1
|
Toktogulova N, Breidert M, Eschbach J, Kudaibergenova I, Omurzakova U, Uvaidillaeva F, Tagaeva B, Sultanalieva R, Eftekhari P. Energy Metabolism in Residents in the Low- and Moderate Altitude Regions of Central Asia with MAFLD and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Horm Metab Res 2024; 56:294-299. [PMID: 38373717 DOI: 10.1055/a-2256-6358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
The knowledge about the features of energy metabolism in MAFLD in the population living at different climatic and geographic heights is lacking. The goal of this study is to explore the biochemical parameters of blood and erythrocyte energy consumption in patients with MAFLD with and without DM2 living in the low- and moderate-altitude regions of Central Asia. Our study was carried out on patients living in low-altitude mountains: Bishkek, altitude=750-800 m; n=67 (MAFLD with DM 2: n=24; MAFLD without DM2: n=25; control: n=18), and At-Bashy District, Naryn Region, altitude=2046-2300 m; n=58 (MAFLD with DM2: n=28; MAFLD without DM2: n=18; control: n=12). Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease was diagnosed according to history, laboratory tests, liver ultrasound, and exclusion of other liver diseases. The level of liver fibrosis was determined using the FIB-4 score. Blood adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) was determined using the CellTiter-Glo method. Healthy residents living in moderate altitudes have significantly higher levels of cytosolic ATP in their blood (p+≤+0.05) than residents living in low mountains. MAFLD is characterized by an increase in the level of ATP concentration in their blood. ATP concentration decreased significantly in patients with MAFLD with DM2 living in moderate-altitude in comparison to those living in low-altitude mountains. The results suggest that chronic altitude hypoxia leads to a breakdown in adaptive mechanisms of energy metabolism of ATP in patients with MAFLD with type 2 DM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nurgul Toktogulova
- Hospital Therapy, IK Akhunbaev Kyrgyz State Medical Academy Faculty of General Medicine, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
| | | | - Judith Eschbach
- Inoviem Scientific Research, Inoviem Scientific SAS, Illkirch, France
| | - Indira Kudaibergenova
- Kyrgyz State Medical Institute of Post-Graduate Training and Advanced Training named after S B Daniyarov, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
| | - Uulkan Omurzakova
- Hospital Therapy, IK Akhunbaev Kyrgyz State Medical Academy Faculty of General Medicine, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
| | - Feruzakhan Uvaidillaeva
- Hospital Therapy, IK Akhunbaev Kyrgyz State Medical Academy Faculty of General Medicine, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
| | - Bermet Tagaeva
- Hospital Therapy, IK Akhunbaev Kyrgyz State Medical Academy Faculty of General Medicine, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
| | - Roza Sultanalieva
- Therapy1, Kyrgyz-Russian Slavic University named after B N Yeltsin, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
| | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Eschbach J, Wagner A, Beahr C, Bekel A, Korganow AS, Quartier A, Peter JC, Eftekhari P. Drug upgrade: A complete methodology from old drug to new chemical entities using Nematic Protein Organization Technique. Drug Dev Res 2024; 85:e22151. [PMID: 38349254 DOI: 10.1002/ddr.22151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
Drug repurposing is used to propose new therapeutic perspectives. Here, we introduce "Drug Upgrade", that is, characterizing the mode of action of an old drug to generate new chemical entities and new therapeutics. We proposed a novel methodology covering target identification to pharmacology validation. As an old drug, we chose hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) for its well-documented clinical efficacy in lupus and its side effect, retinal toxicity. Using the Nematic Protein Organization Technique (NPOT®) followed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analyses, we identified myeloperoxidase (MPO) and alpha-crystallin β chain (CRYAB) as primary and secondary targets to HCQ from lupus patients' peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and isolated human retinas. Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) and enzymatic assays confirmed the interaction of HCQ with MPO and CRYAB. We synthesized INS-072 a novel analog of HCQ that increased affinity for MPO and decreased binding to CRYAB compared to HCQ. INS-072 delayed cutaneous eruption significantly compared to HCQ in the murine MRL/lpr model of spontaneous lupus and prevents immune complex vasculitis in mice. In addition, long-term HCQ treatment caused retinal toxicity in mice, unlike INS-072. Our study illustrates a method of drug development, where new applications or improvements can be explored by fully characterizing the drug's mode of action.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Alain Wagner
