The use of high and low power lasers in the treatment of mucocele in lip: a case report

Mucocele is an inflammatory lesion of the common salivary gland in the oral cavity, generated by the accumulation of saliva, from the rupture of the minor salivary gland duct. The objective of this report was to describe a case of extravasation phenomena treated with high-power diode laser in association with photobiomodulation. The patient presented a nodular, exophytic lesion on the lower lip, similar in color to the mucosa, measuring 2 cm in diameter. Excisional biopsy was performed with high-power diode laser. Immediately after surgery and weekly thereafter, photobiomulation was performed with lower-power diode. After one-month, total repair of the surgical wound was observed, with minimal scarring, without lesion recurrence during 14 months of follow-up. Therefore, the treatment protocol used proved to be an effective, safe and fast alternative, bringing greater comfort to both professional and patient during the trans and postoperative periods.

In vitro inhibition of a multispecies oral cavity biofilm by Syzygium aromaticum essential oil

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate the anti-fungal activity of Syzygium aromaticum essential oil and its inhibition of a multispecies biofilm in patients with oral candidiasis.

BACKGROUND

Inhibiting biofilm formation on the denture surface is an important practice for preventing denture stomatitis.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The anti-fungal activity against Candida albicans and non-albicans Candida species was evaluated through the microdilution method to define Minimal Inhibitory (MIC) and Fungicidal (MFC) Concentrations. Time-kill assay assessed growth kinetics of C. albicans based on pre-determined time points (0, 1, 2, 4, 6 and 24 hours). A multi-species biofilm was formed using human saliva from patients with oral candidiasis and anti-biofilm activity determined by Colony Forming Units per milliliter (CFU/mL) count, fluorescence microscopy with calcofluor white to observe yeast presence and structure, and metabolic activity by XTT (2,3-Bis-(2Methoxy-4-Nitro-5-Sulfophenyl)-2H-Tetrazolium-5-carboxanilide) reduction assay.

RESULTS

The essential oil showed an anti-fungal activity against all Candida species (MIC 500-1000 µg/mL, MFC 1000-2000 µg/mL), and the time-kill assay showed that 2000 µg/mL (from 2 hours onward) and 1000 µg/mL (from 4 hours onward) concentrations had substantially lower yeast growth than the negative control. In the biofilm analysis, the essential oil had a lower CFU/mL count and a biofilm metabolic activity (91.4%) than seen with its negative control, and in both analyses, the essential oil was not significantly different from the positive control (chlorhexidine). Morphological analysis showed amorphous and fragmented cellular structures after treatment with the essential oil.

CONCLUSION

Syzygium aromaticum essential oil had anti-fungal activities, reduced the Candida growth kinetics substantially and inhibited the multi-species biofilm formation.

Phytochemistry, antifungal and antioxidant activity, and cytotoxicity of byrsonima gardneriana (A. Juss) extract

OBJECTIVE

To determine the phytochemical composition of Byrsonima gardneriana (A. Juss) leaf extract (BGE) and its antifungal activity against Candida spp., antioxidant potential and in vitro cytotoxicity.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

BGE was obtained and submitted to Gas Chromatography Coupled to Mass Spectrometry for phytochemical analysis. The ethanolic extract was tested for its antifungal activity against C. albicans and non-albicans reference strains and clinical isolates in addition to inhibition of C. albicans growth kinetics. It was also tested for antioxidant potential in the presence of phenylhydrazine and reactive oxygen species (ROS). And cytoxicity in human erythrocytes. The data were analyzed by one-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) followed by Tukey's or Dunnett's post-hoc test, with α = 0.05.

RESULTS

Pyroglutamic acid (90.77 %), eucalyptol (89.61 %) and octanoic acid (76.22 %) were the major compounds detected in BGE, P (%) is the percent probability of compound identification, according to the mass spectra library. The extract showed fungistatic activity, with MIC of 125 μg/mL against most tested strains. While BGE showed low hemolytic activity on all blood types tested herein, it could not prevent osmotic stress in human erythrocytes. The extract did not have oxidizing effects in the presence of phenylhydrazine, but it showed antioxidant potential against ROS when tested at 31 μg/mL and 62 μg/mL.

CONCLUSION

B. gardneriana extract showed antifungal activity against Candida spp., demonstrated low hemolytic potential, no oxidant activity in human erythrocytes and antioxidant activity against ROS. This study opens avenues for the study of BGE as a promising biocompatible antifungal agent.

