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Berkmann JC, Herrera Martin AX, Pontremoli C, Zheng K, Bucher CH, Ellinghaus A, Boccaccini AR, Fiorilli S, Vitale Brovarone C, Duda GN, Schmidt-Bleek K. In Vivo Validation of Spray-Dried Mesoporous Bioactive Glass Microspheres Acting as Prolonged Local Release Systems for BMP-2 to Support Bone Regeneration. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12090823. [PMID: 32872353 PMCID: PMC7559713 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12090823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) is a known key mediator of physiological bone regeneration and is clinically approved for selected musculoskeletal interventions. Yet, broad usage of this growth factor is impeded due to side effects that are majorly evoked by high dosages and burst release kinetics. In this study, mesoporous bioactive glass microspheres (MBGs), produced by an aerosol-assisted spray-drying scalable process, were loaded with BMP-2 resulting in prolonged, low-dose BMP-2 release without affecting the material characteristics. In vitro, MBGs were found to be cytocompatible and to induce a pro-osteogenic response in primary human mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs). In a pre-clinical rodent model, BMP-2 loaded MBGs significantly enhanced bone formation and influenced the microarchitecture of newly formed bone. The MBG carriers alone performed equal to the untreated (empty) control in most parameters tested, while additionally exerting mild pro-angiogenic effects. Using MBGs as a biocompatible, pro-regenerative carrier for local and sustained low dose BMP-2 release could limit side effects, thus enabling a safer usage of BMP-2 as a potent pro-osteogenic growth factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia C. Berkmann
- Julius-Wolff-Institut, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany; (J.C.B.); (A.X.H.M.); (C.H.B.); (G.N.D.)
- Berlin-Brandenburg School for Regenerative Therapies, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Aaron X. Herrera Martin
- Julius-Wolff-Institut, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany; (J.C.B.); (A.X.H.M.); (C.H.B.); (G.N.D.)
- Berlin-Brandenburg School for Regenerative Therapies, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Carlotta Pontremoli
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, 10129 Turin, Italy; (C.P.); (S.F.); (C.V.B.)
| | - Kai Zheng
- Institute of Biomaterials, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany; (K.Z.); (A.R.B.)
| | - Christian H. Bucher
- Julius-Wolff-Institut, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany; (J.C.B.); (A.X.H.M.); (C.H.B.); (G.N.D.)
- Berlin-Brandenburg School for Regenerative Therapies, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
- BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Agnes Ellinghaus
- BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Aldo R. Boccaccini
- Institute of Biomaterials, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany; (K.Z.); (A.R.B.)
| | - Sonia Fiorilli
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, 10129 Turin, Italy; (C.P.); (S.F.); (C.V.B.)
| | - Chiara Vitale Brovarone
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, 10129 Turin, Italy; (C.P.); (S.F.); (C.V.B.)
| | - Georg N. Duda
- Julius-Wolff-Institut, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany; (J.C.B.); (A.X.H.M.); (C.H.B.); (G.N.D.)
- BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Katharina Schmidt-Bleek
- Julius-Wolff-Institut, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany; (J.C.B.); (A.X.H.M.); (C.H.B.); (G.N.D.)
- BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-(0)30-450659209
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Boffito M, Torchio A, Tonda-Turo C, Laurano R, Gisbert-Garzarán M, Berkmann JC, Cassino C, Manzano M, Duda GN, Vallet-Regí M, Schmidt-Bleek K, Ciardelli G. Hybrid Injectable Sol-Gel Systems Based on Thermo-Sensitive Polyurethane Hydrogels Carrying pH-Sensitive Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles for the Controlled and Triggered Release of Therapeutic Agents. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:384. [PMID: 32509740 PMCID: PMC7248334 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Injectable therapeutic formulations locally releasing their cargo with tunable kinetics in response to external biochemical/physical cues are gaining interest in the scientific community, with the aim to overcome the cons of traditional administration routes. In this work, we proposed an alternative solution to this challenging goal by combining thermo-sensitive hydrogels based on custom-made amphiphilic poly(ether urethane)s (PEUs) and mesoporous silica nanoparticles coated with a self-immolative polymer sensitive to acid pH (MSN-CS-SIP). By exploiting PEU chemical versatility, Boc-protected amino groups were introduced as PEU building block (PEU-Boc), which were then subjected to a deprotection reaction to expose pendant primary amines along the polymer backbone (PEU-NH2, 3E18 -NH2/gPEU-NH2) with the aim to accelerate system response to external acid pH environment. Then, thermo-sensitive hydrogels were designed (15% w/v) showing fast gelation in physiological conditions (approximately 5 min), while no significant changes in gelation temperature and kinetics were induced by the Boc-deprotection. Conversely, free amines in PEU-NH2 effectively enhanced and accelerated acid pH transfer (pH 5) through hydrogel thickness (PEU-Boc and PEU-NH2 gels covered approximately 42 and 52% of the pH delta between their initial pH and the pH of the surrounding buffer within 30 min incubation, respectively). MSN-CS-SIP carrying a fluorescent cargo as model drug (MSN-CS-SIP-Ru) were then encapsulated within the hydrogels with no significant effects on their thermo-sensitivity. Injectability and in situ gelation at 37°C were demonstrated ex vivo through sub-cutaneous injection in rodents. Moreover, MSN-CS-SIP-Ru-loaded gels turned out to be detectable through the skin by IVIS imaging. Cargo acid pH-triggered delivery from PEU-Boc and PEU-NH2 gels was finally demonstrated through drug release tests in neutral and acid pH environments (in acid pH environment approximately 2-fold higher cargo release). Additionally, acid-triggered payload release from PEU-NH2 gels was significantly higher compared to PEU-Boc systems at 3 and 4 days incubation. The herein designed hybrid injectable formulations could thus represent a significant step forward in the development of multi-stimuli sensitive drug carriers. Indeed, being able to adapt their behavior in response to biochemical cues from the surrounding physio-pathological environment, these formulations can effectively trigger the release of their payload according to therapeutic needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Boffito
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Politecnico di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Alessandro Torchio
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Politecnico di Torino, Turin, Italy
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Chiara Tonda-Turo
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Politecnico di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Rossella Laurano
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Politecnico di Torino, Turin, Italy
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Miguel Gisbert-Garzarán
- Departamento de Química en Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain
| | - Julia C. Berkmann
- Julius Wolff Institut, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Claudio Cassino
- Department of Science and Technological Innovation, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Alessandria, Italy
| | - Miguel Manzano
- Departamento de Química en Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain
| | - Georg N. Duda
- Julius Wolff Institut, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - María Vallet-Regí
- Departamento de Química en Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain
| | - Katharina Schmidt-Bleek
- Julius Wolff Institut, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Gianluca Ciardelli
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Politecnico di Torino, Turin, Italy
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Berkmann JC, Herrera Martin AX, Ellinghaus A, Schlundt C, Schell H, Lippens E, Duda GN, Tsitsilonis S, Schmidt-Bleek K. Early pH Changes in Musculoskeletal Tissues upon Injury-Aerobic Catabolic Pathway Activity Linked to Inter-Individual Differences in Local pH. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21072513. [PMID: 32260421 PMCID: PMC7177603 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21072513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 03/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Local pH is stated to acidify after bone fracture. However, the time course and degree of acidification remain unknown. Whether the acidification pattern within a fracture hematoma is applicable to adjacent muscle hematoma or is exclusive to this regenerative tissue has not been studied to date. Thus, in this study, we aimed to unravel the extent and pattern of acidification in vivo during the early phase post musculoskeletal injury. Local pH changes after fracture and muscle trauma were measured simultaneously in two pre-clinical animal models (sheep/rats) immediately after and up to 48 h post injury. The rat fracture hematoma was further analyzed histologically and metabolomically. In vivo pH measurements in bone and muscle hematoma revealed a local acidification in both animal models, yielding mean pH values in rats of 6.69 and 6.89, with pronounced intra- and inter-individual differences. The metabolomic analysis of the hematomas indicated a link between reduction in tricarboxylic acid cycle activity and pH, thus, metabolic activity within the injured tissues could be causative for the different pH values. The significant acidification within the early musculoskeletal hematoma could enable the employment of the pH for novel, sought-after treatments that allow for spatially and temporally controlled drug release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia C. Berkmann
- Julius Wolff Institut, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany; (J.C.B.); (A.X.H.M.); (C.S.); (H.S.); (E.L.); (G.N.D.); (S.T.)
- Berlin-Brandenburg School for Regenerative Therapies, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Aaron X. Herrera Martin
- Julius Wolff Institut, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany; (J.C.B.); (A.X.H.M.); (C.S.); (H.S.); (E.L.); (G.N.D.); (S.T.)