- Bio-Functional Chemistry (UMR 7199), Institut du Médicament de Strasbourg, Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France
- Strasbourg Drug Discovery and Development Institute (IMS), Strasbourg, France
| | - Corinne Beahr
- Bio-Functional Chemistry (UMR 7199), Institut du Médicament de Strasbourg, Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France
| | - Akkiz Bekel
- Inoviem Scientific, Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France
| | - Anne-Sophie Korganow
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Internal Medicine, National Reference Center for Systemic Autoimmune Diseases (CNR RESO), Tertiary Center for Primary Immunodeficiency, University Hospital and INSERM UMR 1109, Strasbourg, France
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
von Einem B, Eschbach J, Kiechle M, Wahler A, Thal DR, McLean PJ, Weishaupt JH, Ludolph AC, von Arnim CAF, Danzer KM. The Golgi-localized, gamma ear-containing, ARF-binding (GGA) protein family alters alpha synuclein (α-syn) oligomerization and secretion. Aging (Albany NY) 2018; 9:1677-1697. [PMID: 28722658 PMCID: PMC5559169 DOI: 10.18632/aging.101261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Several age-related neurodegenerative disorders are associated with protein misfolding and aggregation of toxic peptides. α-synuclein (α-syn) aggregation and the resulting cytotoxicity is a hallmark of Parkinson's disease (PD) as well as dementia with Lewy bodies. Rising evidence points to oligomeric and pre-fibrillar forms as the pathogenic species, and oligomer secretion seems to be crucial for the spreading and progression of PD pathology. Recent studies implicate that dysfunctions in endolysosomal/autophagosomal pathways increase α-syn secretion. Mutation in the retromer-complex protein VPS35, which is involved in endosome to Golgi transport, was suggested to cause familial PD. GGA proteins regulate vesicular traffic between Golgi and endosomes and might work as antagonists for retromer complex mediated transport. To investigate the role of the GGAs in the α-syn oligomerization and/or secretion process we utilized protein-fragment complementation assays (PCA). We here demonstrate that GGAs alter α-syn oligomer secretion and α-syn oligomer-mediated toxicity. Specifically, we determined that GGA3 modifies extracellular α-syn species in an exosome-independent manner. Our data suggest that GGA3 drives α-syn oligomerization in endosomal compartments and thus facilitates α-syn oligomer secretion. Preventing the early events in α-syn oligomer release may be a novel approach to halt disease spreading in PD and other synucleinopathies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Martin Kiechle
- Department of Neurology, Ulm University, Ulm 89081, Germany
| | - Anke Wahler
- Department of Neurology, Ulm University, Ulm 89081, Germany
| | - Dietmar R Thal
- Laboratory for Neuropathology - Institute of Pathology, Ulm University, Ulm 89081, Germany
| | - Pamela J McLean
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | | | | | | | - Karin M Danzer
- Department of Neurology, Ulm University, Ulm 89081, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Eschbach J, von Einem B, Müller K, Bayer H, Scheffold A, Morrison BE, Rudolph KL, Thal DR, Witting A, Weydt P, Otto M, Fauler M, Liss B, McLean PJ, Spada ARL, Ludolph AC, Weishaupt JH, Danzer KM. Mutual exacerbation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1α deregulation and α-synuclein oligomerization. Ann Neurol 2014; 77:15-32. [PMID: 25363075 DOI: 10.1002/ana.24294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2014] [Revised: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Aggregation of α-synuclein (α-syn) and α-syn cytotoxicity are hallmarks of sporadic and familial Parkinson disease (PD), with accumulating evidence that prefibrillar oligomers and protofibrils are the pathogenic species in PD and related synucleinopathies. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1α (PGC-1α), a key regulator of mitochondrial biogenesis and cellular energy metabolism, has recently been associated with the pathophysiology of PD. Despite extensive effort on studying the function of PGC-1α in mitochondria, no studies have addressed whether PGC-1α directly influences oligomerization of α-syn or whether α-syn oligomers impact PGC-1α expression. MATERIALS AND METHODS We tested whether pharmacological or genetic activation of PGC-1α or PGC-11α knockdown could modulate the oligomerization of α-syn in vitro by using an α-syn -fragment complementation assay. RESULTS In this study, we found that both PGC-1α reference gene (RG-PGC-1α) and the central nervous system (CNS)-specific PGC-1α (CNS-PGC-1α) are downregulated in human PD brain, in A30P α-syn transgenic animals, and in a cell culture model for α-syn oligomerization. Importantly, downregulation of both RG-PGC-1α and CNS-PGC-1α in cell culture or neurons from RG-PGC-1α-deficient mice leads to a strong induction of α-syn oligomerization and toxicity. In contrast, pharmacological activation or genetic overexpression of RG-PGC-1α reduced α-syn oligomerization and rescued α-syn-mediated toxicity. INTERPRETATION Based on our results, we propose that PGC-1α downregulation and α-syn oligomerization form a vicious circle, thereby influencing and/or potentiating each other. Our data indicate that restoration of PGC-1α is a promising approach for development of effective drugs for the treatment of PD and related synucleinopathies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Judith Eschbach
- Department of Neurology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany; Inoviem Scientific, Strasbourg, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Eschbach J, Danzer KM. α-Synuclein in Parkinson's disease: pathogenic function and translation into animal models. NEURODEGENER DIS 2013; 14:1-17. [PMID: 24080741 DOI: 10.1159/000354615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is a common neurodegenerative disease characterised by the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta and the formation of α-synuclein aggregates found in Lewy bodies throughout the brain. Several α-synuclein transgenic mouse models have been generated, as well as viral-mediated overexpression of wild-type and mutated α-synuclein to mimic the disease and to delineate the pathogenic pathway of α-synuclein-mediated toxicity and neurodegeneration. In this review, we will recapitulate what we have learned about the function of α-synuclein and α-synuclein-mediated toxicity through studies of transgenic animal models, inducible animal models and viral-based models.
Collapse
|
6
|
Rona-Voros K, Eschbach J, Vernay A, Wiesner D, Schwalenstocker B, Geniquet P, Mousson De Camaret B, Echaniz-Laguna A, Loeffler JP, Ludolph AC, Weydt P, Dupuis L. Full-length PGC-1α salvages the phenotype of a mouse model of human neuropathy through mitochondrial proliferation. Hum Mol Genet 2013; 22:5096-106. [DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddt359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
|
7
|
Eschbach J, Sinniger J, Bouitbir J, Fergani A, Schlagowski AI, Zoll J, Geny B, René F, Larmet Y, Marion V, Baloh RH, Harms MB, Shy ME, Messadeq N, Weydt P, Loeffler JP, Ludolph AC, Dupuis L. Dynein mutations associated with hereditary motor neuropathies impair mitochondrial morphology and function with age. Neurobiol Dis 2013; 58:220-30. [PMID: 23742762 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2013.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2012] [Revised: 05/10/2013] [Accepted: 05/24/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the DYNC1H1 gene encoding for dynein heavy chain cause two closely related human motor neuropathies, dominant spinal muscular atrophy with lower extremity predominance (SMA-LED) and axonal Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) disease, and lead to sensory neuropathy and striatal atrophy in mutant mice. Dynein is the molecular motor carrying mitochondria retrogradely on microtubules, yet the consequences of dynein mutations on mitochondrial physiology have not been explored. Here, we show that mouse fibroblasts bearing heterozygous or homozygous point mutation in Dync1h1, similar to human mutations, show profoundly abnormal mitochondrial morphology associated with the loss of mitofusin 1. Furthermore, heterozygous Dync1h1 mutant mice display progressive mitochondrial dysfunction in muscle and mitochondria progressively increase in size and invade sarcomeres. As a likely consequence of systemic mitochondrial dysfunction, Dync1h1 mutant mice develop hyperinsulinemia and hyperglycemia and progress to glucose intolerance with age. Similar defects in mitochondrial morphology and mitofusin levels are observed in fibroblasts from patients with SMA-LED. Last, we show that Dync1h1 mutant fibroblasts show impaired perinuclear clustering of mitochondria in response to mitochondrial uncoupling. Our results show that dynein function is required for the maintenance of mitochondrial morphology and function with aging and suggest that mitochondrial dysfunction contributes to dynein-dependent neurological diseases, such as SMA-LED.
