l.P.); (J.M.-S.)
| | - Vera Vasilyeva
- European Association of Urology, Guidelines Office, PO Box 30016 6803 AA Arnhem, The Netherlands; (V.V.); (S.C.)
- European Association of Urology, EAU Policy Office, PO Box 30016 6803 AA Arnhem, The Netherlands;
| | - Jesús Moreno-Sierra
- Department of Urology, Health Research Institute, Hospital Clinico San Carlos, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (I.d.l.P.); (J.M.-S.)
| | - Partha Basu
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, World Health Organization, 69366 Lyon, France; (P.B.); (A.C.)
| | - Arunah Chandran
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, World Health Organization, 69366 Lyon, France; (P.B.); (A.C.)
| | - Roderick C. N. van den Bergh
- Department of Urology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, University Medical Center, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (R.C.A.L.); (L.D.F.V.); (J.H.); (R.C.N.v.d.B.); (M.J.R.); (K.B.)
- Department of Urology, Sint Antonius Hospital, 3543 AZ Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Sarah Collen
- European Association of Urology, Guidelines Office, PO Box 30016 6803 AA Arnhem, The Netherlands; (V.V.); (S.C.)
- European Association of Urology, EAU Policy Office, PO Box 30016 6803 AA Arnhem, The Netherlands;
| | - Hein Van Poppel
- European Association of Urology, EAU Policy Office, PO Box 30016 6803 AA Arnhem, The Netherlands;
- Department of Urology, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Monique J. Roobol
- Department of Urology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, University Medical Center, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (R.C.A.L.); (L.D.F.V.); (J.H.); (R.C.N.v.d.B.); (M.J.R.); (K.B.)
| | - Katharina Beyer
- Department of Urology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, University Medical Center, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (R.C.A.L.); (L.D.F.V.); (J.H.); (R.C.N.v.d.B.); (M.J.R.); (K.B.)
| | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Bahlinger V, Angeloni M, Cabanas M, Doeveren T, Eckstein M, Ferrazzi F, Geppert C, Heers H, Helleman J, Leenders A, José Lozano M, Matas-Rico E, Stoehr R, Sikic D, Taubert H, Volland P, Wullich B, Wach S, Herrera-Imbroda B, Allory Y, Boormans J, Hartmann A. Protein-based molecular subtypes associate with clinical-pathological characteristics in a multi-institutional cohort of upper tract urothelial carcinomas. Eur Urol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/s0302-2838(23)01211-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
|
4
|
van der Slot MA, den Bakker MA, Tan TSC, Remmers S, Busstra MB, Gan M, Klaver S, Rietbergen JBW, Kweldam CF, Kliffen M, Hamoen KE, Budel LM, Goemaere NNT, Helleman J, Bangma CH, Roobol MJ, van Leenders GJLH. NeuroSAFE in radical prostatectomy increases the rate of nerve-sparing surgery without affecting oncological outcome. BJU Int 2022; 130:628-636. [PMID: 35536200 PMCID: PMC9796592 DOI: 10.1111/bju.15771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the impact of intra-operative neurovascular structure-adjacent frozen-section examination (NeuroSAFE) on the rate of nerve-sparing surgery (NSS) and oncological outcome in a large radical prostatectomy (RP) cohort. PATIENTS AND METHODS Between January 2016 and December 2020, 1756 prostate cancer patients underwent robot-assisted RP, of whom 959 (55%) underwent this with NeuroSAFE and 797 (45%) without (control cohort). In cases where NeuroSAFE showed tumour in the margin, a secondary resection was performed. The effect of NeuroSAFE on NSS and positive surgical margin (PSM) status was analysed using logistic regression. Cox regression was used to identify predictors of biochemical recurrence-free survival (BCRFS). RESULTS AND LIMITATIONS Patients in the NeuroSAFE cohort had a higher tumour grade (P < 0.001) and clinical stage (P < 0.001) than those in the control cohort. NeuroSAFE enabled more frequent NSS for both pT2 (93% vs 76%; P < 0.001) and pT3 disease (83% vs 55%; P < 0.001). In adjusted analysis, NeuroSAFE resulted in more frequent unilateral (odds ratio [OR] 3.90, 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.90-5.30; P < 0.001) and bilateral (OR 5.22, 95% CI 3.90-6.98; P < 0.001) NSS. While the PSM rate decreased from 51% to 42% in patients with pT3 stage disease (P = 0.031), NeuroSAFE was not an independent predictor of PSM status (OR 0.85, 95% CI 0.68-1.06; P = 0.2) in the entire cohort. Patients who underwent NeuroSAFE had better BCRFS compared to the control cohort (hazard ratio 0.62, 95% CI 0.45-0.84; P = 0.002). This study is limited by its comparison with a historical cohort and lack of functional outcomes. CONCLUSIONS NeuroSAFE enables more unilateral and bilateral NSS without negatively affecting surgical margin status and biochemical recurrence. This validation study provides a comprehensive overview of the implementation, evaluation and intra-operative decision making associated with NeuroSAFE in clinical practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Margaretha A. van der Slot
- Anser Prostate operation ClinicRotterdam,Department of PathologyMaasstad HospitalRotterdam,Department of UrologyMaasstad HospitalRotterdam
| | - Michael A. den Bakker
- Anser Prostate operation ClinicRotterdam,Department of PathologyMaasstad HospitalRotterdam
| | - Tamara S. C. Tan
- Department of UrologyErasmus MC University Medical CentreRotterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Sebastiaan Remmers
- Department of UrologyErasmus MC University Medical CentreRotterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Martijn B. Busstra
- Anser Prostate operation ClinicRotterdam,Department of UrologyErasmus MC University Medical CentreRotterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Melanie Gan
- Anser Prostate operation ClinicRotterdam,Department of UrologyMaasstad HospitalRotterdam
| | - Sjoerd Klaver
- Anser Prostate operation ClinicRotterdam,Department of UrologyMaasstad HospitalRotterdam
| | - John B. W. Rietbergen
- Anser Prostate operation ClinicRotterdam,Department of UrologyFranciscus Gasthuis & VlietlandRotterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Charlotte F. Kweldam
- Anser Prostate operation ClinicRotterdam,Department of PathologyMaasstad HospitalRotterdam
| | - Mike Kliffen
- Anser Prostate operation ClinicRotterdam,Department of PathologyMaasstad HospitalRotterdam
| | - Karen E. Hamoen
- Anser Prostate operation ClinicRotterdam,Department of PathologyMaasstad HospitalRotterdam
| | - Leo M. Budel
- Anser Prostate operation ClinicRotterdam,Department of PathologyMaasstad HospitalRotterdam
| | | | - Jozien Helleman
- Department of UrologyErasmus MC University Medical CentreRotterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Chris H. Bangma
- Department of UrologyErasmus MC University Medical CentreRotterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Monique J. Roobol
- Department of UrologyErasmus MC University Medical CentreRotterdamThe Netherlands
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Remmers S, Helleman J, Nieboer D, Trock B, Hyndman ME, Moore CM, Gnanapragasam V, Shiong Lee L, Elhage O, Klotz L, Carroll P, Pickles T, Bjartell A, Robert G, Frydenberg M, Sugimoto M, Ehdaie B, Morgan TM, Rubio-Briones J, Semjonow A, Bangma CH, Roobol MJ. Active Surveillance for Men Younger than 60 Years or with Intermediate-risk Localized Prostate Cancer. Descriptive Analyses of Clinical Practice in the Movember GAP3 Initiative. EUR UROL SUPPL 2022; 41:126-133. [PMID: 35813247 PMCID: PMC9257656 DOI: 10.1016/j.euros.2022.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Active surveillance (AS) is a management option for men diagnosed with low-risk prostate cancer. Opinions differ on whether it is safe to include young men (≤60 yr) or men with intermediate-risk disease. Objective To assess whether reasons for discontinuation, treatment choice after AS, and adverse pathology at radical prostatectomy (RP; N1, or ≥GG3, or ≥pT3) differ for men ≤60 yr or those with European Association of Urology (EAU) intermediate-risk disease from those for men >60 yr or those with EAU low-risk disease. Design setting and participants We analyzed data from 5411 men ≤60 yr and 14 959 men >60 yr, 14 064 men with low-risk cancer, and 2441 men with intermediate-risk cancer, originating from the GAP3 database (21 169 patients/27 cohorts worldwide). Outcome measurements and statistical analysis Cumulative incidence curves were used to estimate the rates of AS discontinuation and treatment choice. Results and limitations The probability of discontinuation of AS due to disease progression at 5 yr was similar for men aged ≤60 yr (22%) and those >60 yr (25%), as well as those of any age with low-risk disease (24%) versus those with intermediate-risk disease (24%). Men with intermediate-risk disease are more prone to discontinue AS without evidence of progression than men with low-risk disease (at 1/5 yr: 5.9%/14.2% vs 2.0%/8.8%). Adverse pathology at RP was observed in 32% of men ≤60 yr compared with 36% of men >60 yr (p = 0.029), and in 34% with low-risk disease compared with 40% with intermediate-risk disease (p = 0.048). Conclusions Our descriptive analysis of AS practices worldwide showed that the risk of progression during AS is similar across the age and risk groups studied. The proportion of adverse pathology was higher among men >60 yr than among men ≤60 yr. These results suggest that men ≤60 yr and those with EAU intermediate-risk disease should not be excluded from opting for AS as initial management. Patient summary Data from 27 international centers reflecting daily clinical practice suggest that younger men or men with intermediate-risk prostate cancer do not hold greater risk for disease progression during active surveillance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastiaan Remmers
- Department of Urology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Corresponding author. Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, University Medical Center Rotterdam, P.O. Box 2040, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD, Rotterdam, The Netherlands. Tel. +31 10 703 2239; Fax: +31 10 703 5315.