Treatment of recurrent herpes of the lower lip skin region with photodynamic therapy and photobiomodulation: case report

The aim of the present study is to describe a case report on the treatment of recurrent herpes using Photodynamic therapy (PDT) and Photobiomodulation as the treatments of choice. A 21-year-old white man checked in in the clinic for evaluation of vesicles arranged in the lower lip skin region. The clinical diagnosis was recurrent herpes and, for treatment, PDT was chosen, using 0.1% methylene blue as a photosensitizer and a pre-irradiation time of five minutes. The Therapy XT laser was used, with a wavelength of 660 nm, power of 100 mW, in a spot area of 0.028 cm², using 4 J energy per point, having been applied on 4 points, one in the center of the lesion and three on its laterals, so that it involved the entire extension of the lesion, totaling 16 J. After 24 hours after the application of the PDT, the patient returned for photobiomodulation with a low-power laser with a wavelength of 660 nm, power of 100 mW, using energy of 1 J per point, for 10 s, being applied on 4 points, totaling 4 J. It was possible to observe complete healing after 10 days of treatment, and the patient remains in follow-up for eight months without any recurrences.

Pleomorphic adenoma of buccal mucosa: a case report and review of the literature

BACKGROUND

Salivary gland neoplasms are rare, accounting for 3% to 5% of all head and neck tumors, and involvement of the minor salivary glands is uncommon. Pleomorphic adenoma (PA) is the most common benign neoplasm, which mainly affects the parotid gland. However, involvement of the cheek mucosa is very rare.

OBJECTIVE

This study reports a case of PA in the cheek mucosa. In addition, the etiopathogenesis, clinical and morphological features and differential diagnoses of PA are discussed, emphasizing the importance of knowledge about the characteristics of this tumor for a correct diagnosis.

CASE REPORT

A 50-year-old woman presented with a nodular lesion of endophytic growth in the left cheek mucosa. The lesion was small and well-delimited and had a normal mucosa color and intact surface. An excisional biopsy of the lesion was performed, and the diagnosis was PA.

CONCLUSION

Although the occurrence of PA in the minor salivary glands of the cheek mucosa is uncommon, the early establishment of a correct diagnosis and initiation of appropriate treatment are important because they permit effective management of the condition and improvement in the prognosis of patients.

In vitro Evaluation of the Antimicrobial Potential of Salvia officinalis L. against Oral Pathogens

AbstractThe emergence of multidrug-resistant strains to antibiotics has motivated the search for new substances with antimicrobial activity, especially those derived from medicinal plants. Salvia officinalis L. is a medicinal plant that arouses scientific interest due to being associated with multiple therapeutic effects. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the in vitro antimicrobial potential of S. officinalis L. against pathogens in the oral cavity. The antimicrobial potential of the ethanol extract of leaf of S. officinalis L was evaluated by broth microdilution, with determination of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and Minimum bactericidal/Fungicide concentration (MBC / MFC), against the species Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus mitis, Streptococcus oralis, Streptococcus salivarius, Streptococcus sanguis, Candida albicans, Candida glabrata, Candida guillermond, Candida krusei and Candida tropicalis. The extract showed moderate antifungal potential before Candida species (MIC = 1 mg/mL). And for the species of Streptococcus, the antimicrobial activity was from moderate to strong whose MIC ranged from 0.25 to 1 mg/mL. In this study, the extract from the leaves of S. officinalis L. presented oral cavity antimicrobial activity against pathogens. These results point to S. officinalis as a possible source of active ingredients in the development of formulations with antimicrobial activity of dental use. Keywords: Plants, Medicinal. Salvia officinalis L. Products with Antimicrobial action.ResumoO surgimento de cepas multirresistentes a antibióticos tem motivado a busca de novas substâncias com atividade antimicrobiana, especialmente aquelas oriundas de plantas medicinais. A Salvia officinalis L. é uma planta medicinal que desperta interesse científico por estar associada a múltiplos efeitos terapêuticos. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar o potencial antimicrobiano in vitro da S. officinalis L. frente a patógenos da cavidade bucal. O potencial antimicrobiano do extrato etanólico da folha da S. officinalis L foi avaliado por meio da microdiluição em caldo, com determinação da Concentração Inibitória Mínima (CIM) e Concentração Bactericida/Fungicida Mínima (CBM/CFM), frente as espécies Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus mitis, Streptococcus oralis, Streptococcus salivarius, Streptococcus sanguis, Candida albicans, Candida glabrata, Candida guillermond, Candida krusei e Candida tropicalis. O extrato apresentou moderado potencial antifúngico frente às espécies de Candida (CIM = 1 mg/mL). Para as espécies de Streptococcus, o potencial antimicrobiano foi considerado forte a moderado, com valores de CIM variando entre 0,25 a 1 mg/mL. Neste estudo, o extrato da folha de S. officinalis L. apresentou potencial antimicrobiano contra patógenos da cavidade bucal. Esses resultados apontam a S. officinalis como uma possível fonte de princípios ativos no desenvolvimento de formulações com atividade antimicrobiana de uso odontológico. Palavras-chave: Plantas Medicinais. Salvia officinalis L. Produtos com Ação Antimicrobiana.