Collapse
|
8
|
Eschbach J, Schwalenstöcker B, Soyal SM, Bayer H, Wiesner D, Akimoto C, Nilsson AC, Birve A, Meyer T, Dupuis L, Danzer KM, Andersen PM, Witting A, Ludolph AC, Patsch W, Weydt P. PGC-1α is a male-specific disease modifier of human and experimental amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Hum Mol Genet 2013; 22:3477-84. [PMID: 23669350 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddt202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a devastating, adult-onset neurodegenerative disorder of the upper and lower motor systems. It leads to paresis, muscle wasting and inevitably to death, typically within 3-5 years. However, disease onset and survival vary considerably ranging in extreme cases from a few months to several decades. The genetic and environmental factors underlying this variability are of great interest as potential therapeutic targets. In ALS, men are affected more often and have an earlier age of onset than women. This gender difference is recapitulated in transgenic rodent models, but no underlying mechanism has been elucidated. Here we report that SNPs in the brain-specific promoter region of the transcriptional co-activator PGC-1α, a master regulator of metabolism, modulate age of onset and survival in two large and independent ALS populations and this occurs in a strictly male-specific manner. In complementary animal studies, we show that deficiency of full-length (FL) Pgc-1α leads to a significantly earlier age of onset and a borderline shortened survival in male, but not in female ALS-transgenic mice. In the animal model, FL Pgc-1α-loss is associated with reduced mRNA levels of the trophic factor Vegf-A in males, but not in females. In summary, we indentify PGC-1α as a novel and clinically relevant disease modifier of human and experimental ALS and report a sex-dependent effect of PGC-1α in this neurodegenerative disorder.
Collapse
|
9
|
Fergani A, Eschbach J, Oudart H, Larmet Y, Schwalenstocker B, Ludolph AC, Loeffler JP, Dupuis L. A mutation in the dynein heavy chain gene compensates for energy deficit of mutant SOD1 mice and increases potentially neuroprotective IGF-1. Mol Neurodegener 2011; 6:26. [PMID: 21521523 PMCID: PMC3111394 DOI: 10.1186/1750-1326-6-26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2010] [Accepted: 04/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease characterized by a progressive loss of motor neurons. ALS patients, as well as animal models such as mice overexpressing mutant SOD1s, are characterized by increased energy expenditure. In mice, this hypermetabolism leads to energy deficit and precipitates motor neuron degeneration. Recent studies have shown that mutations in the gene encoding the dynein heavy chain protein are able to extend lifespan of mutant SOD1 mice. It remains unknown whether the protection offered by these dynein mutations relies on a compensation of energy metabolism defects. RESULTS SOD1(G93A) mice were crossbred with mice harboring the dynein mutant Cramping allele (Cra/+ mice). Dynein mutation increased adipose stores in compound transgenic mice through increasing carbohydrate oxidation and sparing lipids. Metabolic changes that occurred in double transgenic mice were accompanied by the normalization of the expression of key mRNAs in the white adipose tissue and liver. Furthermore, Dynein Cra mutation rescued decreased post-prandial plasma triglycerides and decreased non esterified fatty acids upon fasting. In SOD1(G93A) mice, the dynein Cra mutation led to increased expression of IGF-1 in the liver, increased systemic IGF-1 and, most importantly, to increased spinal IGF-1 levels that are potentially neuroprotective. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that the protection against SOD1(G93A) offered by the Cramping mutation in the dynein gene is, at least partially, mediated by a reversal in energy deficit and increased IGF-1 availability to motor neurons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anissa Fergani
- Inserm U692, Laboratoire de Signalisations Moléculaires et Neurodégénérescence, Strasbourg, F-67085 France.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Abstract