| | - Jozien Helleman
- Department of Urology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Daan Nieboer
- Department of Urology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Public Health, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bruce Trock
- The James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Matthew E. Hyndman
- Southern Alberta Institute of Urology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Caroline M. Moore
- University College London, London, UK
- University College London Hospitals Trust, London, UK
| | | | | | - Oussama Elhage
- King's College London, London, UK
- Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Laurence Klotz
- Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Peter Carroll
- University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Tom Pickles
- University of British Columbia, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | | | - Grégoire Robert
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Mark Frydenberg
- Monash University and Epworth HealthCare, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Behfar Ehdaie
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Todd M. Morgan
- University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Michigan Urological Surgery Improvement Collaborative (MUSIC), Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | | | - Chris H. Bangma
- Department of Urology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Monique J. Roobol
- Department of Urology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Beckmann KR, Bangma CH, Helleman J, Bjartell A, Carroll PR, Morgan T, Nieboer D, Santaolalla A, Trock BJ, Valdagni R, Roobol MJ. Comparison of outcomes of different biopsy schedules among men on active surveillance for prostate cancer: An analysis of the G.A.P.3 global consortium database. Prostate 2022; 82:876-879. [PMID: 35254666 PMCID: PMC9541488 DOI: 10.1002/pros.24330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The optimal interval for repeat biopsy during active surveillance (AS) for prostate cancer is yet to be defined. This study examined whether risk of upgrading (to grade group ≥ 2) or risk of converting to treatment varied according to intensity of repeat biopsy using data from the GAP3 consortium's global AS database. MATERIALS AND METHODS Intensity of surveillance biopsy schedules was categorized according to centers' protocols: (a) Prostate Cancer Research International Active Surveillance project (PRIAS) protocols with biopsies at years 1, 4, and 7 (10 centers; 7532 men); (b) biennial biopsies, that is, every other year (8 centers; 4365 men); and (c) annual biopsy schedules (4 centers; 1602 men). Multivariable Cox regression was used to compare outcomes according to biopsy intensity. RESULTS Out of the 13,508 eligible participants, 56% were managed according to PRIAS protocols (biopsies at years 1, 4, and 7), 32% via biennial biopsy, and 12% via annual biopsy. After adjusting for baseline characteristics, risk of converting to treatment was greater for those on annual compared with PRIAS biopsy schedules (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.66; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.51-1.83; p < 0.001), while risk of upgrading did not differ (HR = 0.96; 95% CI = 0.84-1.10). CONCLUSION Results suggest more frequent biopsy schedules may deter some men from continuing AS despite no evidence of grade progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kerri R. Beckmann
- Cancer Epidemiology and Population Health ResearchUniversity of South AustraliaAdelaideSouth AustraliaAustralia
- Translational Oncology and Urology ResearchKings College LondonLondonUK
| | - Chris H. Bangma
- Department of UrologyErasmus MC Cancer InstituteRotterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Jozien Helleman
- Department of UrologyErasmus MC Cancer InstituteRotterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Anders Bjartell
- Department of Translational MedicineSkane University HospitalMalmoSweden
| | - Peter R. Carroll
- Department of UrologyUniversity of California San FranciscoSan FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Todd Morgan
- Michigan Urological Surgery Improvement CollaborativeUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMichiganUSA
| | - Daan Nieboer
- Department of UrologyErasmus MC Cancer InstituteRotterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Aida Santaolalla
- Translational Oncology and Urology ResearchKings College LondonLondonUK
| | - Bruce J. Trock
- The James Buchanan Brady Urological InstituteJohn Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Riccardo Valdagni
- Radiation Oncology and Prostate Cancer ProgramIstituto Nazionale Dei TumoriMilanoItaly
| | - Monique J. Roobol
- Department of UrologyErasmus MC Cancer InstituteRotterdamThe Netherlands
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Olivier J, Li W, Nieboer D, Helleman J, Roobol M, Gnanapragasam V, Frydenberg M, Sugimoto M, Carroll P, Morgan TM, Valdagni R, Rubio-Briones J, Robert G, Stricker P, Hayen A, Schoots I, Haider M, Moore CM, Denton B, Villers A. Prostate Cancer Patients Under Active Surveillance with a Suspicious Magnetic Resonance Imaging Finding Are at Increased Risk of Needing Treatment: Results of the Movember Foundation's Global Action Plan Prostate Cancer Active Surveillance (GAP3) Consortium. EUR UROL SUPPL 2022; 35:59-67. [PMID: 35024633 PMCID: PMC8738894 DOI: 10.1016/j.euros.2021.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The inclusion criterion for active surveillance (AS) is low- or intermediate-risk prostate cancer. The predictive value of the presence of a suspicious lesion at magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at the time of inclusion is insufficiently known. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the percentage of patients needing active treatment stratified by the presence or absence of a suspicious lesion at baseline MRI. DESIGN SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS A retrospective analysis of the data from the multicentric AS GAP3 Consortium database was conducted. The inclusion criteria were men with grade group (GG) 1 or GG 2 prostate cancer combined with prostate-specific antigen <20 ng/ml. We selected a subgroup of patients who had MRI at baseline and for whom MRI results and targeted biopsies were used for AS eligibility. Suspicious MRI was defined as an MRI lesion with Prostate Imaging Reporting and Data System (PI-RADS)/Likert ≥3 and for which targeted biopsies did not exclude the patient for AS. OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS The primary outcome was treatment free survival (FS). The secondary outcomes were histological GG progression FS and continuation of AS (discontinuation FS). RESULTS AND LIMITATIONS The study cohort included 2119 patients (1035 men with nonsuspicious MRI and 1084 with suspicious MRI) with a median follow-up of 23 (12-43) mo. For the whole cohort, 3-yr treatment FS was 71% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 69-74). For nonsuspicious MRI and suspicious MRI groups, 3-yr treatment FS rates were, respectively, 80% (95% CI: 77-83) and 63% (95% CI: 59-66). Active treatment (hazard ratio [HR] = 2.0, p < 0.001), grade progression (HR = 1.9, p < 0.001), and discontinuation of AS (HR = 1.7, p < 0.001) were significantly higher in the suspicious MRI group than in the nonsuspicious MRI group. CONCLUSIONS The risks of switching to treatment, histological progression, and AS discontinuation are higher in cases of suspicious MRI at inclusion. PATIENT SUMMARY Among men with low- or intermediate-risk prostate cancer who choose active surveillance, those with suspicious magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at the time of inclusion in active surveillance are more likely to show switch to treatment than men with nonsuspicious MRI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Weiyu Li
- University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Daan Nieboer
- Department of Urology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Public Health, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jozien Helleman
- Department of Urology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Monique Roobol
- Department of Urology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Mark Frydenberg
- Cabrini Health, Cabrini Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Peter Carroll
- University California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Todd M. Morgan
- University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Michigan Urological Surgery Improvement Collaborative, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Riccardo Valdagni
- Department of Oncology and Hemato-oncology, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
- Radiation Oncology Department and Prostate Cancer Program, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Grégoire Robert
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux (CHU), Bordeaux, France
| | | | - Andrew Hayen
- University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Ivo Schoots
- Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Masoom Haider
- Sinai Health System, University Health Network and University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Caroline M. Moore
- University College London & University College London Hospitals Trust, London, UK
| | | | - Arnauld Villers
- Lille University Medical Center, Lille, France
- Corresponding author. Lille University Medical Center, Lille, France
| | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Beckmann K, Santaolalla A, Helleman J, Carroll P, Ha Chung B, Shiong Lee L, Perry A, Rubio-Briones J, Sugimoto M, Trock B, Valdagni R, Dasgupta P, Van Hemelrijck M, Elhage O. Comparison of Characteristics, Follow-up and Outcomes of Active Surveillance for Prostate Cancer According to Ethnicity in the GAP3 Global Consortium Database. EUR UROL SUPPL 2021; 34:47-54. [PMID: 34934967 PMCID: PMC8655390 DOI: 10.1016/j.euros.2021.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies of active surveillance (AS) for prostate cancer (PCa) have focussed predominantly on Caucasian populations. Little is known about the experience of Asian men, while suitability for men of African descent has been questioned. OBJECTIVE To compare baseline characteristics, follow-up, and outcomes for men on AS for PCa, according to ethnicity. DESIGN SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS The study cohort included 13 centres from the GAP3 consortium that record ethnicity (categorised broadly as Caucasian/white, African/Afro-Caribbean/black, Asian, mixed/other, and unknown). Men with biopsy grade group >2, prostate-specific antigen (PSA) >20 ng/ml, T stage ≥cT3, or age >80 yr were excluded. OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS Clinical characteristics, follow-up schedules, outcome status, and reasons for discontinuation were compared across ethnic groups. Risk of upgrading, potential disease progression (grade group ≥3 or T stage ≥3), suspicious indications (any upgrading, number of positive cores >3, T stage ≥cT3, PSA >20 ng/ml, or PSA density >0.2 ng/ml/cc2), and conversion to treatment were assessed using mixed-effect regression models. RESULTS AND LIMITATIONS The eligible cohort (n = 9158) comprised 83% Caucasian men, 6% men of African descent, 5% Asian men, 2% men of mixed/other ethnicity, and 4% men of unknown ethnicity. Risks of suspicious indicators (hazard ratio = 1.27; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.12-1.45), upgrading (odds ratio [OR] = 1.40; 95% CI 1.14-1.71), and potential progression (OR = 1.46; 95% CI 1.06-2.01) were higher among African/black than among Caucasian/white men. Risk of transitioning to treatment did not differ by ethnicity. More Asian than Caucasian men converted without progression (42% vs 26%, p < 0.001). Heterogeneity in surveillance protocols and racial makeup limit interpretation. CONCLUSIONS This multinational study found differences in the risk of disease progression and transitioning to treatment without signs of progression between ethnic groups. Further research is required to determine whether differences are due to biology, sociocultural factors, and/or clinical practice. PATIENT SUMMARY This international study compared prostate cancer active surveillance outcomes by ethnicity. Risks of upgrading and disease progression were higher among African than among Caucasian men. Transitioning to treatment without progression was highest among Asian men. Understanding of these differences requires further investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kerri Beckmann
- Translational Oncology and Urology Research, King's College London, London, UK
- Cancer Epidemiology and Population Health University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
- Corresponding author. Level 8 SAHMRI Building, North Terrace, Adelaide, South Australia 5001, Australia. Tel. +61 8 83027019.
| | - Aida Santaolalla
- Translational Oncology and Urology Research, King's College London, London, UK
- Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Jozien Helleman
- Department of Urology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Carroll
- Department of Urology, UCSF – Helen Diller Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Byung Ha Chung
- Department of Urology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Lui Shiong Lee
- Department of Urology, Sengkang General Hospital and Singapore General Hospital, Singapore
| | | | | | | | - Bruce Trock
- Johns Hopkins University, The James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Riccardo Valdagni
- Department of Oncology and Hemato-oncology, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
- Radiation Oncology and Prostate Cancer Program, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Prokar Dasgupta
- Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Mieke Van Hemelrijck
- Translational Oncology and Urology Research, King's College London, London, UK
- Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Oussama Elhage
- Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Olivier J, Li W, Helleman J, Robert G, Villers A. Les patients sous surveillance active ayant une IRM suspecte à l’inclusion présentent ils un risque accru d’avoir besoin d’un traitement curatif ? Résultats du consortium Gap3 de la fondation Movember. Prog Urol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.purol.2021.08.222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
10
|
Remmers S, Hollemans E, Nieboer D, Luiting HB, van Leenders GJLH, Helleman J, Roobol MJ. Improving the prediction of biochemical recurrence after radical prostatectomy with the addition of detailed pathology of the positive surgical margin and cribriform growth. Ann Diagn Pathol 2021; 56:151842. [PMID: 34717190 DOI: 10.1016/j.anndiagpath.2021.151842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The risk on biochemical recurrence (BCR) after radical prostatectomy (RP) is usually estimated using PSA and pathological stage and grading including the presence of positive surgical margins (PSM). Objective was to investigate whether the presence of cribriform growth in the primary tumor, Grade Group (GG) at the PSM, and length of the PSM have added value in the prognostication. We analyzed data of 835 patients initially treated with RP between 2000 and 2017. Cox regression models were developed to compare the baseline model (PSA, pT-stage, pN-stage, GG at RP, and presence of PSM) with an extended model (adding the presence of cribriform growth, length and GG at the PSM) using the likelihood ratio test. Discrimination was assessed at internal validation by the time-dependent area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) at 3- and 5-year. A total of 224 men experienced BCR. Median follow-up for men without BCR was 50.4 months (interquartile range, IQR 11.9-95.5). The extended model had a significant better fit, χ2(4) = 31.0, p < 0.001 than the baseline model. The AUC of the 3- and 5-year extended model was 0.85 (95% CI 0.81-0.88) compared to 0.83 (95% CI 0.79-0.87) for the baseline model. Importantly, the presence of cribriform growth in the primary tumor, and GG ≥ 2 at PSM were associated with a higher risk on BCR. In conclusion, the addition of pathological variables improved the prediction of the risk on BCR after RP slightly. However, the clinical implications of this model are important.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastiaan Remmers
- Department of Urology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, University Medical Center Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Eva Hollemans
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, University Medical Center Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Daan Nieboer
- Department of Urology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, University Medical Center Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Public Health, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Henk B Luiting
- Department of Urology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, University Medical Center Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Geert J L H van Leenders
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, University Medical Center Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jozien Helleman
- Department of Urology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, University Medical Center Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Monique J Roobol
- Department of Urology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, University Medical Center Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
van der Slot M, Den Bakker M, Kweldam C, Remmers S, Tan T, Klaver O, Kliffen M, Busstra M, Rietbergen J, Gan M, Hamoen K, Budel L, Goemaere N, Bangma C, Helleman J, Roobol M, Van Leenders G. Outcomes after introducing intraoperative NeuroSAFE technique in robot-assisted radical prostatectomy. Eur Urol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/s0302-2838(21)01468-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
12
|
Crump RT, Remmers S, Van Hemelrijck M, Helleman J, Nieboer D, Roobol MJ, Venderbos LDF, Trock B, Ehdaie B, Carroll P, Filson C, Logothetis C, Morgan T, Klotz L, Pickles T, Hyndman E, Moore C, Gnanapragasam V, Van Hemelrijck M, Dasgupta P, Bangma C, Roobol M, Villers A, Robert G, Semjonow A, Rannikko A, Valdagni R, Perry A, Hugosson J, Rubio-Briones J, Bjartell A, Hefermehl L, Shiong LL, Frydenberg M, Sugimoto M, Chung BH, van der Kwast T, Hulsen T, de Jonge C, van Hooft P, Kattan M, Xinge J, Muir K, Lophatananon A, Fahey M, Steyerberg E, Nieboer D, Zhang L, Steyerberg E, Nieboer D, Beckmann K, Denton B, Hayen A, Boutros P, Guo W, Benfante N, Cowan J, Patil D, Park L, Ferrante S, Mamedov A, LaPointe V, Crump T, Stavrinides V, Kimberly-Duffell J, Santaolalla A, Nieboer D, Olivier J, France B, Rancati T, Ahlgren H, Mascarós J, Löfgren A, Lehmann K, Lin CH, Cusick T, Hirama H, Lee KS, Jenster G, Auvinen A, Bjartell A, Haider M, van Bochove K, Buzza M, Kouspou M, Paich K, Bangma C, Roobol M, Helleman J. Using the Movember Foundation's GAP3 cohort to measure the effect of active surveillance on patient-reported urinary and sexual function-a retrospective study in low-risk prostate cancer patients. Transl Androl Urol 2021; 10:2719-2727. [PMID: 34295757 PMCID: PMC8261406 DOI: 10.21037/tau-20-1255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Active surveillance (AS) for low-risk prostate cancer (PCa) is intended to overcome potential side-effects of definitive treatment. Frequent prostate biopsies during AS may, however, impact erectile (EF) and urinary function (UF). The objective of this study was to test the influence of prostate biopsies on patient-reported EF and UF using multicenter data from the largest to-date AS-database. METHODS In this retrospective study, data analyses were performed using the Movember GAP3 database (v3.2), containing data from 21,169 AS participants from 27 AS-cohorts worldwide. Participants were included in the study if they had at least one follow-up prostate biopsy and completed at least one patient reported outcome measure (PROM) related to EF [Sexual Health Inventory for Men (SHIM)/five item International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF-5)] or UF [International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS)] during follow-up. The longitudinal effect of the number of biopsies on either SHIM/IIEF-5 or IPSS were analyzed using linear mixed models to adjust for clustering at patient-level. Analyses were stratified by center; covariates included age and Gleason Grade group at diagnosis, and time on AS. RESULTS A total of 696 participants completed the SHIM/IIEF-5 3,175 times, with a median follow-up of 36 months [interquartile range (IQR) 20-55 months]. A total of 845 participants completed the IPSS 4,061 times, with a median follow-up of 35 months (IQR 19-56 months). The intraclass correlation (ICC) was 0.74 for the SHIM/IIEF-5 and 0.68 for the IPSS, indicating substantial differences between participants' PROMs. Limited heterogeneity between cohorts in the estimated effect of the number of biopsies on either PROM were observed. A significant association was observed between the number of biopsies and the SHIM/IIEF-5 score, but not for the IPSS score. Every biopsy was associated with a decrease in the SHIM/IIEF-5 score of an average 0.67 (95% CI, 0.47-0.88) points. CONCLUSIONS Repeated prostate biopsy as part of an AS protocol for men with low-risk PCa does not have a significant association with self-reported UF but does impact self-reported sexual function. Further research is, however, needed to understand whether the effect on sexual function implies a negative clinical impact on their quality of life and is meaningful from a patient's perspective. In the meantime, clinicians and patients should anticipate a potential decline in erectile function and hence consider incorporating the risk of this harm into their discussion about opting for AS and also when deciding on the stringency of follow-up biopsy schedules with long-term AS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sebastiaan Remmers