- Berlin-Brandenburg School for Regenerative Therapies, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Agnes Ellinghaus
- BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin 10178, Germany;
| | - Claudia Schlundt
- Julius Wolff Institut, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany; (J.C.B.); (A.X.H.M.); (C.S.); (H.S.); (E.L.); (G.N.D.); (S.T.)
| | - Hanna Schell
- Julius Wolff Institut, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany; (J.C.B.); (A.X.H.M.); (C.S.); (H.S.); (E.L.); (G.N.D.); (S.T.)
| | - Evi Lippens
- Julius Wolff Institut, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany; (J.C.B.); (A.X.H.M.); (C.S.); (H.S.); (E.L.); (G.N.D.); (S.T.)
| | - Georg N. Duda
- Julius Wolff Institut, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany; (J.C.B.); (A.X.H.M.); (C.S.); (H.S.); (E.L.); (G.N.D.); (S.T.)
- BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin 10178, Germany;
| | - Serafeim Tsitsilonis
- Julius Wolff Institut, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany; (J.C.B.); (A.X.H.M.); (C.S.); (H.S.); (E.L.); (G.N.D.); (S.T.)
- Center for Musculoskeletal Surgery, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13357 Berlin, Germany
| | - Katharina Schmidt-Bleek
- Julius Wolff Institut, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany; (J.C.B.); (A.X.H.M.); (C.S.); (H.S.); (E.L.); (G.N.D.); (S.T.)
- BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin 10178, Germany;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-(0)30-450-659209; Fax: +49-(0)30-450-559938
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4
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Gisbert-Garzarán M, Berkmann JC, Giasafaki D, Lozano D, Spyrou K, Manzano M, Steriotis T, Duda GN, Schmidt-Bleek K, Charalambopoulou G, María Vallet-Regí G. Engineered pH-Responsive Mesoporous Carbon Nanoparticles for Drug Delivery. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2020; 12:14946-14957. [PMID: 32141284 PMCID: PMC7116326 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c01786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
In this work, two types of mesoporous carbon particles with different morphology, size, and pore structure have been functionalized with a self-immolative polymer sensitive to changes in pH and tested as drug nanocarriers. It is shown that their textural properties allow significantly higher loading capacity compared to typical mesoporous silica nanoparticles. In vial release experiments of a model Ru dye at pH 7.4 and 5 confirm the pH-responsiveness of the hybrid systems, showing that only small amounts of the cargo are released at physiological pH, whereas at slightly acidic pH (e.g., that of lysosomes), self-immolation takes place and a significant amount of the cargo is released. Cytotoxicity studies using human osteosarcoma cells show that the hybrid nanocarriers are not cytotoxic by themselves but induce significant cell growth inhibition when loaded with a chemotherapeutic drug such as doxorubicin. In preparation of an in vivo application, in vial responsiveness of the hybrid system to short-term pH-triggering is confirmed. The consecutive in vivo study shows no substantial cargo release over a period of 96 h under physiological pH conditions. Short-term exposure to acidic pH releases an experimental fluorescent cargo during and continuously after the triggering period over 72 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Gisbert-Garzarán
- Department of Chemistry in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Institute de Investigation Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (imasl2), 28040 Madrid, Spain; Networking Research Center on Bio engineering Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Julia C. Berkmann
- Julius Wolff Institute and Center for Musculoskektal Surgery and Berlin-Brandenburg School for Regenerative Therapies, Charit’e–Universitatsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Dimitra Giasafaki
- National Center for Scientific Research “Demokritos”, 15341 Athens, Greece
| | - Daniel Lozano
- Department of Chemistry in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Institute de Investigation Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (imasl2), 28040 Madrid, Spain; Networking Research Center on Bio engineering Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Konstantinos Spyrou
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering University of loannina, GR-45110 loannina, Greece
| | - Miguel Manzano
- Department of Chemistry in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Instituto de Investigation Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), 28040 Madrid, Spain; Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Katharina Schmidt-Bleek
- Julius Wolff Institute and Center for Musculoskektal Surgery and Berlin-Brandenburg School for Regenerative Therapies, Charit’e–Universitatsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Georgia María Vallet-Regí
- Department of Chemistry in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Institute de Investigation Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (imasl2), 28040 Madrid, Spain; Networking Research Center on Bio engineering Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), 28029 Madrid, Spain