Cytoplasmic dynein 1 (later referred to as dynein) is the major molecular motor moving cargoes such as mitochondria, organelles and proteins towards the minus end of microtubules. Dynein is involved in multiple basic cellular functions, such as mitosis, autophagy and structure of endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi, but also in neuron specific functions in particular retrograde axonal transport. Dynein is regulated by a number of protein complexes, notably by dynactin. Several studies have supported indirectly the involvement of dynein in neurodegeneration associated with Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease and motor neuron diseases. First, axonal transport disruption represents a common feature occurring in neurodegenerative diseases. Second, a number of dynein-dependent processes, including autophagy or clearance of aggregation-prone proteins, are found defective in most of these diseases. Third, a number of mutant genes in various neurodegenerative diseases are involved in the regulation of dynein transport. This includes notably mutations in the P150Glued subunit of dynactin that are found in Perry syndrome and motor neuron diseases. Interestingly, gene products that are mutant in Huntington's disease, Parkinson's disease, motor neuron disease or spino-cerebellar ataxia are also involved in the regulation of dynein motor activity or of cargo binding. Despite a constellation of indirect evidence, direct links between the motor itself and neurodegeneration are few, and this might be due to the requirement of fully active dynein for development. Here, we critically review the evidence of dynein involvement in different neurodegenerative diseases and discuss potential underlying mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Judith Eschbach
- Inserm U692, Laboratoire de Signalisations Moléculaires et Neurodégénérescence, Strasbourg, F-67085, France
| | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Eschbach J, Fergani A, Oudart H, Robin JP, Rene F, Gonzalez de Aguilar JL, Larmet Y, Zoll J, Hafezparast M, Schwalenstocker B, Loeffler JP, Ludolph AC, Dupuis L. Mutations in cytoplasmic dynein lead to a Huntington's disease-like defect in energy metabolism of brown and white adipose tissues. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2010; 1812:59-69. [PMID: 20887786 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2010.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2010] [Revised: 09/08/2010] [Accepted: 09/22/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The molecular motor dynein is regulated by the huntingtin protein, and Huntington's disease (HD) mutations of huntingtin disrupt dynein motor activity. Besides abnormalities in the central nervous system, HD animal models develop prominent peripheral pathology, with defective brown tissue thermogenesis and dysfunctional white adipocytes, but whether this peripheral phenotype is recapitulated by dynein dysfunction is unknown. Here, we observed prominently increased adiposity in mice harboring the legs at odd angles (Loa/+) or the Cramping mutations (Cra/+) in the dynein heavy chain gene. In Cra/+ mice, hyperadiposity occurred in the absence of energy imbalance and was the result of impaired norepinephrine-stimulated lipolysis. A similar phenotype was observed in 3T3L1 adipocytes upon chemical inhibition of dynein showing that loss of functional dynein leads to impairment of lipolysis. Ex vivo, dynein mutant adipose tissue displayed increased reactive oxygen species production that was, at least partially, responsible for the decreased cellular responses to norepinephrine and subsequent defect in stimulated lipolysis. Dynein mutation also affected norepinephrine efficacy to elicit a thermogenic response and led to morphological abnormalities in brown adipose tissue and cold intolerance in dynein mutant mice. Interestingly, protein levels of huntingtin were decreased in dynein mutant adipose tissue. Collectively, our results provide genetic evidence that dynein plays a key role in lipid metabolism and thermogenesis through a modulation of oxidative stress elicited by norepinephrine. This peripheral phenotype of dynein mutant mice is similar to that observed in various animal models of HD, lending further support for a functional link between huntingtin and dynein.