- Department of Urology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mieke Van Hemelrijck
- King’s College London, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, Translational Oncology & Urology Research (TOUR), London, UK
| | - Jozien Helleman
- Department of Urology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Daan Nieboer
- Department of Urology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Monique J. Roobol
- Department of Urology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Marenghi C, Qiu Z, Nicolai N, Helleman J, Nieboer D, Rubio-Briones J, Carroll P, Cowan J, Lee L, Boutros P, Valdagni R. Adverse pathological findings in deferred radical prostatectomy in men under active surveillance for very low and low risk prostate cancers: Results from GAP3 active surveillance cohorts. Eur Urol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/s0302-2838(21)01419-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
14
|
Van Hemelrijck M, Ji X, Helleman J, Roobol MJ, Nieboer D, Bangma C, Frydenberg M, Rannikko A, Lee LS, Gnanapragasam V, Kattan MW, Trock B, Ehdaie B, Carroll P, Filson C, Kim J, Logothetis C, Morgan T, Klotz L, Pickles T, Hyndman E, Moore C, Gnanapragasam V, Van Hemelrijck M, Dasgupta P, Bangma C, Roobol M, Villers A, Rannikko A, Valdagni R, Perry A, Hugosson J, Rubio-Briones J, Bjartell A, Hefermehl L, Shiong LL, Frydenberg M, Kakehi Y, Chung MSBH, van der Kwast T, Obbink H, van der Linden W, Hulsen T, de Jonge C, Kattan M, Xinge J, Muir K, Lophatananon A, Fahey M, Steyerberg E, Nieboer D, Zhang L, Guo W, Benfante N, Cowan J, Patil D, Tolosa E, Kim TK, Mamedov A, LaPointe V, Crump T, Stavrinides V, Kimberly-Duffell J, Santaolalla A, Nieboer D, Olivier J, Rancati T, Ahlgren H, Mascarós J, Löfgren A, Lehmann K, Lin CH, Hirama H, Lee KS, Jenster G, Auvinen A, Bjartell A, Haider M, van Bochove K, Carter B, Gledhill S, Buzza M, Kouspou M, Bangma C, Roobol M, Bruinsma S, Helleman J. A first step towards a global nomogram to predict disease progression for men on active surveillance. Transl Androl Urol 2021; 10:1102-1109. [PMID: 33850745 PMCID: PMC8039580 DOI: 10.21037/tau-20-1082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Signs of disease progression (28%) and conversion to active treatment without evidence of disease progression (13%) are the main reasons for discontinuation of active surveillance (AS) in men with localised prostate cancer (PCa). We aimed to develop a nomogram to predict disease progression in these patients. METHODS As a first step in the development of a nomogram, using data from Movembers' GAP3 Consortium (n=14,380), we assessed heterogeneity between centres in terms of risk of disease progression. We started with assessment of baseline hazards for disease progression based on grouping of centres according to follow-up protocols [high: yearly; intermediate: ~2 yearly; and low: at year 1, 4 & 7 (i.e., PRIAS)]. We conducted cause-specific random effect Cox proportional hazards regression to estimate risk of disease progression by centre in each group. RESULTS Disease progression rates varied substantially between centres [median hazard ratio (MHR): 2.5]. After adjustment for various clinical factors (age, year of diagnosis, Gleason grade group, number of positive cores and PSA), substantial heterogeneity in disease progression remained between centres. CONCLUSIONS When combining worldwide data on AS, we noted unexplained differences of disease progression rate even after adjustment for various clinical factors. This suggests that when developing a global nomogram, local adjustments for differences in risk of disease progression and competing outcomes such as conversion to active treatment need to be considered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mieke Van Hemelrijck
- Translational Oncology & Urology Research (TOUR), School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Xinge Ji
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Jozien Helleman
- Department of Urology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Monique J. Roobol
- Department of Urology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Daan Nieboer
- Department of Urology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Chris Bangma
- Department of Urology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Antti Rannikko
- Department of Urology, Helsinki University and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Lui Shiong Lee
- Department of Urology, Sengkang General Hospital and Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Vincent Gnanapragasam
- Academic Urology Group, Department of Surgery and Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Michael W. Kattan
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Hollemans E, Verhoef EI, Bangma CH, Rietbergen J, Roobol MJ, Helleman J, van Leenders GJLH. Clinical outcome comparison of Grade Group 1 and Grade Group 2 prostate cancer with and without cribriform architecture at the time of radical prostatectomy. Histopathology 2021; 76:755-762. [PMID: 31944367 PMCID: PMC7216977 DOI: 10.1111/his.14064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2019] [Revised: 12/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Aims Invasive cribriform and intraductal carcinoma are associated with aggressive disease in Grade Group 2 (GG2) prostate cancer patients. However, the characteristics and clinical outcome of patients with GG2 prostate cancer without cribriform architecture (GG2−) as compared with those with Grade Group 1 (GG1) prostate cancer are unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate the clinical and pathological characteristics of GG1 and GG2− prostate cancer in radical prostatectomy specimens. Methods and results We reviewed 835 radical prostatectomy specimens for Grade Group, pT stage, surgical margin status, and the presence of cribriform architecture. Biochemical recurrence‐free survival and metastasis were used as clinical outcomes. GG1 prostate cancer was seen in 207 patients, and GG2 prostate cancer was seen in 420 patients, of whom 228 (54%) showed cribriform architecture (GG2+) and 192 (46%) did not. GG2− patients had higher prostate‐specific antigen levels (9.4 ng/ml versus 7.0 ng/ml; P < 0.001), more often had extraprostatic extension (36% versus 11%; P < 0.001) and had more positive surgical margins (27% versus 17%; P = 0.01) than GG1 patients. GG2− patients had shorter biochemical recurrence‐free survival (hazard ratio 2.7, 95% confidence interval 1.4–4.9; P = 0.002) than GG1 patients. Lymph node and distant metastasis were observed neither in GG2− nor in GG1 patients, but occurred in 22 of 228 (10%) GG2+ patients. Conclusion In conclusion, patients with GG2− prostate cancer at radical prostatectomy have more advanced disease and shorter biochemical recurrence‐free survival than those with GG1 prostate cancer, but both groups have a very low risk of developing metastasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eva Hollemans
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Esther I Verhoef
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Chris H Bangma
- Department of Urology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - John Rietbergen
- Department of Urology, Franciscus Gasthuis & Vlietland, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Monique J Roobol
- Department of Urology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jozien Helleman
- Department of Urology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Hollemans E, Verhoef EI, Bangma CH, Rietbergen J, Osanto S, Pelger RCM, van Wezel T, van der Poel H, Bekers E, Helleman J, Roobol MJ, van Leenders GJLH. Cribriform architecture in radical prostatectomies predicts oncological outcome in Gleason score 8 prostate cancer patients. Mod Pathol 2021; 34:184-193. [PMID: 32686748 PMCID: PMC7806505 DOI: 10.1038/s41379-020-0625-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The Gleason score is an important parameter for clinical outcome in prostate cancer patients. Gleason score 8 is a heterogeneous disease including Gleason score 3 + 5, 4 + 4, and 5 + 3 tumors, and encompasses a broad range of tumor growth patterns. Our objective was to characterize individual growth patterns and identify prognostic parameters in Gleason score 8 prostate cancer patients. We reviewed 1064 radical prostatectomy specimens, recorded individual Gleason 4 and 5 growth patterns as well as presence of intraductal carcinoma, and evaluated biochemical recurrence- and metastasis-free survival. Gleason score 8 disease was identified in 140 (13%) patients, of whom 76 (54%) had Gleason score 3 + 5, 46 (33%) 4 + 4, and 18 (13%) 5 + 3 disease. Invasive cribriform and/or intraductal carcinoma (n = 87, 62%) was observed more frequently in Gleason score 4 + 4 (93%) than 3 + 5 (47%; P < 0.001) and 5 + 3 (44%; P < 0.001) patients. Gleason pattern 5 was present in 110 (79%) men: as single cells and/or cords in 99 (90%) and solid fields in 32 (29%) cases. Solid field pattern 5 coexisted with cribriform architecture (23/32, 72%) more frequently than nonsolid pattern 5 cases (36/78, 46%, P = 0.02). In multivariable analysis including age, prostate-specific antigen, pT-stage, surgical margin status, and lymph node metastases, presence of cribriform architecture was an independent parameter for biochemical recurrence-free (hazard ratio (HR) 2.0, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.0-3.7; P = 0.04) and metastasis-free (HR 3.5, 95% CI 1.0-12.3; P = 0.05) survival. In conclusion, invasive cribriform and/or intraductal carcinoma occurs more frequently in Gleason score 4 + 4 prostate cancer patients than in Gleason score 3 + 5 and 5 + 3, and is an independent parameter for biochemical recurrence and metastasis. Therefore, cribriform architecture has added value in risk stratification of Gleason score 8 prostate cancer patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eva Hollemans
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Esther I. Verhoef
- grid.5645.2000000040459992XDepartment of Pathology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Chris H. Bangma
- grid.5645.2000000040459992XDepartment of Urology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - John Rietbergen
- grid.461048.f0000 0004 0459 9858Department of Urology, Franciscus Gasthuis & Vlietland, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Susanne Osanto
- grid.10419.3d0000000089452978Department of Medical Oncology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Rob C. M. Pelger
- grid.10419.3d0000000089452978Department of Urology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Tom van Wezel
- grid.10419.3d0000000089452978Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Henk van der Poel
- grid.430814.aDepartment of Urology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Elise Bekers
- grid.430814.aDepartment of Pathology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jozien Helleman
- grid.5645.2000000040459992XDepartment of Urology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Monique J. Roobol
- grid.5645.2000000040459992XDepartment of Urology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Geert J. L. H. van Leenders
- grid.5645.2000000040459992XDepartment of Pathology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
van der Slot MA, den Bakker MA, Klaver S, Kliffen M, Busstra MB, Rietbergen JBW, Gan M, Hamoen KE, Budel LM, Goemaere NNT, Bangma CH, Helleman J, Roobol MJ, van Leenders GJLH. Intraoperative assessment and reporting of radical prostatectomy specimens to guide nerve-sparing surgery in prostate cancer patients (NeuroSAFE). Histopathology 2020; 77:539-547. [PMID: 32557744 PMCID: PMC7540505 DOI: 10.1111/his.14184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Aims Radical prostatectomy for prostate cancer is frequently complicated by urinary incontinence and erectile dysfunction. Nerve‐sparing surgery reduces the risk of postoperative complications and can be optimised by the use of intraoperative frozen sections of the adjacent neurovascular structure (NeuroSAFE). The aims of this study were to evaluate the pathological outcomes of the NeuroSAFE technique and to develop a comprehensive algorithm for intraoperative clinical decision‐making. Methods and results Between September 2018 and May 2019, 491 NeuroSAFE procedures were performed in 258 patients undergoing radical prostatectomy; 74 of 491 (15.1%) NeuroSAFE specimens had positive surgical margins. As compared with the corresponding paraffin sections, NeuroSAFE had a positive predictive value and negative predictive value of 85.1% and 95.4%, respectively. In 72.2% of secondary neurovascular bundle resections prompted by a NeuroSAFE positive surgical margin, no tumour was present. These cases more often had a positive surgical margin of ≤1 mm (48.7% versus 20.0%; P = 0.001) and only one positive slide (69.2% versus 33.3%; P = 0.008). None of the nine patients with Gleason pattern 3 at the surgical margin, a positive surgical margin length of ≤1 mm and one positive slide had tumour in the secondary resection. Conclusions This study provides a systematic reporting template for pathological intraoperative NeuroSAFE evaluation, supporting intraoperative clinical decision‐making and comparison between prostate cancer operation centres.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Margaretha A van der Slot
- Anser Prostate Clinic, Maasstad Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Pathology, Maasstad Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Michael A den Bakker
- Anser Prostate Clinic, Maasstad Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Pathology, Maasstad Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sjoerd Klaver
- Anser Prostate Clinic, Maasstad Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Urology, Maasstad Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mike Kliffen
- Anser Prostate Clinic, Maasstad Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Pathology, Maasstad Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Martijn B Busstra
- Anser Prostate Clinic, Maasstad Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Urology, Erasmus MC University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - John B W Rietbergen
- Anser Prostate Clinic, Maasstad Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Urology, Franciscus Gasthuis & Vlietland, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Melanie Gan
- Anser Prostate Clinic, Maasstad Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Urology, Maasstad Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Karen E Hamoen
- Anser Prostate Clinic, Maasstad Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Pathology, Maasstad Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Leo M Budel
- Anser Prostate Clinic, Maasstad Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Pathology, Maasstad Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Natascha N T Goemaere
- Anser Prostate Clinic, Maasstad Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Pathology, Maasstad Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Chris H Bangma
- Anser Prostate Clinic, Maasstad Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Urology, Erasmus MC University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jozien Helleman
- Department of Urology, Erasmus MC University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Monique J Roobol
- Department of Urology, Erasmus MC University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Geert J L H van Leenders
- Anser Prostate Clinic, Maasstad Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Pathology, Erasmus MC University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Crump T, Remmers S, Van Hemelrijck M, Helleman J, Nieboer D, Roobol M, Venderbos L. The effect of active surveillance on patient-reported erectile and urinary function. Results of the Movember Foundation’s GAP3 cohort. EUR UROL SUPPL 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/s2666-1683(20)33898-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
|
19
|
Van Hemelrijck M, Ji X, Helleman J, Roobol M, Nieboer D, Bangma C, Frydenberg M, Rannikko A, Lee LS, Gnanapragsam V, Kattan M. A first step towards a global nomogram to predict disease progression for men on active surveillance. EUR UROL SUPPL 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/s2666-1683(20)33883-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
|
20
|
Vitale SR, Groenendijk FH, van Marion R, Beaufort CM, Helmijr JC, Jan Dubbink H, N. M. Dinjens W, Ewing-Graham PC, Smolders R, van Doorn HC, Boere IA, Berns EMJJ, Helleman J, Jansen MPHM. TP53 Mutations in Serum Circulating Cell-Free Tumor DNA As Longitudinal Biomarker for High-Grade Serous Ovarian Cancer. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10030415. [PMID: 32156073 PMCID: PMC7175353 DOI: 10.3390/biom10030415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine an optimal workflow to detect TP53 mutations in baseline and longitudinal serum cell free DNA (cfDNA) from high-grade serous ovarian carcinomas (HGSOC) patients and to define whether TP53 mutations are suitable as biomarker for disease. TP53 was investigated in tissue and archived serum from 20 HGSOC patients by a next-generation sequencing (NGS) workflow alone or combined with digital PCR (dPCR). AmpliSeq™-focused NGS panels and customized dPCR assays were used for tissue DNA and longitudinal cfDNAs, and Oncomine NGS panel with molecular barcoding was used for baseline cfDNAs. TP53 missense mutations were observed in 17 tissue specimens and in baseline cfDNA for 4/8 patients by AmpliSeq, 6/9 patients by Oncomine, and 4/6 patients by dPCR. Mutations in cfDNA were detected in 4/6 patients with residual disease and 3/4 patients with disease progression within six months, compared to 5/11 patients with no residual disease and 6/13 patients with progression after six months. Finally, mutations were detected at progression in 5/6 patients, but not during chemotherapy. NGS with molecular barcoding and dPCR were most optimal workflows to detect TP53 mutations in baseline and longitudinal serum cfDNA, respectively. TP53 mutations were undetectable in cfDNA during treatment but re-appeared at disease progression, illustrating its promise as a biomarker for disease monitoring.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Silvia R. Vitale
- Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 CN Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (C.M.B.); (J.C.H.); (I.A.B.); (E.M.J.J.B.); (J.H.); (M.P.H.M.J.)