Anadenanthera Colubrina vell Brenan: anti-Candida and antibiofilm activities, toxicity and therapeutical action

We evaluated the antifungal and antibiofilm potential of the hydroalcoholic extract of bark from Anadenanthera colubrina (vell.) Brenan, known as Angico, against Candida spp. Antifungal activity was evaluated using the microdilution technique through the Minimum Inhibitory and Fungicide Concentrations (MIC and MFC). The antibiofilm potential was tested in mature biofilms formed by Candida species and analyzed through the counting of CFU/mL and scanning electron micrograph (SEM). In vivo toxicity and therapeutic action was evaluated in the Galleria mellonella model. The treatment with the extract, in low doses, was able to reduce the growth of planktonic cells of Candida species. MIC values range between 19.5 and 39 µg/mL and MFC values range between 79 and 625 µg/mL. In addition was able to reduce the number of CFU/mL in biofilms and to cause structural alteration and cellular destruction, observed via SEM. A. colubrina showed low toxicity in the in vivo assay, having not affected the viability of the larvae at doses below 100mg/kg and high potential in the treatment of C. albicans infection. Considering its high antifungal potential, its low toxicity and potential to treatment of infections in in vivo model, A. colubrina extract is a strong candidate for development of a new agent for the treatment of oral candidiasis.

Effects of associations of tannins from Anacardium occidentale and Anadenanthera colubrina with cephalosporin against bovine Staphylococcus aureus isolates

ABSTRACT: The association of natural compounds isolated from medicinal plants with conventional antibiotics, both with similar mechanisms of action, have become a viable alternative strategy to overcome the problem of drug resistance. This study aimed to evaluate the in vitro antimicrobial activity of tannic substances present in the bark of Anacardium occidentale and Anadenanthera colubrina against samples of Staphylococcus aureus when in combination with cephalexin. These combinations were evaluated by determining the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). For this purpose, tannins and cephalexin were serially dissolved in distilled water at concentrations ranging from 0.976 mg/mL to 500 mg/mL and 2 mg/mL to 512 mg/mL, respectively. When combined, the compounds inhibited S. aureus growth forming halos ranging from 0.9 to 46 mm with an MIC of 7.8 mg/mL (tannins) and 4 µg/mL (cephalexin). The resulting effect of the combination of natural and synthetic substances with similar mechanisms of action presented better results than when tested alone. Thus, the conclusion is that both the tannins and cephalexin had their antimicrobial action enhanced when used in combination, enabling the use of lower concentrations while maintaining their antibacterial effect against strains of S. aureus.

Matricaria recutita extract associated with norfloxacin or cephalexin enhances the antimicrobial activity of these drugs against Staphylococcus aureus

http://dx.doi.org/10.5007/2175-7925.2017v30n2p25O surgimento de infecções bacterianas, incluindo aquelas associadas com Staphylococcus aureus, traz à tona uma necessidade de buscar novas estratégias mais eficazes para tratamento clínico. O uso de plantas medicinais associados com os antibióticos convencionais pode ser uma opção terapêutica. Atualmente, estudos evidenciam o efeito sinérgico alcançado através da combinação de extratos vegetais com antibióticos. Nosso objetivo foi avaliar a atividade antimicrobiana e cinética bacteriana in vitro do extrato de Matricaria recutita (camomila) e sua associação com cefalexina e norfloxacin sobre isolados clínicos de S. aureus de origem bovina, caracterizada como resistente. Os ensaios foram realizados pelo método da diluição em meio sólido para a determinação da Concentração Inibitória Mínima (CIM). Em ambas as associações do extrato de M. recutita com os antibióticos norfloxacina e cefalexina, foi observada CIM na diluição 1:64 o que correspondeu a 8μg/mL dos antibióticos e 13.43 μg/mL do extrato. A associação Cefalexina com extrato de camomila produziu um efeito sinérgico em 75% das amostras na sua CIM. A combinação com produtos naturais frequentemente utilizados pela população e os antibióticos aqui ensaiados, poderiam representar uma opção terapêutica para o tratamento de infecções causadas por S. aureus, como também para prevenção do desenvolvimento crescente de resistência.