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5
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Qazi TH, Berkmann JC, Schoon J, Geißler S, Duda GN, Boccaccini AR, Lippens E. Dosage and composition of bioactive glasses differentially regulate angiogenic and osteogenic response of human MSCs. J Biomed Mater Res A 2018; 106:2827-2837. [PMID: 30281904 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.36470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Revised: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Vascularization of the fracture site and cell-mediated deposition of the mineralized matrix are crucial determinants for successful bone regeneration after injury. Ceramic biomaterials such as bioactive glasses (BAGs) that release bioactive ions have shown promising results in bone defect regeneration. However, it remains unclear how the dosage and composition of bioactive ions influence the angiogenic and osteogenic behavior of primary human mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs). Here, we show that exposure to ionic dissolution products from 1393 and 45S5 BAGs can evoke distinct angiogenic and osteogenic responses from primary MSCs in a dose- and composition-dependent manner. Significantly higher concentrations of the pro-angiogenic factors VEGF, HGF, PIGF, angiopoietin, and angiogenin were detected in conditioned media (CM) from MSCs exposed to 45S5, but not 1393, BAGs. Application of this CM to human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) resulted in robust 2D tube formation in vitro. Osteogenic differentiation of MSCs was assessed by gene expression analysis and mineralization assays. Low concentrations (0.1% w/v) of 1393 BAGs significantly enhanced the gene expression of RUNX2 and ALP and induced an earlier onset of matrix mineralization compared to all other groups. We further tested whether simultaneous exposure to both BAGs would improve both angiogenic secretion and osteogenic differentiation of MSCs, and did not find evidence to support this hypothesis. Our results provide evidence of BAG composition-dependent enhancement of primary human MSCs' regenerative function, besides also underlining the importance of an in vitro evaluation of the dose-response relationship to translate BAG based approaches into safe and effective clinical therapies. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 106A: 2827-2837, 2018., 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taimoor H Qazi
- Julius Wolff Institute, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies & Berlin-Brandenburg School for Regenerative Therapies, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Julia C Berkmann
- Julius Wolff Institute, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies & Berlin-Brandenburg School for Regenerative Therapies, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Janosch Schoon
- Julius Wolff Institute, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies & Berlin-Brandenburg School for Regenerative Therapies, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sven Geißler
- Julius Wolff Institute, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies & Berlin-Brandenburg School for Regenerative Therapies, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Georg N Duda
- Julius Wolff Institute, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies & Berlin-Brandenburg School for Regenerative Therapies, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Aldo R Boccaccini
- Institute of Biomaterials, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Cauerstrasse 6, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Evi Lippens
- Julius Wolff Institute, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies & Berlin-Brandenburg School for Regenerative Therapies, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany
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Graef FA, Lau J, Bosman ES, Kuan M, Yang H, Celiberto LS, Berkmann JC, Stahl M, Crowley SM, Yu H, Surette M, Verdu E, Jacobson K, Vallance B. A8 PROLONGED FASTING ALTERS THE GUT MICROBIOME AND PROTECTS AGAINST SALMONELLA
-INDUCED GUT INFLAMMATION. J Can Assoc Gastroenterol 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/jcag/gwy008.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- F A Graef
- Pediatrics, BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - J Lau
- McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - E S Bosman
- Pediatrics, BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - M Kuan
- Pediatrics, BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - H Yang
- Pediatrics, BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - L S Celiberto
- Pediatrics, BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - J C Berkmann
- Pediatrics, BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - M Stahl
- Pediatrics, BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - S M Crowley
- Pediatrics, BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - H Yu
- Pediatrics, BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - M Surette
- McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - E Verdu
- McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - K Jacobson
- Pediatrics, BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - B Vallance
- Pediatrics, BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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7
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Diederichs S, Bartsch L, Berkmann JC, Fröse K, Heitmann J, Hoppe C, Iggena D, Jazmati D, Karschnia P, Linsenmeier M, Maulhardt T, Möhrmann L, Morstein J, Paffenholz SV, Röpenack P, Rückert T, Sandig L, Schell M, Steinmann A, Voss G, Wasmuth J, Weinberger ME, Wullenkord R. The dark matter of the cancer genome: aberrations in regulatory elements, untranslated regions, splice sites, non-coding RNA and synonymous mutations. EMBO Mol Med 2016; 8:442-57. [PMID: 26992833 PMCID: PMC5126213 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201506055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a disease of the genome caused by oncogene activation and tumor suppressor gene inhibition. Deep sequencing studies including large consortia such as TCGA and ICGC identified numerous tumor‐specific mutations not only in protein‐coding sequences but also in non‐coding sequences. Although 98% of the genome is not translated into proteins, most studies have neglected the information hidden in this “dark matter” of the genome. Malignancy‐driving mutations can occur in all genetic elements outside the coding region, namely in enhancer, silencer, insulator, and promoter as well as in 5′‐UTR and 3′‐UTR. Intron or splice site mutations can alter the splicing pattern. Moreover, cancer genomes contain mutations within non‐coding RNA, such as microRNA, lncRNA, and lincRNA. A synonymous mutation changes the coding region in the DNA and RNA but not the protein sequence. Importantly, oncogenes such as TERT or miR‐21 as well as tumor suppressor genes such as TP53/p53,APC,BRCA1, or RB1 can be affected by these alterations. In summary, coding‐independent mutations can affect gene regulation from transcription, splicing, mRNA stability to translation, and hence, this largely neglected area needs functional studies to elucidate the mechanisms underlying tumorigenesis. This review will focus on the important role and novel mechanisms of these non‐coding or allegedly silent mutations in tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Diederichs
- Division of Cancer Research, Department of Thoracic Surgery, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany Division of RNA Biology & Cancer (B150), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Freiburg, Germany
| | - Lorenz Bartsch
- German Academic Scholarship Foundation - Studienstiftung des deutschen Volkes, Bonn, Germany
| | - Julia C Berkmann
- German Academic Scholarship Foundation - Studienstiftung des deutschen Volkes, Bonn, Germany
| | - Karin Fröse
- German Academic Scholarship Foundation - Studienstiftung des deutschen Volkes, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jana Heitmann
- German Academic Scholarship Foundation - Studienstiftung des deutschen Volkes, Bonn, Germany
| | - Caroline Hoppe
- German Academic Scholarship Foundation - Studienstiftung des deutschen Volkes, Bonn, Germany
| | - Deetje Iggena
- German Academic Scholarship Foundation - Studienstiftung des deutschen Volkes, Bonn, Germany
| | - Danny Jazmati
- German Academic Scholarship Foundation - Studienstiftung des deutschen Volkes, Bonn, Germany
| | - Philipp Karschnia
- German Academic Scholarship Foundation - Studienstiftung des deutschen Volkes, Bonn, Germany
| | - Miriam Linsenmeier
- German Academic Scholarship Foundation - Studienstiftung des deutschen Volkes, Bonn, Germany
| | - Thomas Maulhardt
- German Academic Scholarship Foundation - Studienstiftung des deutschen Volkes, Bonn, Germany
| | - Lino Möhrmann
- German Academic Scholarship Foundation - Studienstiftung des deutschen Volkes, Bonn, Germany
| | - Johannes Morstein
- German Academic Scholarship Foundation - Studienstiftung des deutschen Volkes, Bonn, Germany
| | - Stella V Paffenholz
- German Academic Scholarship Foundation - Studienstiftung des deutschen Volkes, Bonn, Germany
| | - Paula Röpenack
- German Academic Scholarship Foundation - Studienstiftung des deutschen Volkes, Bonn, Germany
| | - Timo Rückert
- German Academic Scholarship Foundation - Studienstiftung des deutschen Volkes, Bonn, Germany
| | - Ludger Sandig
- German Academic Scholarship Foundation - Studienstiftung des deutschen Volkes, Bonn, Germany
| | - Maximilian Schell
- German Academic Scholarship Foundation - Studienstiftung des deutschen Volkes, Bonn, Germany
| | - Anna Steinmann
- German Academic Scholarship Foundation - Studienstiftung des deutschen Volkes, Bonn, Germany
| | - Gjendine Voss
- German Academic Scholarship Foundation - Studienstiftung des deutschen Volkes, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jacqueline Wasmuth
- German Academic Scholarship Foundation - Studienstiftung des deutschen Volkes, Bonn, Germany
| | - Maria E Weinberger
- German Academic Scholarship Foundation - Studienstiftung des deutschen Volkes, Bonn, Germany
| | - Ramona Wullenkord
- German Academic Scholarship Foundation - Studienstiftung des deutschen Volkes, Bonn, Germany
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