Collapse
|
12
|
Bouakaze C, Eschbach J, Fouquerel E, Gasser I, Kieffer E, Krieger S, Milosevic S, Saandi T, Florentz C, Maréchal-Drouard L, Labouesse M. "OpenLAB": A 2-hour PCR-based practical for high school students. Biochem Mol Biol Educ 2010; 38:296-302. [PMID: 21567848 DOI: 10.1002/bmb.20408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The Strasbourg University PhD school in Life and Health Sciences launched an initiative called "OpenLAB." This project was developed in an effort to help high school teenagers understand theoretical and abstract concepts in genetics. A second objective of this program is to help students in defining their future orientation and to attract them to biology. The general idea is a 2-hour PCR-based practical that is developed around a fictitious criminal investigation. The practical is taught by PhD graduate students who bring all the required reagents and modern equipment into the classroom. Running the PCR provides free time dedicated to discussions with students about their future plans after the high school diploma. A specific website and a powerpoint presentation were developed to provide appropriate scientific information. Starting on a modest scale in Strasbourg in December 2008, "OpenLAB" was rapidly and well received all around, visiting 53 classes spread over a 200 km area in Alsace until May 2009. It permitted interactions with almost one thousand students in their last year of high school, with the prospect to visit 20% more classes this school year. Our experience, along with feedback from students and their teachers, suggests that it is possible to reach out to many students and have a strong impact with a rather limited budget.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Bouakaze
- Ecole Doctorale des Sciences de la Vie et de la Santé (ED414), Université de Strasbourg, 12 rue de l'Université, F-67000 Strasbourg; Faculté de Médecine, 11 rue Humann, F-67000 STRASBOURG
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Braunstein KE, Eschbach J, Ròna-Vörös K, Soylu R, Mikrouli E, Larmet Y, René F, Gonzalez De Aguilar JL, Loeffler JP, Müller HP, Bucher S, Kaulisch T, Niessen HG, Tillmanns J, Fischer K, Schwalenstöcker B, Kassubek J, Pichler B, Stiller D, Petersen A, Ludolph AC, Dupuis L. A point mutation in the dynein heavy chain gene leads to striatal atrophy and compromises neurite outgrowth of striatal neurons. Hum Mol Genet 2010; 19:4385-98. [PMID: 20807776 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddq361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular motor dynein and its associated regulatory subunit dynactin have been implicated in several neurodegenerative conditions of the basal ganglia, such as Huntington's disease (HD) and Perry syndrome, an atypical Parkinson-like disease. This pathogenic role has been largely postulated from the existence of mutations in the dynactin subunit p150(Glued). However, dynactin is also able to act independently of dynein, and there is currently no direct evidence linking dynein to basal ganglia degeneration. To provide such evidence, we used here a mouse strain carrying a point mutation in the dynein heavy chain gene that impairs retrograde axonal transport. These mice exhibited motor and behavioural abnormalities including hindlimb clasping, early muscle weakness, incoordination and hyperactivity. In vivo brain imaging using magnetic resonance imaging showed striatal atrophy and lateral ventricle enlargement. In the striatum, altered dopamine signalling, decreased dopamine D1 and D2 receptor binding in positron emission tomography SCAN and prominent astrocytosis were observed, although there was no neuronal loss either in the striatum or substantia nigra. In vitro, dynein mutant striatal neurons displayed strongly impaired neuritic morphology. Altogether, these findings provide a direct genetic evidence for the requirement of dynein for the morphology and function of striatal neurons. Our study supports a role for dynein dysfunction in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders of the basal ganglia, such as Perry syndrome and HD.