Antifungal potential of Sideroxylon obtusifolium and Syzygium cumini and their mode of action against Candida albicans

Context The emergence of resistant pathogens and toxicity of antifungals have encouraged an active search for novel candidates to manage Candida biofilms. Objective In this study, the little known species Sideroxylon obtusifolium T.D. Penn (Sapotacea) and Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels (Myrtaceae), from the Caatinga biome in Brazil were chemically characterized and explored for their antifungal potential against C. albicans. Materials and methods We determined the effects of hydroalcoholic extracts/fractions upon fungal growth (minimum inhibitory and fungicidal concentrations, MIC/MFC), biofilm morphology (scanning electron microscopy) and viability (confocal laser scanning microscopy), proposed their mode of action (sorbitol and ergosterol assays), and finally investigated their effects against macrophage and keratinocyte cells in a cell-based assay. Data were analysed using one-way analysis of variance with Tukey-Kramer post-test (α = 0.05). Results The n-butanol (Nb) fraction from S. obtusifolium and S. cumini extract (Sc) showed flavonoids (39.11 ± 6.62 mg/g) and saponins (820.35 ± 225.38 mg/g), respectively, in their chemical composition and demonstrated antifungal activity, with MICs of 62.5 and 125 μg/mL, respectively. Nb and Sc may complex with ergosterol as there was a 4-16-fold increase in MICs in the presence of exogenous ergosterol, leading to disrupted permeability of cell membrane. Deleterious effects were observed on morphology and viability of treated biofilms from concentrations as low as their MICs and higher. Sc was not toxic to macrophages and keratinocytes at these concentrations (p > 0.05), unlike Nb. Conclusions Nb and Sc demonstrated considerable antifungal activity and should be further investigated as potential alternative candidates to treat Candida biofilms.

Taninos: principal componente do extrato Piptadenia stipulacea (Benth) Ducke inibe o crescimento de cepas clínicas de Staphylococcus aureus de origem bovina

http://dx.doi.org/10.5007/2175-7925.2016v29n1p109Este estudo avalia a atividade antimicrobiana dos taninos presentes na casca do caule da Piptadenia stipulacea (Benth) sobre cepas de Staphylococcus aureus de origem bovina. A atividade antimicrobiana in vitro do tanino foi avaliada pela determinação da concentração mínima inibitória (CIM). Para determinar a CIM, os taninos foram dissolvidos de forma seriada em água destilada em concentrações variando entre 500 mg/mL e 0,976 mg/mL. Os ensaios foram realizados em triplicata. Os taninos inibiram o crescimento de S. aureus, apresentando valor de CIM de 31,25 mg/mL. Os resultados deste estudo são promissores, pois mostram a importância de avaliar novos compostos de origem natural no combate às infecções causadas por S. aureus. Novos estudos são necessários para confirmar a atividade in vivo e avaliar o mecanismo de ação do tanino isolado da casca do caule da Piptadenia stipulacea.

Antimicrobial Potential of Momordica charantia L. against Multiresistant Standard Species and Clinical Isolates

AIM

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the antibacterial and antifungal potential in vitro of Momordica charantia L. against the microorganisms of clinical interest (standard strains and multiresistant isolates) in order to aggregate scientific information in relation to its use as a therapeutic product.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

M. charantia L. plant material was acquired in municipality of Malta, Paraiba, Brazil. The extract was obtained through maceration, filtration and then concentrated under reduced pressure in a rotary evaporator, resulting in a dough, and was then dried in an oven for 72 hours at 40°C. Antimicrobial action of ethanolic extract of seed M. charantia L. was evaluated based on the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) against standard strains of bacteria, isolates multiresistant bacteria and Candida species, by microdilution in broth method.

RESULTS

All organisms were sensitive to the extract, being considered strong antimicrobial activity (MIC and MBC/MFC < 0.125 mg/ml).