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
- Center of Experimental Oncology and Hematology, A.O.U. Policlinico-Vittorio Emanuele, 95123 Catania, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-095-3781946
| | - Floris H. Groenendijk
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 CN Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (F.H.G.); (R.v.M.); (H.J.D.); (W.N.M.D.); (P.C.E.-G.)
| | - Ronald van Marion
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 CN Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (F.H.G.); (R.v.M.); (H.J.D.); (W.N.M.D.); (P.C.E.-G.)
| | - Corine M. Beaufort
- Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 CN Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (C.M.B.); (J.C.H.); (I.A.B.); (E.M.J.J.B.); (J.H.); (M.P.H.M.J.)
| | - Jean C. Helmijr
- Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 CN Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (C.M.B.); (J.C.H.); (I.A.B.); (E.M.J.J.B.); (J.H.); (M.P.H.M.J.)
| | - Hendrikus Jan Dubbink
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 CN Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (F.H.G.); (R.v.M.); (H.J.D.); (W.N.M.D.); (P.C.E.-G.)
| | - Winand N. M. Dinjens
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 CN Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (F.H.G.); (R.v.M.); (H.J.D.); (W.N.M.D.); (P.C.E.-G.)
| | - Patricia C. Ewing-Graham
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 CN Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (F.H.G.); (R.v.M.); (H.J.D.); (W.N.M.D.); (P.C.E.-G.)
| | - Ramon Smolders
- Department of Gynaecology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 CN Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (R.S.); (H.C.v.D.)
| | - Helena C. van Doorn
- Department of Gynaecology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 CN Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (R.S.); (H.C.v.D.)
| | - Ingrid A. Boere
- Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 CN Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (C.M.B.); (J.C.H.); (I.A.B.); (E.M.J.J.B.); (J.H.); (M.P.H.M.J.)
| | - Els M. J. J. Berns
- Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 CN Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (C.M.B.); (J.C.H.); (I.A.B.); (E.M.J.J.B.); (J.H.); (M.P.H.M.J.)
| | - Jozien Helleman
- Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 CN Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (C.M.B.); (J.C.H.); (I.A.B.); (E.M.J.J.B.); (J.H.); (M.P.H.M.J.)
| | - Maurice P. H. M. Jansen
- Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 CN Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (C.M.B.); (J.C.H.); (I.A.B.); (E.M.J.J.B.); (J.H.); (M.P.H.M.J.)
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Kalapara AA, Verbeek JFM, Nieboer D, Fahey M, Gnanapragasam V, Van Hemelrijck M, Lee LS, Bangma CH, Steyerberg EW, Harkin T, Helleman J, Roobol MJ, Frydenberg M. Adherence to Active Surveillance Protocols for Low-risk Prostate Cancer: Results of the Movember Foundation's Global Action Plan Prostate Cancer Active Surveillance Initiative. Eur Urol Oncol 2020; 3:80-91. [PMID: 31564531 DOI: 10.1016/j.euo.2019.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Revised: 07/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Active surveillance (AS) enrolment criteria and follow-up schedules for low-risk prostate cancer vary between institutions. However, uncertainty remains about adherence to these protocols. OBJECTIVE To determine adherence to institution-specific AS inclusion criteria and follow-up schedules within the Movember Foundation's Global Action Plan Prostate Cancer Active Surveillance (GAP3) initiative. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS We retrospectively assessed the data of 15 101 patients from 25 established AS cohorts worldwide between 2014 and 2016. OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS Adherence to individual AS inclusion criteria was rated on a five-point Likert scale ranging from poor to excellent. Nonadherence to follow-up schedules was defined as absence of repeat biopsy 1 yr after the scheduled date. Cohorts were pooled into annual and Prostate Cancer Research International: Active Surveillance (PRIAS)-based biopsy schedules, and a generalised linear mixed model was constructed to test for nonadherence. RESULTS AND LIMITATIONS Serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) inclusion criteria were followed in 92%, Gleason score (GS) criteria were followed in 97%, and the number of positive biopsy cores was followed in 94% of men. Both age and tumour stage (T stage) criteria had 99% adherence overall. Pooled nonadherence rates increased over time-8%, 16%, and 34% for annual schedules and 11%, 30%, and 29% for PRIAS-based schedules at 1, 4, and 7 yr, respectively-and did not differ between biopsy schedules. A limitation is that our results do not consider the use of multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging. CONCLUSIONS In on-going development of evidence-based AS protocols, variable adherence to PSA and GS inclusion criteria should be considered. Repeat biopsy adherence reduces with increased duration of surveillance, independent of biopsy frequency. This emphasises the importance of risk stratification at the commencement of AS. PATIENT SUMMARY We studied adherence to active surveillance protocols for prostate cancer worldwide. We found that inclusion criteria were generally followed well, but adherence to repeat biopsy reduced with time. This should be considered when optimising future active surveillance protocols.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arveen A Kalapara
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jan F M Verbeek
- Department of Urology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Daan Nieboer
- Department of Urology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Public Health, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Vincent Gnanapragasam
- Academic Urology Group, Department of Surgery and Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Mieke Van Hemelrijck
- Division of Cancer Studies, Translational Oncology & Urology Research, King's College London, London, UK
| | | | - Chris H Bangma
- Department of Urology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ewout W Steyerberg
- Department of Public Health, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tim Harkin
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jozien Helleman
- Department of Urology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Monique J Roobol
- Department of Urology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mark Frydenberg
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Department of Urology, Monash Health, Victoria, Australia.
| | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Hollemans E, Verhoef EI, Bangma CH, Schoots I, Rietbergen J, Helleman J, Roobol MJ, van Leenders GJLH. Concordance of cribriform architecture in matched prostate cancer biopsy and radical prostatectomy specimens. Histopathology 2019; 75:338-345. [PMID: 31045262 PMCID: PMC6851781 DOI: 10.1111/his.13893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Aims Invasive cribriform and/or intraductal carcinoma have been identified as independent adverse parameters for prostate cancer outcome. Little is known on biopsy undersampling of cribriform architecture. Our aim was to determine the extent of cribriform architecture undersampling and to find predictive factors for identifying false cribriform‐negative cases. Methods and results We reviewed 186 matched prostate biopsies and radical prostatectomy specimens. Of 97 biopsy grade group 2 (Gleason score 3 + 4 = 7) patients, 22 (23%) had true cribriform‐negative (TN), 39 (40%) false‐negative (FN) and 36 (37%) true‐positive (TP) biopsies. Patients with FN biopsies had higher, although not statistically significant (P = 0.06), median PSA levels than patients with TP biopsies (12 versus 8 ng/ml). A PI‐RADS 5 lesion was present in nine of 16 (54%) FN and three of 11 (27%) TN biopsies (P = 0.05). Positive biopsy rate (P = 0.47), percentage Gleason pattern 4 (P = 0.55) and glomeruloid architecture (P = 1.0) were not different. Logistic regression identified PSA as an independent predictor (odds ratio = 3.5; 95% confidence interval = 1.2–9.4, P = 0.02) for cribriform architecture on radical prostatectomy, but not PI‐RADS score. The FN rate for large cribriform architecture at radical prostatectomy was 27%, which was lower than for any cribriform architecture (P = 0.01). During follow‐up (median 27 months), biochemical recurrence‐free survival of patients with TP biopsies was significantly shorter than that of those with FN biopsies (P = 0.03). Conclusion In conclusion, 40% of grade group 2 prostate cancer biopsies were FN for cribriform architecture. These patients had higher PSA levels and more frequent PI‐RADS score 5 lesions than men with TN biopsies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eva Hollemans
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Esther I Verhoef
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Chris H Bangma
- Department of Urology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ivo Schoots
- Department of Radiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - John Rietbergen
- Department of Urology, Franciscus Gasthuis and Vlietland, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jozien Helleman
- Department of Urology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Monique J Roobol
- Department of Urology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
van der Kwast TH, Helleman J, Nieboer D, Bruinsma SM, Roobol MJ, Trock B, Ehdaie B, Carroll P, Filson C, Kim J, Logothetis C, Morgan T, Klotz L, Pickles T, Hyndman E, Moore CM, Gnanapragasam V, Van Hemelrijck M, Dasgupta P, Bangma C, Roobol M, Villers A, Rannikko A, Valdagni R, Perry A, Hugosson J, Rubio-Briones J, Bjartell A, Hefermehl L, Shiong LL, Frydenberg M, Kakehi Y, Chung BH, van der Kwast T, Obbink H, van der Linden W, Hulsen T, de Jonge C, Kattan M, Xinge J, Muir K, Lophatananon A, Fahey M, Steyerberg E, Nieboer D, Zhang L, Guo W, Benfante N, Cowan J, Patil D, Tolosa E, Kim TK, Mamedov A, LaPointe V, Crump T, Kimberly-Duffell J, Santaolalla A, Nieboer D, Olivier JT, Rancati T, Ahlgren H, Mascarós J, Löfgren A, Lehmann K, Lin CH, Hirama H, Lee KS, Jenster G, Auvinen A, Bjartell A, Haider M, van Bochove K, Carter B, Gledhill S, Buzza M, Bangma C, Roobol M, Bruinsma S, Helleman J. Consistent Biopsy Quality and Gleason Grading Within the Global Active Surveillance Global Action Plan 3 Initiative: A Prerequisite for Future Studies. Eur Urol Oncol 2019; 2:333-336. [PMID: 31200849 DOI: 10.1016/j.euo.2018.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Revised: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Within the Movember Foundation's Global Action Plan Prostate Cancer Active Surveillance (GAP3) initiative, 25 centers across the globe collaborate to standardize active surveillance (AS) protocols for men with low-risk prostate cancer (PCa). A centralized PCa AS database, comprising data of more than 15000 patients worldwide, was created. Comparability of the histopathology between the different cohorts was assessed by a centralized pathology review of 445 biopsies from 15 GAP3 centers. Grade group 1 (Gleason score 6) in 85% and grade group ≥2 (Gleason score ≥7) in 15% showed 89% concordance at review with moderate agreement (κ=0.56). Average biopsy core length was similar among the analyzed cohorts. Recently established highly adverse pathologies, including cribriform and/or intraductal carcinoma, were observed in 3.6% of the reviewed biopsies. In conclusion, the centralized pathology review of 445 biopsies revealed comparable histopathology among the 15 GAP3 centers with a low frequency of high-risk features. This enables further data analyses-without correction-toward uniform global AS guidelines for men with low-risk PCa. PATIENT SUMMARY: Movember Foundation's Global Action Plan Prostate Cancer Active Surveillance (GAP3) initiative combines data from 15000 men with low-risk prostate cancer (PCa) across the globe to standardize active surveillance protocols. Histopathology review confirmed that the histopathology was consistent with low-risk PCa in most men and comparable between different centers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Theo H van der Kwast
- Department of Pathology, Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Jozien Helleman
- Department of Urology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Daan Nieboer
- Department of Urology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Public Health, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - Bruce Trock
- Johns Hopkins University, The James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Behfar Ehdaie
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Peter Carroll
- University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Christopher Filson
- Emory University School of Medicine, Winship Cancer Institute, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jeri Kim
- MD Anderson Cancer Centre, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Todd Morgan
- University of Michigan and Michigan Urological Surgery Improvement Collaborative, Michigan, USA
| | - Laurence Klotz
- University of Toronto, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tom Pickles
- University of British Columbia, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Eric Hyndman
- University of Calgary, Southern Alberta Institute of Urology, Calgary, Canada
| | - Caroline M Moore
- University College London and University College London Hospital Trust, London, UK
| | - Vincent Gnanapragasam
- University of Cambridge and Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Mieke Van Hemelrijck
- King's College London, London, UK; Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | | | - Chris Bangma
- Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Antti Rannikko
- Helsinki University and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Riccardo Valdagni
- Department of Oncology and Hemato-oncology, Università degli Studi di Milano, Radiation Oncology 1 and Prostate Cancer Program, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Byung Ha Chung
- Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University Health System, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | | | - Tim Hulsen
- Royal Philips, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Ji Xinge
- Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Daan Nieboer
- Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Liying Zhang
- University of Toronto, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Wei Guo
- Johns Hopkins University, The James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Janet Cowan
- University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Dattatraya Patil
- Emory University School of Medicine, Winship Cancer Institute, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Tae-Kyung Kim
- University of Michigan and Michigan Urological Surgery Improvement Collaborative, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Alexandre Mamedov
- University of Toronto, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Vincent LaPointe
- University of British Columbia, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Trafford Crump
- University of Calgary, Southern Alberta Institute of Urology, Calgary, Canada
| | - Jenna Kimberly-Duffell
- University of Cambridge and Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Daan Nieboer
- Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Tiziana Rancati
- Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Kwang Suk Lee
- Yonsei University College of Medicine, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Mark Buzza
- Movember Foundation, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Chris Bangma
- Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Van Hemelrijck M, Ji X, Helleman J, Roobol MJ, van der Linden W, Nieboer D, Bangma CH, Frydenberg M, Rannikko A, Lee LS, Gnanapragasam VJ, Kattan MW. Reasons for Discontinuing Active Surveillance: Assessment of 21 Centres in 12 Countries in the Movember GAP3 Consortium. Eur Urol 2019; 75:523-531. [PMID: 30385049 PMCID: PMC8542419 DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2018.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Careful assessment of the reasons for discontinuation of active surveillance (AS) is required for men with prostate cancer (PCa). OBJECTIVE Using Movember's Global Action Plan Prostate Cancer Active Surveillance initiative (GAP3) database, we report on reasons for AS discontinuation. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS We compared data from 10296 men on AS from 21 centres across 12 countries. OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS Cumulative incidence methods were used to estimate the cumulative incidence rates of AS discontinuation. RESULTS AND LIMITATIONS During 5-yr follow-up, 27.5% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 26.4-28.6%) men showed signs of disease progression, 12.8% (95% CI: 12.0-13.6%) converted to active treatment without evidence of progression, 1.7% (95% CI: 1.5-2.0%) continued to watchful waiting, and 1.7% (95% CI: 1.4-2.1%) died from other causes. Of the 7049 men who remained on AS, 2339 had follow-up for >5yr, 4561 had follow-up for <5yr, and 149 were lost to follow-up. Cumulative incidence of progression was 27.5% (95% CI: 26.4-28.6%) at 5yr and 38.2% (95% CI: 36.7-39.9%) at 10yr. A limitation is that not all centres were included due to limited information on the reason for discontinuation and limited follow-up. CONCLUSIONS Our descriptive analyses of current AS practices worldwide showed that 43.6% of men drop out of AS during 5-yr follow-up, mainly due to signs of disease progression. Improvements in selection tools for AS are thus needed to correctly allocate men with PCa to AS, which will also reduce discontinuation due to conversion to active treatment without evidence of disease progression. PATIENT SUMMARY Our assessment of a worldwide database of men with prostate cancer (PCa) on active surveillance (AS) shows that 43.6% drop out of AS within 5yr, mainly due to signs of disease progression. Better tools are needed to select and monitor men with PCa as part of AS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mieke Van Hemelrijck
- Translational Oncology & Urology Research (TOUR), School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, London, UK.