Collapse
|
14
|
Dupuis L, Fergani A, Braunstein KE, Eschbach J, Holl N, Rene F, Gonzalez De Aguilar JL, Zoerner B, Schwalenstocker B, Ludolph AC, Loeffler JP. Mice with a mutation in the dynein heavy chain 1 gene display sensory neuropathy but lack motor neuron disease. Exp Neurol 2008; 215:146-52. [PMID: 18952079 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2008.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2008] [Revised: 09/22/2008] [Accepted: 09/23/2008] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
In neurons, cytoplasmic dynein functions as a molecular motor responsible for retrograde axonal transport. An impairment of axonal transport is thought to play a key role in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, the most frequent motor neuron disease in the elderly. In this regard, previous studies described two heterozygous mouse strains bearing missense point mutations in the dynein heavy chain 1 gene that were reported to display late-onset progressive motor neuron degeneration. Here we show, however, that one of these mutant strains, the so-called Cra mice does not suffer from motor neuron loss, even in aged animals. Consistently, we did not observe electrophysiological or biochemical signs of muscle denervation, indicative of motor neuron disease. The "hindlimb clasping" phenotype of Cra mice could rather be due to the prominent degeneration of sensory neurons associated with a loss of muscle spindles. Altogether, these findings show that dynein heavy chain mutation triggers sensory neuropathy rather than motor neuron disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luc Dupuis
- INSERM, U692, Laboratoire de Signalisations Moléculaires et Neurodégénérescence, Strasbourg, F-67085, France.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
|
16
|
Meyer BR, Kreis W, Eschbach J, O'Mara V, Rosen S, Sibalis D. Transdermal versus subcutaneous leuprolide: a comparison of acute pharmacodynamic effect. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1990; 48:340-5. [PMID: 2121407 DOI: 10.1038/clpt.1990.161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Transdermal administration of peptides has been limited by the barrier properties of the skin. We compared the acute luteinizing hormone (LH) response to subcutaneous and transdermal administration of an LH-releasing hormone agonist (leuprolide). Eighteen volunteers received 5 mg leuprolide added to electrically powered patches delivering a current of 0.22 microA (transdermally). One week later, they received a 5 mg subcutaneous dose. LH response was measured. The area under the curve for LH response, maximum LH response, and time to maximum LH response were similar. Time to first response was shorter (147 +/- 108 minutes [transdermally] and 73 +/- 74 minutes [subcutaneously]; p less than 0.05), and the area under the curve for the first 150 minutes was greater (3655 +/- 2246 mIU.min/ml [transdermally] and 8666 +/- 4067 mIU.min/ml [subcutaneously]; p less than 0.05) for subcutaneous delivery. No major adverse effects were seen. This electrically powered transdermal technique merits further study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B R Meyer
- Department of Medicine, North Shore University Hospital, Cornell University Medical College, Manhasset, NY 11030
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Meyer BR, Kreis W, Eschbach J, O'Mara V, Rosen S, Sibalis D. Successful transdermal administration of therapeutic doses of a polypeptide to normal human volunteers. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1988; 44:607-12. [PMID: 3143511 DOI: 10.1038/clpt.1988.201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The human stratum corneum constitutes a relatively impermeable barrier to the transdermal absorption of most substances, including polypeptides and proteins. This double-blind, randomized, crossover study in 13 normal men evaluated whether a low level of electrical current could induce changes in cutaneous permeability sufficient to produce absorption of a polypeptide. We compared cutaneous absorption of 5 mg of leuprolide (a 9 amino acid luteinizing hormone releasing hormone analogue) in transdermal patches containing 0.2 mA electrical current (active) and in patches containing no electrical current (passive). Serum luteinizing hormone (LH) concentration was measured 12 times during an 8-hour period as a measure of drug effect. Similar baseline LH levels were seen in each group: active = 11.3 +/- 3.1 mIU/ml and passive = 13.7 +/- 4.7 mIU/ml (p not significant). Significant elevations of LH were seen in active compared with passive patches (p = 0.0084). As predicted, passive patches produced no elevation of LH concentration (LH = 11.8 +/- 7.1 mIU/ml at 4 hours). However, active patches produced elevations comparable to those achieved with subcutaneous administration of the drug (LH = 56.4 +/- 49.6 mIU/ml at 4 hours and p = 0.003 compared with passive). The patches were well tolerated without significant cutaneous toxicity. It is concluded that the use of low levels of electrical current can induce changes in the permeability of the stratum corneum. These changes are sufficient to promote the transdermal absorption of therapeutically relevant amounts of a polypeptide. This has major importance for our understanding of skin permeability and for the development of new techniques for drug administration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B R Meyer
- Department of Medicine, North Shore University Hospital, Manhasset, NY 11030
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Cazzola M, Pootrakul P, Huebers HA, Eng M, Eschbach J, Finch CA. Erythroid marrow function in anemic patients. Blood 1987; 69:296-301. [PMID: 3098323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Erythropoietic activity is known to be closely associated with marrow iron uptake. A modification of the standard measure of plasma iron turnover has been developed in which erythron transferrin uptake (ETU) rather than iron uptake has been calculated. The ETU has the advantage of providing a parameter of erythroid marrow activity independent of change produced by plasma iron and transferrin saturation. Measurements in 80 patients with anemia were compared to the normal value of 60 +/- 12 mumol/L whole blood/d. The mean ETU for ten patients with severe aplastic anemia and for six patients with pure red-cell aplasia were 12 +/- 8 and 12 +/- 11 mumol/L whole blood/d, respectively. In ten transfusion-dependent patients with renal failure under dialysis therapy, the mean value was 35 +/- 11, while ten other dialyzed patients who were transfusion independent had a mean ETU of 73 +/- 21 mumol/L whole blood/d. Sixteen patients with hemolytic anemia had an average ETU of 400 +/- 130, while 28 patients with ineffective erythropoiesis had a mean value of 474 +/- 147 mumol/L whole blood/d. While patients with hypoproliferative anemia showed no relation between the severity of anemia and ETU, those with hyperproliferative erythroid marrow showed increasing values as the anemia became more severe. Sequential measurements in patients with aplastic anemia under treatment and in thalassemic patients under transfusion therapy showed the value of this measurement in monitoring the effects of treatment on erythroid marrow activity. It is concluded that the measurement of ETU provides a more direct ferrokinetic evaluation of erythroid activity in anemic states.