CONCLUSION

The M. charantia L. showed strong antimicrobial potential, with bactericidal and fungicidal profile, there is the prospect to constitute a new therapeutic strategy for the control of infections, particularly in multiresistant strains.

CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE

The use of medicinal plants in treatment of infectious processes have an important function nowadays, due to the limitations of the use of synthetic antibiotics available, related specifically to the microbial resistance emergence.

Prevalence of oral mucosal lesions among patients with diabetes mellitus types 1 and 2

BACKGROUND

Patients with diabetes mellitus have been associated with a number of changes in the oral cavity, such as gingivitis, periodontitis, mucosal diseases, salivary dysfunction, altered taste, and burning mouth.

OBJECTIVES

To determine the prevalence of oral mucosal lesions in patients with diabetes mellitus.

METHODS

A cross-sectional observational study between August and October 2012 with a convenience sampling was performed for 51 patients with diabetes mellitus (type 1 and type 2). The study consisted of two phases: 1) a questionnaire application; 2) intraoral clinical examination. For the analysis of data, we used descriptive statistics, Fisher's exact test in bivariate analysis (significance level of 0.05), and Poisson Regression.

RESULTS

The prevalence of oral lesions was 78.4%. Traumatic ulcers (16.4%) and actinic cheilitis (12.7%) were the most prevalent lesions. The lips (35.3%) and tongue (23.5%) were the most common location. The bivariate analysis showed an association with the type of diabetes, and two variables (age and comorbidity) were quite close to the significance level. In the Poisson Regression analysis, only diabetes type 2 remained significant after adjusting the model.

CONCLUSIONS

The results of this study show a high prevalence of oral mucosal lesions in diabetic patients. The oral mucosal lesions are mostly associated with diabetes type 2.

Aspectos demográficos e manifestações clínicas bucais de pacientes soropositivos para o HIV/Aids

INTRODUÇÃO: As lesões bucais e peribucais são comuns nos pacientes infectados pelo vírus HIV e podem representar os primeiros sinais da doença, antes mesmo das manifestações sistêmicas. OBJETIVO: Este estudo objetivou estimar a prevalência de manifestações bucais em indivíduos soropositivos para o HIV, considerando aspectos sociodemográficos, imunológicos e terapêuticos. MATERIAL E MÉTODO: Foi realizado um estudo de natureza clínico-epidemiológica transversal, entre outubro de 2007 e abril de 2008, com amostra composta por 40 pacientes. Utilizou-se a técnica de observação direta intensiva por meio de exame clínico apropriado. Os dados foram registrados em fichas pré-elaboradas e analisados por estatística descritiva e inferencial. RESULTADO: Verificou-se a prevalência do gênero feminino (52,5%), na faixa etária de 40 a 49 anos (45%). O tratamento com antirretrovirais foi constatado em 85,0% dos casos, sendo todos com terapia de alta potência (HAART). Observou-se que 52,5% dos pacientes apresentaram a contagem de linfócitos TCD4+ acima de 500cél/mm³ e 50,0% apresentaram carga viral indetectável. A prevalência das manifestações bucais foi 42,5%, sendo a mais expressiva a candidose pseudomembranosa (19,23%), seguida da periodontite úlcero-necrosante (15,38%), da leucoplasia pilosa (11,54%) e da queilite angular (11,54%). Não foi verificada associação entre manifestações bucais e carga viral (p=0,1268), nem com o número de células T CD4 (p=0,3458). CONCLUSÃO: A prevalência de algumas manifestações bucais associadas à infecção pelo HIV ainda é alta, sendo a candidose pseudomembranosa a infecção mais prevalente, principalmente entre pessoas com baixo nível de escolaridade e maior tempo de infecção pelo vírus HIV, independentemente da terapia utilizada e do estado imunológico do paciente.

Atividade antimicrobiana, antiaderente e antifúngica in vitro de plantas medicinais brasileiras sobre microrganismos do biofilme dental e cepas do gênero Candida

Avaliou-se in vitro a atividade antimicrobiana, antifúngica e antiaderente da aroeira-do-sertão, malva e goiabeira sobre microrganismos do biofilme dental e candidose oral. Os extratos mostraram-se eficazes, inibindo o crescimento das bactérias do biofilme dental e fungos da candidose oral, sugerindo a utilização dessas plantas como meio alternativo na terapêutica odontológica.