| | - Xi Ji
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Jozien Helleman
- Department of Urology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Monique J Roobol
- Department of Urology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wim van der Linden
- Department of Professional Health Solutions & Services, Philips Research, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Daan Nieboer
- Department of Urology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Chris H Bangma
- Department of Urology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mark Frydenberg
- Department of Surgery, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Urology, Monash Health, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Antti Rannikko
- Helsinki University and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Lui S Lee
- Department of Urology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore
| | - Vincent J Gnanapragasam
- Academic Urology Group, Department of Surgery and Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Mike W Kattan
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Hollemans E, Verhoef EI, Bangma CH, Rietbergen J, Helleman J, Roobol MJ, van Leenders GJ. Large cribriform growth pattern identifies ISUP grade 2 prostate cancer at high risk for recurrence and metastasis. Mod Pathol 2019; 32:139-146. [PMID: 30349027 PMCID: PMC6300553 DOI: 10.1038/s41379-018-0157-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Invasive cribriform and intraductal carcinoma are associated with adverse clinical outcome in patients with Gleason score 7 prostate cancer. It is yet unclear whether invasive cribriform and intraductal carcinoma of the prostate both have independent prognostic value, or whether field size of invasive cribriform carcinoma has impact on disease outcome. Our objective was to determine the prognostic impact of intraductal and invasive cribriform prostate cancer histological subtypes in radical prostatectomies. We reviewed 420 prostatectomy specimens with ISUP grade 2 prostate cancer, assessed the percentages of Gleason grade 4 and tertiary 5, and performed immunohistochemistry for basal cells to discriminate intraductal from invasive cribriform growth. Small and large invasive cribriform fields were distinguished based on a diameter of at least twice the size of adjacent pre-existent normal glands. Clinicopathological parameters and biochemical recurrence-free survival were used as endpoints. Cribriform architecture was observed in 228 (54.3%) men, 103 (24.5%) of whom had intraductal, 194 (46.2%) small invasive, and 34 (8.1%) large invasive cribriform growth. Large invasive cribriform architecture was associated with older age (P < 0.001), higher percentage Gleason grade 4 (P = 0.001), extraprostatic expansion (P < 0.001), and more frequent lymph node metastases (P = 0.002), when compared with small invasive cribriform and/or intraductal carcinoma. Univariate analysis identified PSA, pT-stage, surgical margin status, and intraductal and invasive cribriform growth as significant predictors for biochemical recurrence-free survival. In multivariable Cox regression analysis, pT-stage (hazard ratio = 1.64, 95% CI: 1.02-2.63, P = 0.04), positive surgical margins (hazard ratio = 3.28, 95% CI: 2.06-5.23, P < 0.001), and large cribriform growth (hazard ratio = 4.36, 95% CI: 2.08-9.17, P < 0.001) were independent predictors for biochemical recurrence-free survival, while intraductal carcinoma, small cribriform growth, and percentage of Gleason grade 4 were not. In conclusion, large cribriform fields represent an aggressive subpattern of invasive cribriform prostate cancer and are an independent predictive factor for biochemical recurrence-free survival in ISUP grade 2 prostate cancer patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eva Hollemans
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Esther I. Verhoef
- 000000040459992Xgrid.5645.2Department of Pathology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Chris H. Bangma
- 000000040459992Xgrid.5645.2Department of Urology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - John Rietbergen
- 0000 0004 0459 9858grid.461048.fDepartment of Urology, Franciscus Gasthuis & Vlietland, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jozien Helleman
- 000000040459992Xgrid.5645.2Department of Urology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Monique J. Roobol
- 000000040459992Xgrid.5645.2Department of Urology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Geert J.L.H. van Leenders
- 000000040459992Xgrid.5645.2Department of Pathology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Kinsella N, Helleman J, Bruinsma S, Carlsson S, Cahill D, Brown C, Van Hemelrijck M. Active surveillance for prostate cancer: a systematic review of contemporary worldwide practices. Transl Androl Urol 2018; 7:83-97. [PMID: 29594023 PMCID: PMC5861285 DOI: 10.21037/tau.2017.12.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last decade, active surveillance (AS) has emerged as an acceptable choice for low-risk prostate cancer (PC), however there is discordance amongst large AS cohort studies with respect to entry and monitoring protocols. We systematically reviewed worldwide AS practices in studies reporting ≥5 years follow-up. We searched PubMed and Medline 2000-now and identified 13 AS cohorts. Three key areas were identified: (I) patient selection; (II) monitoring protocols; (III) triggers for intervention—(I) all studies defined clinically localised PC diagnosis as T2b disease or less and most agreed on prostate-specific antigen (PSA) threshold (<10 µg/L) and Gleason score threshold (3+3). Inconsistency was most notable regarding pathologic factors (e.g., number of positive cores); (II) all agreed on PSA surveillance as crucial for monitoring, and most agreed that confirmatory biopsy was required within 12 months of initiation. No consensus was reached on optimal timing of digital rectal examination (DRE), general health assessment or re-biopsy strategies thereafter; (III) there was no universal agreement for intervention triggers, although Gleason score, number or percentage of positive cancer cores, maximum cancer length (MCL) and PSA doubling time were used by several studies. Some also used imaging or re-biopsy. Despite consistent high progression-free/cancer-free survival and conversion-to-treatment rates, heterogeneity exists amongst these large AS cohorts. Combining existing evidence and gathering more long-term evidence [e.g., the Movember’s Global AS database or additional information on use of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)] is needed to derive a broadly supported guideline to reduce variation in clinical practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Netty Kinsella
- Translational Oncology & Urology Research (TOUR), School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, London, UK.,Department of Urology, the Royal Marsden Hospital, London, UK
| | - Jozien Helleman
- Department of Urology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Sophie Bruinsma
- Department of Urology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Sigrid Carlsson
- Department of Surgery.,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, USA.,Department of Urology, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy at Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Declan Cahill
- Department of Urology, the Royal Marsden Hospital, London, UK
| | - Christian Brown
- Department of Urology, King's College Hospital, London, UK.,Department of Urology, Guy's and St Thomas' Hospital, London, UK
| | - Mieke Van Hemelrijck
- Translational Oncology & Urology Research (TOUR), School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Leonard B, Starrett GJ, Maurer MJ, Oberg AL, Van Bockstal M, Van Dorpe J, De Wever O, Helleman J, Sieuwerts AM, Berns EMJJ, Martens JWM, Anderson BD, Brown WL, Kalli KR, Kaufmann SH, Harris RS. APOBEC3G Expression Correlates with T-Cell Infiltration and Improved Clinical Outcomes in High-grade Serous Ovarian Carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res 2016; 22:4746-55. [PMID: 27016308 PMCID: PMC5026552 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-15-2910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE APOBEC3 DNA cytosine deaminase family members normally defend against viruses and transposons. However, deregulated APOBEC3 activity causes mutations in cancer. Because of broad expression profiles and varying mixtures of normal and cancer cells in tumors, including immune cell infiltration, it is difficult to determine where different APOBEC3s are expressed. Here, we ask whether correlations exist between APOBEC3 expression and T-cell infiltration in high-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC), and assess whether these correlations have prognostic value. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Transcripts for APOBEC3G, APOBEC3B, and the T-cell markers, CD3D, CD4, CD8A, GZMB, PRF1, and RNF128 were quantified by RT-qPCR for a cohort of 354 HGSOC patients. Expression values were correlated with each other and clinical parameters. Two additional cohorts were used to extend HGSOC clinical results. Immunoimaging was used to colocalize APOBEC3G and the T-cell marker CD3. TCGA data extended expression analyses to additional cancer types. RESULTS A surprising positive correlation was found for expression of APOBEC3G and several T cell genes in HGSOC. Immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescent imaging showed protein colocalization in tumor-infiltrating T lymphocytes. High APOBEC3G expression correlated with improved outcomes in multiple HGSOC cohorts. TCGA data analyses revealed that expression of APOBEC3D and APOBEC3H also correlates with CD3D across multiple cancer types. CONCLUSIONS Our results identify APOBEC3G as a new candidate biomarker for tumor-infiltrating T lymphocytes and favorable prognoses for HGSOC. Our data also highlight the complexity of the tumor environment with respect to differential APOBEC family gene expression in both tumor and surrounding normal cell types. Clin Cancer Res; 22(18); 4746-55. ©2016 AACR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brandon Leonard
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota. Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Gabriel J Starrett
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota. Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Matthew J Maurer
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Ann L Oberg
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | | | - Jo Van Dorpe
- Department of Pathology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Olivier De Wever
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Experimental Cancer Research, Ghent University and Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jozien Helleman
- Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Anieta M Sieuwerts
- Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Els M J J Berns
- Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - John W M Martens
- Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Brett D Anderson
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota. Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - William L Brown
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota. Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Kimberly R Kalli
- Women's Cancer Program, Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Scott H Kaufmann
- Division of Oncology Research, Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota. Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Reuben S Harris
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota. Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota. Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Beaufort CM, Helmijr JCA, Piskorz AM, Hoogstraat M, Ruigrok-Ritstier K, Besselink N, Murtaza M, van IJcken WFJ, Heine AAJ, Smid M, Koudijs MJ, Brenton JD, Berns EMJJ, Helleman J. Ovarian cancer cell line panel (OCCP): clinical importance of in vitro morphological subtypes. PLoS One 2014; 9:e103988. [PMID: 25230021 PMCID: PMC4167545 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0103988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 260] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Accepted: 07/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial ovarian cancer is a highly heterogeneous disease and remains the most lethal gynaecological malignancy in the Western world. Therapeutic approaches need to account for inter-patient and intra-tumoural heterogeneity and detailed characterization of in vitro models representing the different histological and molecular ovarian cancer subtypes is critical to enable reliable preclinical testing. There are approximately 100 publicly available ovarian cancer cell lines but their cellular and molecular characteristics are largely undescribed. We have characterized 39 ovarian cancer cell lines under uniform conditions for growth characteristics, mRNA/microRNA expression, exon sequencing, drug response for clinically-relevant therapeutics and collated all available information on the original clinical features and site of origin. We tested for statistical associations between the cellular and molecular features of the lines and clinical features. Of the 39 ovarian cancer cell lines, 14 were assigned as high-grade serous, four serous-type, one low-grade serous and 20 non-serous type. Three morphological subtypes: Epithelial (n = 21), Round (n = 7) and Spindle (n = 12) were identified that showed distinct biological and molecular characteristics, including overexpression of cell movement and migration-associated genes in the Spindle subtype. Comparison with the original clinical data showed association of the spindle-like tumours with metastasis, advanced stage, suboptimal debulking and poor prognosis. In addition, the expression profiles of Spindle, Round and Epithelial morphologies clustered with the previously described C1-stromal, C5-mesenchymal and C4 ovarian subtype expression profiles respectively. Comprehensive profiling of 39 ovarian cancer cell lines under controlled, uniform conditions demonstrates clinically relevant cellular and genomic characteristics. This data provides a rational basis for selecting models to develop specific treatment approaches for histological and molecular subtypes of ovarian cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Corine M. Beaufort
- Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jean C. A. Helmijr
- Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anna M. Piskorz
- Functional Genomics of Ovarian Cancer Laboratory, Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Li Ka Shing Centre, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Marlous Hoogstraat
- Department of Medical Oncology and Center for Personalized Cancer Treatment, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht The Netherlands
| | | | - Nicolle Besselink
- Department of Medical Oncology and Center for Personalized Cancer Treatment, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Muhammed Murtaza
- Molecular and Computational Diagnostics Laboratory, Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Anouk A. J. Heine
- Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel Smid
- Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marco J. Koudijs
- Department of Medical Oncology and Center for Personalized Cancer Treatment, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - James D. Brenton
- Functional Genomics of Ovarian Cancer Laboratory, Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Li Ka Shing Centre, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Els M. J. J. Berns
- Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jozien Helleman
- Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
van Jaarsveld MTM, van Kuijk PF, Boersma AWM, Helleman J, van Ijcken WF, Mathijssen RHJ, Pothof J, Berns EMJJ, Verweij J, Wiemer EAC. Abstract 949: miR-634 restores drug sensitivity in tumor cells derived from patients with terminal drug-resistant ovarian cancer. Cancer Res 2013. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2013-949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The development of drug resistance is still a major impediment for the successful treatment of cancer. This is particularly pressing in the case of advanced ovarian cancer, which has a 5-year survival rate of 30%. Ovarian cancer is treated with paclitaxel and platinum (e.g cisplatin or carboplatin) combination chemotherapy. Despite an initial high chemo-responsiveness, most ovarian cancer patients will relapse and ultimately die of drug-resistant disease. The molecular processes that contribute to resistance have been extensively studied, however, not much is known about the role of microRNAs (miRNAs), small non-coding RNAs that regulate gene expression.