Collapse
|
19
|
Mertz A, Wiedemann R, Eschbach J. [Long-term effects of endoscopic tubal sterilization: 750 cases]. J Med Strasb 1979; 10:29-34. [PMID: 12262156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
|
20
|
Ringenbach M, Renger B, Beauvais P, Imbs JF, Eschbach J, Frey G. [Pregnancy and delivery of a live infant in a patient treated with chronic hemodialysis]. J Urol Nephrol (Paris) 1978; 84:360-6. [PMID: 682239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
|
21
|
Ringerbach M, Frey G, Renger B, Eschbach J, Beauvais P, Imbs JF. [Pregnancy and delivery of a live infant in a patient treated by hemodialysis]. Nouv Presse Med 1977; 6:4068. [PMID: 600756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
|
22
|
Eschbach J, Witz H, Grodwohl M, Renger B, Holveck R, Medjelleck R. [Practical value of isotope placentography]. Bull Fed Soc Gynecol Obstet Lang Fr 1971; 23:227-8. [PMID: 5121088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
|
23
|
Renger B, Grodwohl M, Eschbach J. [Apropos of a case of double uterus with unilateral atresia and homolateral renal agenesis]. Bull Fed Soc Gynecol Obstet Lang Fr 1971; 23:230-2. [PMID: 5121090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
|
24
|
Selva J, Renger B, Eschbach J. [Prevention of Rhesus immunization. Remarks apropos of 180 cases]. Bull Fed Soc Gynecol Obstet Lang Fr 1971; 23:124-7. [PMID: 4997721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
|
25
|
|
26
|
Peter G, Eschbach J. [Use of propanidid in gynecology-obstetrics]. Anesth Analg (Paris) 1970; 27:697-701. [PMID: 5455968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
|
27
|
Renger B, Grodwohl M, Peter G, Eschbach J. [Paracervical block in obstetrics. Our experience apropos of 140 cases]. Bull Fed Soc Gynecol Obstet Lang Fr 1969; 21:575-6. [PMID: 5386419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
|
28
|
|
29
|
Pageaut G, Oppermann A, Eschbach J, Percher P, Gauthier C. [Placental-fetal listeriosis]. Ann Anat Pathol (Paris) 1967; 12:373-86. [PMID: 5591173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
|
30
|
Eschbach J, Percher P. [Choice of incision for laparotomy]. Bull Fed Soc Gynecol Obstet Lang Fr 1967; 19:70-1. [PMID: 5602164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
|
31
|
Colette C, Eschbach J, Menetre G, Percher P. [5 cases of Rokitansky-Kuster syndrome in Franche-Comté]. Bull Fed Soc Gynecol Obstet Lang Fr 1966; 18:190-2. [PMID: 5950682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
|
32
|
Eschbach J, Percher P. [Anesthesia of long duration during delivery with sodium hydroxybutyrate. Study of 120 cases]. Bull Fed Soc Gynecol Obstet Lang Fr 1965; 17:277-9. [PMID: 5842012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
|