We compared miRNA expression profiles of isogenic cisplatin sensitive and resistant cell line pairs. The only miRNA that was consistently downregulated in all three resistant cell lines was miR-634 (FDR<1%). Overexpression of miR-634 in ovarian cancer cell lines gave rise to a minor, but reproducible, cell cycle block and reduced cellular viability by 20-50%. In addition, miR-634 transfection resensitized cisplatin-resistant ovarian cancer cell lines. We next investigated whether miR-634 overexpression could enhance therapy response in a more clinical setting. We isolated and cultured tumor cells from 7 patients that had become refractory to carboplatin-paclitaxel combination chemotherapy. We show that miR-634 overexpression causes a ∼two-fold decrease in IC50 for cisplatin and carboplatin treatment. In addition, a ∼1.3-fold decrease in doxorubicin sensitivity was observed upon miR-634 overexpression. Finally, overexpression of miR-634 resulted in downregulation of its predicted targets Cyclin D1 and GRB2, ERK2, RSK1 and RSK2, components of the Ras-MAPK pathway. The combined effect on these miR-634 targets may explain the effects on the cell cycle, cellular viability and response to chemotherapy.
Altogether, our findings suggest that miR-634 modulates important cancer relevant targets and that raising miR-634 levels can be a means to resensitize chemotherapy resistant ovarian tumors.
Citation Format: Marijn TM van Jaarsveld, Patricia F. van Kuijk, Antonius WM Boersma, Jozien Helleman, Wilfred F. van Ijcken, Ron HJ Mathijssen, Joris Pothof, Els MJJ Berns, Jaap Verweij, Erik AC Wiemer. miR-634 restores drug sensitivity in tumor cells derived from patients with terminal drug-resistant ovarian cancer. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 949. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-949
Collapse
|
30
|
Beaufort CM, Helmijr J, Ruigrok-Ritstier K, Smid M, Heine A, Jansen MPHM, Berns EMJJ, Helleman J. Abstract 4238: Unique ovarian cancer cell line panel: Molecular subtypes and therapy response. Cancer Res 2012. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2012-4238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Epithelial ovarian cancer is the most lethal gynecological malignancy in the Western world. Up to 70% of the patients do not survive the first 5 years after diagnosis, mostly due to acquired chemotherapy resistance. With the goal to stratify a heterogeneous group of patients, recently, a number of studies have identified molecular subtypes within ovarian carcinomas. However, the relation with response to chemotherapeutics is unknown. An extensive model system in which the response to different chemotherapeutics can be related to molecular subtypes is therefore imperative to know how to individualize treatment based on these molecular subtypes. We have an (increasing) collection of so far 40 ovarian cancer cell lines. The large number and extensive characterization of the cell lines makes this a unique model. We have data of the growth and morphological properties, exon-based gene expression (22.000 genes), microRNA expression (400 miRNAs), mutation analysis (PIK3CA, RAF & RAS genes), microsatellite instability status (MSI) and response curves for eight chemotherapeutics used in first- and second-line treatment. Unsupervised absolute clustering using the most variable expressed genes and microRNAs revealed two even clusters of cell lines with significantly different characteristics. The cell lines in the first cluster compared to the second: -show more often a round and less often an epithelial morphology (cell lines with spindle morphology are divided over both clusters), -show more often no Epithelial Cell Adhesion Molecule (EpCAM) and high CD44 membrane expression -are highly proliferative -are more often PI3K/Ras mutated and MSI Interestingly, the cell lines within the first cluster are significantly more sensitive to six of the eight tested chemotherapeutics compared to the second cluster BRB class comparison analysis revealed that 287 genes were differentially expressed between the two clusters (permutation p<0.01, FDR<5%, 10.000 permutations). Pathway analysis of these genes revealed the significantly overrepresented canonical pathways and molecular & cellular functions including Interferon Signaling (p=0.007), Arachidonic Acid Metabolism (p=0.030) and Cell-To-Cell Signaling and Interaction (p<0.03). We are currently identifying the published clinical molecular subtypes in our cell lines and relating it with response to treatment. This will give information on which of the commonly used therapeutics are expected to be most effective in the different molecular subtype. In the future, the response to targeted therapeutics can be tested in our cell line panel which may give additional information on how to treat each subtype. In conclusion, this large panel of extremely well characterized ovarian cancer cell lines is a unique model system that can be used in many future translational and functional studies and we are happy to collaborate (j.helleman@erasmusmc.nl).
Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4238. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-4238
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Marcel Smid
- 1Erasmus Medical Ctr., Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Anouk Heine
- 1Erasmus Medical Ctr., Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Trinh XB, Tjalma WAA, Dirix LY, Vermeulen PB, Peeters DJ, Bachvarov D, Plante M, Berns EM, Helleman J, Van Laere SJ, van Dam PA. Microarray-based oncogenic pathway profiling in advanced serous papillary ovarian carcinoma. PLoS One 2011; 6:e22469. [PMID: 21799864 PMCID: PMC3143137 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0022469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2011] [Accepted: 06/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The identification of specific targets for treatment of ovarian cancer patients remains a challenge. The objective of this study is the analysis of oncogenic pathways in ovarian cancer and their relation with clinical outcome. METHODOLOGY A meta-analysis of 6 gene expression datasets was done for oncogenic pathway activation scores: AKT, β-Catenin, BRCA, E2F1, EGFR, ER, HER2, INFα, INFγ, MYC, p53, p63, PI3K, PR, RAS, SRC, STAT3, TNFα, and TGFβ and VEGF-A. Advanced serous papillary tumours from uniformly treated patients were selected (N = 464) to find differences independent from stage-, histology- and treatment biases. Survival and correlations with documented prognostic signatures (wound healing response signature WHR/genomic grade index GGI/invasiveness gene signature IGS) were analysed. RESULTS The GGI, WHR, IGS score were unexpectedly increased in chemosensitive versus chemoresistant patients. PR and RAS activation score were associated with survival outcome (p = 0.002;p = 0.004). Increased activations of β-Catenin (p = 0.0009), E2F1 (p = 0.005), PI3K (p = 0.003) and p63 (p = 0.05) were associated with more favourable clinical outcome and were consistently correlated with three prognostic gene signatures. CONCLUSIONS Oncogenic pathway profiling of advanced serous ovarian tumours revealed that increased β-Catenin, E2F1, p63, PI3K, PR and RAS-pathway activation scores were significantly associated with favourable clinical outcome. WHR, GGI and IGS scores were unexpectedly increased in chemosensitive tumours. Earlier studies have shown that WHR, GGI and IGS are strongly associated with proliferation and that high-proliferative ovarian tumours are more chemosensitive. These findings may indicate opposite confounding of prognostic versus predictive factors when studying biomarkers in epithelial ovarian cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Bich Trinh
- Translational Cancer Research Unit, St Augustinus GZA Hospitals, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Gynaecological Oncology, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Wiebren A. A. Tjalma
- Department of Gynaecological Oncology, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Luc Y. Dirix
- Translational Cancer Research Unit, St Augustinus GZA Hospitals, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Peter B. Vermeulen
- Translational Cancer Research Unit, St Augustinus GZA Hospitals, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Dieter J. Peeters
- Translational Cancer Research Unit, St Augustinus GZA Hospitals, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Dimcho Bachvarov
- Cancer Research Centre, Hôpital L'Hôtel-Dieu de Québec, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec (CHUQ), Québec City, Canada
| | - Marie Plante
- Cancer Research Centre, Hôpital L'Hôtel-Dieu de Québec, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec (CHUQ), Québec City, Canada
| | - Els M. Berns
- Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC/Josephine Nefkens Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jozien Helleman
- Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC/Josephine Nefkens Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Steven J. Van Laere
- Translational Cancer Research Unit, St Augustinus GZA Hospitals, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Peter A. van Dam
- Translational Cancer Research Unit, St Augustinus GZA Hospitals, Antwerp, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Helleman J, Smid M, Jansen MP, van der Burg ME, Berns EM. Pathway analysis of gene lists associated with platinum-based chemotherapy resistance in ovarian cancer: The big picture. Gynecol Oncol 2010; 117:170-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2010.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2009] [Revised: 11/29/2009] [Accepted: 01/06/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
33
|
Helleman J, Smid M, Jansen M, van der Burg M, Berns E. Abstract 411: Pathway analysis of gene-lists associated with platinum-based chemotherapy resistance in ovarian cancer: the big picture. Cancer Res 2010. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am10-411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objective. Ovarian cancer is the leading cause of death from gynecological cancers in the Western world [1]. The overall 5-year survival is only 30% [2], which is for a significant part due to platinum-based chemotherapy resistance. In this study, we performed a pathway analysis on nine published gene-sets associated with platinum resistance in ovarian cancer, including a study by us. With this exploratory study, we aim to identify overlapping pathways associated with platinum-based chemotherapy resistance mechanisms in ovarian cancer.
Methods A Gene Ontology (GO) analysis and Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) was performed to determine which functional processes were differentially represented in the combined gene-lists of nine studies (457 genes) compared to all Unigene identifiers or the Ingenuity knowledge base.
Results. The GO and IPA analysis resulted in the generation of 23 gene networks, and showed that 13 GO processes (>=2 times enriched), 71 canonical pathways (p<0.05,), eight toxicity pathways (p<.05) and 74 biological functions (p<0.005) are significantly associated with the 9-study gene set.
Conclusion and recommendations. Several pathways identified have previously been shown to be associated with therapy resistance: these include ‘oxidative stress response mediated by Nrf2’, ‘TP53 signaling’ and ‘TGFbeta signaling’. The role of TGFbeta signalling as well as related miRNAs identified in the network analysis in epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and stemness as well as the possible relation with platin-based chemotherapy resistance is further discussed in detail.
We propose that future international cooperation should aim at a uniform pooled-analysis of the wealth of ovarian cancer array data already available. This will enhance the power of each separate ovarian cancer study and can lead to promising results.
Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 411.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Marcel Smid
- 1ErasmusMC Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | | | | | - Els Berns
- 1ErasmusMC Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
van Jaarsveld MTM, Helleman J, Berns EMJJ, Wiemer EAC. MicroRNAs in ovarian cancer biology and therapy resistance. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2010; 42:1282-90. [PMID: 20083225 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2010.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2009] [Revised: 01/08/2010] [Accepted: 01/13/2010] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Epithelial ovarian cancer is the most common cause of death from gynecological malignancies in the Western world. The overall 5-year survival is only 30% due to late diagnosis and development of resistance to chemotherapy. There is, therefore, a strong need for prognostic and predictive markers to help optimize and personalize treatment hence ameliorating the prognosis of ovarian cancer patients. Since 2006, an increasing number of studies have indicated an essential role for microRNAs in ovarian cancer tumorigenesis. In this review, we provide an overview of the microRNAs that have been associated with different aspects of ovarian cancer, such as tumor subtype, stage, histological grade, germline mutations in BRCA genes, prognosis and therapy resistance. We highlight the role of the let-7 and miR-200 families, two major microRNA families that are frequently dysregulated in ovarian cancer and have been associated with poor prognosis. Interestingly, both have been implicated in the regulation of the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, a cellular transition associated with tumor aggressiveness, tumor invasion and chemoresistance. Furthermore, we discuss several other microRNAs that have been associated with chemotherapy resistance, such as miR-214, miR-130a, miR-27a and miR-451. In the final section, we speculate on the possibilities of microRNA-based therapies and the use of microRNAs as diagnostic tools.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marijn T M van Jaarsveld
- Dept. of Medical Oncology, Josephine Nefkens Institute, Erasmus MC, 3015 GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Burger H, Zoumaro-Djayoon A, Boersma AWM, Helleman J, Berns EMJJ, Mathijssen RHJ, Loos WJ, Wiemer EAC. Differential transport of platinum compounds by the human organic cation transporter hOCT2 (hSLC22A2). Br J Pharmacol 2010; 159:898-908. [PMID: 20067471 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2009.00569.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Solute carriers (SLCs), in particular organic cation transporters (OCTs), have been implicated in the cellular uptake of platinum-containing anticancer compounds. The activity of these carriers may determine the pharmacokinetics and the severity of side effects, including neuro- and nephrotoxicity of platinum-based chemotherapy. As decreased drug accumulation is a key mechanism of platinum resistance, SLCs may also contribute to the development of resistance. Here, we define the role of hSLC22A2 (OCT2) in the cellular uptake of platinum compounds. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Human embryonic kidney (HEK) 293 cells stably expressing the hSLC22A2 gene (HEK293/hSLC22A2) were used in platinum accumulation studies. Following a 2 h exposure to various platinum compounds (100 microM), intracellular platinum levels were determined by flameless atomic absorption spectrometry. KEY RESULTS HEK293/hSLC22A2 cells, compared with HEK293/Neo control cells, displayed significant increases in oxaliplatin (28.6-fold), Pt[DACH]Cl(2) (20.6-fold), ormaplatin (8.1-fold), tetraplatin (4.5-fold), transplatin (3.7-fold) and cisplatin (1.3-fold), but not carboplatin. SLC22A2-mediated transport could be inhibited by 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium. Furthermore, hSLC22A2-mediated oxaliplatin and cisplatin accumulation was time- and concentration-dependent, but non-saturable. Expression of hSLC22A2 in HEK293 cells resulted in enhanced sensitivity to oxaliplatin (12-fold) and cisplatin (1.8-fold). Although, hSLC22A2 mRNA expression was frequently found in ovarian cancer cell lines, its expression in clinical ovarian cancer specimens (n= 80) was low and did not correlate with the treatment outcome of platinum-based regimens. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS The hSLC22A2 drug transporter is a critical determinant in the uptake and cytotoxicity of various platinum compounds, particularly oxaliplatin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Burger
- Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam - Josephine Nefkens Institute and Daniel den Hoed Cancer Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Helleman J, Jansen MPHM, Burger C, van der Burg MEL, Berns EMJJ. Integrated genomics of chemotherapy resistant ovarian cancer: a role for extracellular matrix, TGFbeta and regulating microRNAs. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2009; 42:25-30. [PMID: 19854294 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2009.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2009] [Revised: 10/09/2009] [Accepted: 10/13/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial ovarian cancer is the sixth most common cancer in women worldwide and the most important cause of death from gynaecological cancers in the Western world. Our explorative pathway analysis on seven published gene-sets associated with platinum resistance in ovarian cancer reveals TP53 and transforming growth factor beta as key genes. Furthermore, the extracellular matrix was associated with chemotherapy resistance in ovarian cancer as well as endocrine resistance in breast cancer. Pathway analysis again revealed transforming growth factor beta as a key gene regulating extracellular matrix gene expression. A model is presented based on literature linking transforming growth factor beta, extracellular matrix, integrin signalling, epithelial to mesenchymal transition and regulating microRNAs with a (bivalent) role in chemotherapy response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jozien Helleman
- Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC/JNI, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Helleman J, Komen N, Lauwers K, Van Elst F, Vervloessem D, Vanderveken M, Schrijvers D, Willemsen P. 4002 Surgical treatment of colorectal malignancies in patients aged 80 and older: does age make a difference? EJC Suppl 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/s1359-6349(09)70736-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
|
38
|
Trinh XB, Tjalma WAA, Vermeulen PB, Van den Eynden G, Van der Auwera I, Van Laere SJ, Helleman J, Berns EMJJ, Dirix LY, van Dam PA. The VEGF pathway and the AKT/mTOR/p70S6K1 signalling pathway in human epithelial ovarian cancer. Br J Cancer 2009; 100:971-8. [PMID: 19240722 PMCID: PMC2661789 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6604921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A inhibitors exhibit unseen high responses and toxicity in recurrent epithelial ovarian cancer suggesting an important role for the VEGF/VEGFR pathway. We studied the correlation of VEGF signalling and AKT/mTOR signalling. Using a tissue microarray of clinical samples (N=86), tumour cell immunohistochemical staining of AKT/mTOR downstream targets, pS6 and p4E-BP1, together with tumour cell staining of VEGF-A and pVEGFR2 were semi-quantified. A correlation was found between the marker for VEGFR2 activation (pVEGFR2) and a downstream target of AKT/mTOR signalling (pS6) (R=0.29; P=0.002). Additional gene expression analysis in an independent cDNA microarray dataset (N=24) showed a negative correlation (R=−0.73, P<0.0001) between the RPS6 and the VEGFR2 gene, which is consistent as the gene expression and phosphorylation of S6 is inversely regulated. An activated tumour cell VEGFR2/AKT/mTOR pathway was associated with increased incidence of ascites (χ2, P=0.002) and reduced overall survival of cisplatin–taxane-based patients with serous histology (N=32, log-rank test, P=0.04). These data propose that VEGF-A signalling acts on tumour cells as a stimulator of the AKT/mTOR pathway. Although VEGF-A inhibitors are classified as anti-angiogenic drugs, these data suggest that the working mechanism has an important additional modality of targeting the tumour cells directly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- X B Trinh
- Translational Cancer Research Group Antwerp, St Augustinus Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Jansen M, Ruigrok-Ritstier K, van Staveren I, Helleman J, Reijm E, Look M, Meijer-van Gelder M, Sieuwerts A, Sleijfer S, Foekens J, Berns E. Decreased expression of EZH2 is associated with ESR1 upregulation and response to anti-estrogens. Cancer Res 2009. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.sabcs-6127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Abstract #6127
Background: In prostate and breast cancer high levels of Enhancer of Zeste Homolog 2 (EZH2) are associated with tumor progression. EZH2, a histone H3 methyl transferase, is part of the polycomb complex. Together with histone deacetylases (HDACs) EZH2 regulates “genome wide” gene transcription silencing. The aims of this study are a) to correlate EZH2 expression with endocrine therapy response in patients with recurrent disease treated with first-line tamoxifen monotherapy and b) to determine the role of EZH2 in endocrine therapy response using in vitro cell line models.
 Material and Methods: EZH2 mRNA levels were measured with quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) in 297 retrospectively collected hormone receptor positive (HR+) primary breast tumor specimens of patients with recurrent disease who did respond (N=110) or were resistant (N=187) to first-line tamoxifen monotherapy. In vitro, EZH2 and estrogen receptor (ESR1) expression was downregulated with siRNAs in the human breast cancer cell line MCF7 and assessed for their sensitivity to the selective estrogen receptor degrader ICI164.384 after 96hrs treatment (N=3). To establish therapy response in vitro, cell number counts were determined. All p-values are two-sided and significant if P<0.05.
 Results: In 297 HR+ breast tumors, EZH2 as continuous variable, associated significantly with poor response (OR= 0.67 [0.49-0.91]; P=0.001) and a shorter progression-free survival (PFS) (HR=1.28 [1.11-1.47], P<0.001). In the multivariate model with traditional predictive factors, the tertile with highest EZH2 levels was independently related with response (OR= 0.50 [0.26-0.98]; P=0.045) and PFS (HR=1.82 [1.33-2.49], P<0.001).
 In vitro, EZH2 downregulation in MCF7 with siRNAs showed a significant decrease in cell number compared to the mock silenced cell line (40%). Moreover, ICI treatment of EZH2 silenced MCF7 cells resulted in a 70% cell number decrease versus 23% decrease in the controls (P<0.001). In addition, EZH2 downregulation is associated with a twofold upregulation with ESR1 (P<0.001). Conversely, silencing of ESR1 in MCF7 resulted did not alter EZH2 levels but, as expected, increases HER2 protein levels.
 Conclusion: In primary breast tumors, high EZH2 mRNA levels are associated with poor outcomes after tamoxifen therapy. These results suggest that EZH2 may identify patients at risk for tamoxifen therapy failure. In vitro studies show that downregulation of EZH2 inhibits cell proliferation and on the other hand results in upregulation of ESR1 levels. The latter may explain the increased sensitivity to ICI164.384 of EZH2 silenced cells.
Citation Information: Cancer Res 2009;69(2 Suppl):Abstract nr 6127.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Jansen
- 1 Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC – Josephine Nefkens Institute, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - K Ruigrok-Ritstier
- 1 Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC – Josephine Nefkens Institute, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - I van Staveren
- 1 Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC – Josephine Nefkens Institute, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - J Helleman
- 1 Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC – Josephine Nefkens Institute, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - E Reijm
- 1 Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC – Josephine Nefkens Institute, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - M Look
- 1 Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC – Josephine Nefkens Institute, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - M Meijer-van Gelder
- 1 Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC – Josephine Nefkens Institute, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - A Sieuwerts
- 1 Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC – Josephine Nefkens Institute, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - S Sleijfer
- 1 Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC – Josephine Nefkens Institute, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - J Foekens
- 1 Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC – Josephine Nefkens Institute, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - E Berns
- 1 Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC – Josephine Nefkens Institute, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Helleman J, Jansen MPHM, Ruigrok-Ritstier K, van Staveren IL, Look MP, Meijer-van Gelder ME, Sieuwerts AM, Klijn JGM, Sleijfer S, Foekens JA, Berns EMJJ. Association of an extracellular matrix gene cluster with breast cancer prognosis and endocrine therapy response. Clin Cancer Res 2008; 14:5555-64. [PMID: 18765548 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-08-0555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We previously discovered an extracellular matrix (ECM) gene cluster associated with resistance to first-line tamoxifen therapy of patients with metastatic breast cancer. In this study, we determined whether the six individual ECM genes [collagen 1A1 (COL1A1), fibronectin 1 (FN1), lysyl oxidase (LOX), secreted protein acidic cysteine-rich (SPARC), tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 3 (TIMP3), and tenascin C (TNC)] were associated with treatment response, prognosis, or both. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN In 1,286 primary breast tumors, mRNA expression (quantitative real-time PCR) was related to clinicopathologic factors and disease outcome in univariate and multivariate analysis including traditional factors. RESULTS TIMP3, FN1, LOX, and SPARC expression levels (continuous variables) were significantly associated with distant metastasis-free survival (MFS) in 680 lymph node-negative untreated patients (P<0.03). Using a calculated linear prognostic score, these patients were evenly divided into five prognostic groups with a significant difference in 10-year MFS of approximately 40% between the two extreme prognostic groups. Furthermore, high TNC expression as continuous variable was associated with (a) shorter MFS in 139 estrogen receptor-positive and lymph node-positive patients who received adjuvant tamoxifen therapy (hazard ratio, 1.53; P=0.001), and (b) no clinical benefit (odds ratio, 0.81; P=0.035) and shorter progression-free survival (hazard ratio, 1.19; P=0.002) in 240 patients in whom recurrence was treated with tamoxifen as first-line monotherapy. These results were also significant in multivariate analyses. CONCLUSION FN1, LOX, SPARC, and TIMP3 expression levels are associated with the prognosis of patients with breast cancers, whereas TNC is associated with resistance to tamoxifen therapy. Further validation and functional studies are necessary to determine the use of these ECM genes in decisions regarding treatment and whether they can serve as targets for therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jozien Helleman
- Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC/Daniel den Hoed Cancer Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Jansen MPHM, Ruigrok-Ritstier K, Dorssers LCJ, van Staveren IL, Look MP, Meijer-van Gelder ME, Sieuwerts AM, Helleman J, Sleijfer S, Klijn JGM, Foekens JA, Berns EMJJ. Downregulation of SIAH2, an ubiquitin E3 ligase, is associated with resistance to endocrine therapy in breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2008; 116:263-71. [PMID: 18629630 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-008-0125-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2008] [Accepted: 07/02/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE In our microarray analysis we observed that Seven-in-Absentia Homolog 2 (SIAH2) levels were low in estrogen receptor (ER) positive breast tumors of patients resistant to first-line tamoxifen therapy. The aim of this study was to evaluate SIAH2 for its (a) predictive/prognostic value, and (b) functional role in endocrine therapy resistance. PATIENTS AND METHODS SIAH2 expression was measured with quantitative Real-Time-PCR (qRT-PCR) in 1205 primary breast tumor specimens and related to disease outcome. The functional role of SIAH2 was determined in human breast cancer cell lines ZR-75-1, ZR/HERc, and MCF7. Cell lines were treated with estrogen (E2), anti-estrogen ICI164.384 or epidermal growth factor (EGF). Moreover, MCF7 was treated with ICI164.384 after silencing SIAH2 expression. RESULTS SIAH2 was not prognostic in 603 lymph node negative patients who had not received adjuvant systemic therapy. In multivariate analysis of ER-positive tumors of 235 patients with recurrent disease, SIAH2 as continuous variable, significantly predicted first-line tamoxifen treatment failure (OR = 1.48; P = 0.05) and progression-free survival (PFS) (HR = 0.79; P = 0.007). Furthermore, in primary breast cancer patients treated with adjuvant tamoxifen, SIAH2 predicted metastasis-free survival (MFS) (HR = 0.73; P = 0.005). In vitro experiments showed that SIAH2 silencing in MCF7 cells resulted in resistance to ICI164.384-treatment when compared with mock silenced cells (P = 0.008). Interestingly, in ZR cells transfected with EGFR (ZR/HERc), SIAH2 expression was induced by E2 but downregulated by EGF. CONCLUSION In primary breast tumor specimens as well as in vitro low SIAH2 levels associated with resistance to endocrine therapy. Moreover, SIAH2 expression showed an opposite regulation by E2 and EGF.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maurice P H M Jansen
- Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC, Josephine Nefkens Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Helleman J, van der Vlies D, Jansen MPHM, Luider TM, van der Burg MEL, Stoter G, Berns EMJJ. Serum proteomic patterns for ovarian cancer monitoring. Int J Gynecol Cancer 2007; 18:985-95. [PMID: 18028381 DOI: 10.1111/j.1525-1438.2007.01139.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
We set out to discover ovarian cancer biomarkers useful for monitoring progression during and after chemotherapy and possibly for diagnosis. Surface-enhanced laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry was used to create serum protein profiles of ovarian cancer patients before chemotherapy or at progression (n = 51) (trial initiated by the Gynecological Cancer Cooperative Group of the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer trial) that were compared with those of healthy individuals (n = 31). In addition, sera profiles from ovarian cancer patients after chemotherapy (n = 12) were compared with those of ovarian cancer patients at progression (n = 24). One of the discovered biomarkers was identified and subsequently confirmed and validated using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Eight primary (sens = 94%, spec = 97%, P < 0.0001) and seven progression tumor biomarkers (sens = 91%, spec = 97%, P < 0.0001) were discovered. In addition, we discovered eight potential progression monitoring biomarkers (sens = 75%, spec = 83%, P = 0.0008) of which one, a biomarker of 11.7 kd, was further identified as serum amyloid A1. Independent validation (ELISA) showed an elevated expression of this protein at relapse in four of the seven ovarian cancer patients tested. Combining the eight newly discovered progression monitoring biomarkers with CA125 resulted in a clear increase of the sensitivity (91-100%). These biomarkers, in combination with for instance CA125, should be validated in large ovarian cancer and control groups. The resulting multimarker assay could be suitable for disease monitoring during and after therapy and might also be useful for ovarian cancer screening.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Helleman
- Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC/Daniel den Hoed Cancer Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Helleman J, Smid M, Jansen M, Ritstier K, Stoter G, Berns P. 5006 ORAL Pathway analysis of gene signatures associated with platinum-based chemotherapy resistance in ovarian cancer: the big picture. EJC Suppl 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/s1359-6349(07)71178-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
|
44
|
Helleman J, Jansen MPMM, Berns EMJJ. Gene expression profiling of treatment resistance: hype or hope for therapeutic target identification. Int J Gynecol Cancer 2007; 16 Suppl 2:538-42. [PMID: 17010068 DOI: 10.1111/j.1525-1438.2006.00691.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- J Helleman
- Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC-Daniel den Hoed Cancer Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Helleman J, Jansen MP, van der Burg ME, Berns EM. In reply to the letter by Gevaertet al. Int J Cancer 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/ijc.21984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
46
|
Helleman J, Burger H, Hamelers IHL, Boersma AWM, de Kroon AIPM, Stoter G, Nooter K. Impaired cisplatin influx in an A2780 mutant cell line: Evidence for a putative, cis-configuration-specific, platinum influx transporter. Cancer Biol Ther 2006; 5:943-9. [PMID: 16775422 DOI: 10.4161/cbt.5.8.2876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The effectiveness of platinum drugs in the treatment of cancer is hindered by intrinsic and acquired resistance. The cause of clinical resistance to platinum compounds is still unknown. In an attempt to identify new cellular mechanisms of cisplatin resistance, a one-step cisplatin-selection procedure was used to generate resistant sublines of the platinum sensitive A2780 ovarian cancer cell line. In the present study we selected an A2780 subline, A2780-Pt, that has a significantly reduced ability to accumulate cisplatin (36% of the parent A2780 cell line) and consequently shows a clear cisplatin-resistant phenotype (resistance factor, i.e., RF: 8.6). The A2780-Pt cell line was specifically cross-resistant to carboplatin (RF: 12.0), tetraplatin (RF: 8.1) and oxaliplatin (RF: 6.1) which was associated with a reduced cellular platinum accumulation (50%, 54% and 58% of A2780, respectively). No cross-resistance was found for a variety of other anticancer agents. Further experiments to determine the cause of the platinum resistance of the A2780-Pt cell line revealed that: (1) impaired cellular platinum accumulation could not be attributed to aberrant expression of MRP2 (ABCC2), CTR1 (SLC31A1), ATP7A or ATP7B, (2) resistance was not associated with platinum inactivation by metallothionein and glutathione, (3) the platinum efflux rate was similar to that of A2780, (4) the defect in cellular accumulation and the resistance could be overcome by treatment with cisplatin nanocapsules, consistent with impaired influx, and (5) the defect in accumulation is specific for platinum compounds in the cis-configuration, since A2780-Pt cells did not show reduced accumulation of transplatin. This specificity suggests that not passive diffusion but an inward transporter is impaired in A2780-Pt. In conclusion, we generated an A2780 subline that showed a uniquely stable platinum resistance phenotype, which could theoretically be caused by an impaired inward transporter specific for cis-configurated platinum compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jozien Helleman
- Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC/Daniel den Hoed Cancer Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Helleman J, van Staveren IL, Dinjens WNM, van Kuijk PF, Ritstier K, Ewing PC, van der Burg MEL, Stoter G, Berns EMJJ. Mismatch repair and treatment resistance in ovarian cancer. BMC Cancer 2006; 6:201. [PMID: 16879751 PMCID: PMC1557864 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-6-201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2006] [Accepted: 07/31/2006] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The treatment of ovarian cancer is hindered by intrinsic or acquired resistance to platinum-based chemotherapy. The aim of this study is to determine the frequency of mismatch repair (MMR) inactivation in ovarian cancer and its association with resistance to platinum-based chemotherapy. METHODS We determined, microsatellite instability (MSI) as a marker for MMR inactivation (analysis of BAT25 and BAT26), MLH1 promoter methylation status (methylation specific PCR on bisulfite treated DNA) and mRNA expression of MLH1, MSH2, MSH3, MSH6 and PMS2 (quantitative RT-PCR) in 75 ovarian carcinomas and eight ovarian cancer cell lines RESULTS MSI was detected in three of the eight cell lines i.e. A2780 (no MLH1 mRNA expression due to promoter methylation), SKOV3 (no MLH1 mRNA expression) and 2774 (no altered expression of MMR genes). Overall, there was no association between cisplatin response and MMR status in these eight cell lines. Seven of the 75 ovarian carcinomas showed MLH1 promoter methylation, however, none of these showed MSI. Forty-six of these patients received platinum-based chemotherapy (11 non-responders, 34 responders, one unknown response). The resistance seen in the eleven non-responders was not related to MSI and therefore also not to MMR inactivation. CONCLUSION No MMR inactivation was detected in 75 ovarian carcinoma specimens and no association was seen between MMR inactivation and resistance in the ovarian cancer cell lines as well as the ovarian carcinomas. In the discussion, the results were compared to that of twenty similar studies in the literature including in total 1315 ovarian cancer patients. Although no association between response and MMR status was seen in the primary tumor the possible role of MMR inactivation in acquired resistance deserves further investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jozien Helleman
- Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC/Daniel den Hoed Cancer Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Iris L van Staveren
- Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC/Daniel den Hoed Cancer Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Winand NM Dinjens
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus MC/Daniel den Hoed Cancer Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Patricia F van Kuijk
- Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC/Daniel den Hoed Cancer Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Kirsten Ritstier
- Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC/Daniel den Hoed Cancer Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Patricia C Ewing
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus MC/Daniel den Hoed Cancer Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Maria EL van der Burg
- Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC/Daniel den Hoed Cancer Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gerrit Stoter
- Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC/Daniel den Hoed Cancer Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Els MJJ Berns
- Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC/Daniel den Hoed Cancer Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Erasmus MC, Department of Medical Oncology, Josephine Nefkens Institute, Room Be424, P.O. Box 1738, 3000 DR, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Helleman J, Jansen MPHM, Span PN, van Staveren IL, Massuger LFAG, Meijer-van Gelder ME, Sweep FCGJ, Ewing PC, van der Burg MEL, Stoter G, Nooter K, Berns EMJJ. Molecular profiling of platinum resistant ovarian cancer. Int J Cancer 2006; 118:1963-71. [PMID: 16287073 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.21599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to discover a gene set that can predict resistance to platinum-based chemotherapy in ovarian cancer. The study was performed on 96 primary ovarian adenocarcinoma specimens from 2 hospitals all treated with platinum-based chemotherapy. In our search for genes, 24 specimens of the discovery set (5 nonresponders and 19 responders) were profiled in duplicate with 18K cDNA microarrays. Confirmation was done using quantitative RT-PCR on 72 independent specimens (9 nonresponders and 63 responders). Sixty-nine genes were differentially expressed between the nonresponders (n=5) and the responders (n=19) in the discovery phase. An algorithm was constructed to identify predictive genes in this discovery set. This resulted in 9 genes (FN1, TOP2A, LBR, ASS, COL3A1, STK6, SGPP1, ITGAE, PCNA), which were confirmed with qRT-PCR. This gene set predicted platinum resistance in an independent validation set of 72 tumours with a sensitivity of 89% (95% CI: 0.68-1.09) and a specificity of 59% (95% CI: 0.47-0.71)(OR=0.09, p=0.026). Multivariable analysis including patient and tumour characteristics demonstrated that this set of 9 genes is independent for the prediction of resistance (p<0.01). The findings of this study are the discovery of a gene signature that classifies the tumours, according to their response, and a 9-gene set that determines resistance in an independent validation set that outperforms patient and tumour characteristics. A larger independent multicentre study should further confirm whether this 9-gene set can identify the patients who will not respond to platinum-based chemotherapy and could benefit from other therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jozien Helleman
- Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC/Daniel den Hoed Cancer Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Bierau J, Van Gennip AH, Leen R, Helleman J, Caron HN, Van Kuilenburg ABP. Cyclopentenyl cytosine primes SK-N-BE(2)c neuroblastoma cells for cytarabine toxicity. Int J Cancer 2003; 103:387-92. [PMID: 12471622 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.10858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
CPEC is a potent inhibitor of CTP synthetase and causes depletion of CTP and dCTP pools. AraC is an analog of dCyd and a chemotherapeutic agent. Here, we demonstrate that, upon incubation with CPEC, both the anabolism and cytostatic effect of AraC in SK-N-BE(2)c neuroblastoma cells were increased. Cotreatment of CPEC (50-250 nM) and AraC (37.5-500 nM) decreased the 4-day ED(50) value for AraC 2- to 8-fold in the SK-N-BE(2)c cell line, while pretreatment with CPEC followed by incubation with AraC alone decreased the 4-day ED(50) value for AraC 1- to 19-fold. Preincubation of SK-N-BE(2)c cells with 100 nM CPEC followed by incubation with 500 nM [(3)H]AraC increased the total amount of AraC nucleotides and incorporation of [(3)H]AraC into DNA by 392% and 337%, respectively, compared to non-CPEC-treated cells. When 20 nM [(3)H]AraC was used, the maximum incorporation of [(3)H]AraC into DNA was 1,378% compared to non-CPEC-treated cells. Incorporation of AraC into DNA correlated well with the accumulation of cells in S phase of the cell cycle caused by CPEC. DNA synthesis was almost completely inhibited (>91%) when 100 nM CPEC and 500 nM AraC were combined. CPEC alone and the combination of CPEC and AraC increased caspase-3 activity 3-fold, indicating induction of apoptosis in SK-N-BE(2)c cells. In contrast, AraC alone did not induce caspase-3 activity. Our results demonstrate that low concentrations of CPEC profoundly increase the cytostatic properties of AraC toward SK-N-BE(2)c human neuroblastoma cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jörgen Bierau
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Emma Children's Hospital, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Bierau J, van Gennip AH, Helleman J, van Kuilenburg AB. The cytostatic- and differentiation-inducing effects of cyclopentenyl cytosine on neuroblastoma cell lines. Biochem Pharmacol 2001; 62:1099-105. [PMID: 11597578 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-2952(01)00756-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes the effects of cyclopentenyl cytosine (CPEC) on the proliferation and cell-cycle distribution of the SK-N-BE(2)c and SK-N-SH neuroblastoma cell lines, as well as their ability to recover from treatment with CPEC. The IC50 value of SK-N-BE(2)c for CPEC, determined after 48 hr was 80 nM. SK-N-BE(2)c cells showed a time- and concentration-dependent accumulation in the S-phase of the cell cycle after 2 and 3 days of incubation with 50-250 nM CPEC, followed by a G0/G1-phase arrest after 4 days. After incubation with 50 nM CPEC for 2 days, SK-N-BE(2)c cells fully recovered and resumed logarithmic proliferation. In contrast, a complete and persistent growth arrest occurred when SK-N-BE(2)c cells were incubated for 2 days with 100 or 250 nM CPEC. The IC50 value of SK-N-SH, determined after 48 hr, for CPEC was > or =1 microM. SK-N-SH cells incubated with 250 nM or 1 microM CPEC showed a time-dependent accumulation in the S-phase of the cell cycle, followed by an accumulation in the G0/G1-phase, which reached a maximum of 84.1% after 7 days of incubation with 1 microM CPEC. SK-N-SH cells did not resume proliferation after removal of the drug. In addition, CPEC strongly induced differentiation in SK-N-SH cells. After 48 hr incubation with 250 nM CPEC, 90% of the cell population was differentiated. Both neuronal type and Schwannian type cells were observed. We conclude that at very low concentrations, CPEC has profound cytostatic- and differentiation-inducing effects on the neuroblastoma cells studied.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Bierau
- Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Emma Children's Hospital and Department of Clinical Chemistry, P.O. Box 22700, 1100 DE, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|