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Trotman CA, Faraway J, Bennett ME, Garson GD, Phillips C, Bruun R, Daniel R, David LR, Ganske I, Leeper LK, Rogers-Vizena CR, Runyan C, Scott AR, Wood J. Decision Considerations and Strategies for Lip Surgery in Patients with Cleft lip/Palate: A Qualitative Study. medRxiv 2023:2023.04.20.23287416. [PMID: 37131720 PMCID: PMC10153332 DOI: 10.1101/2023.04.20.23287416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Objective To qualitatively assess surgeons decision making for lip surgery in patients with cleft lip/palate (CL/P). Design Prospective, non-randomized, clinical trial. Setting Clinical data institutional laboratory setting. Patients Participants The study included both patient and surgeon participants recruited from four craniofacial centers. The patient participants were babies with a CL/P requiring primary lip repair surgery (n=16) and adolescents with repaired CL/P who may require secondary lip revision surgery (n=32). The surgeon participants (n=8) were experienced in cleft care. Facial imaging data that included 2D images, 3D images, videos, and objective 3D visual modelling of facial movements were collected from each patient, and compiled as a collage termed the Standardized Assessment for Facial Surgery (SAFS) for systematic viewing by the surgeons. Interventions The SAFS served as the intervention. Each surgeon viewed the SAFS for six distinct patients (two babies and four adolescents) and provided a list of surgical problems and goals. Then an in-depth-interview (IDI) was conducted with each surgeon to explore their decision-making processes. IDIs were conducted either in person or virtually, recorded, and then transcribed for qualitative statistical analyses using the Grounded Theory Method. Results Rich narratives/themes emerged that included timing of the surgery; risks/limitations and benefits of surgery; patient/family goals; planning for muscle repair and scarring; multiplicity of surgeries and their impact; and availability of resources. For diagnoses/treatments, surgeons agreed, and level of surgical experience was not a factor. Conclusions The themes provided important information to populate a checklist of considerations to serve as a guide for clinicians.
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Hobbs C, Beck M, Denham F, Pettitt L, Faraway J, Munafò MR, Sui J, Kessler D, Button KS. Relationship between change in social evaluation learning and mood in early antidepressant treatment: A prospective cohort study in primary care. J Psychopharmacol 2022; 37:303-312. [PMID: 36000259 PMCID: PMC10076340 DOI: 10.1177/02698811221116928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antidepressants are proposed to work by increasing sensitivity to positive versus negative information. Increasing positive affective learning within social contexts may help remediate negative self-schema. We investigated the association between change in biased learning of social evaluations about the self and others, and mood during early antidepressant treatment. METHOD Prospective cohort assessing patients recruited from primary care in South West England at four timepoints over the first 8 weeks of antidepressant treatment (n = 29). At each timepoint, participants completed self-report measures of depression (Beck Depression Inventory II (BDI-II) and Patient Health Questionnaire 9 (PHQ-9)), anxiety (Generalised Anxiety Disorder Questionnaire 7 (GAD-7)), and a computerised task measuring learning of social evaluations about the self, a friend and a stranger. RESULTS We did not find evidence that learning about the self was associated with a reduction in PHQ-9 (b = 0.08, 95% CI: -0.05, 0.20, p = 0.239) or BDI-II scores (b = 0.10, 95% CI: -0.18, 0.38, p = 0.469). We found some weak evidence that increased positive learning about the friend was associated with a reduction in BDI-II scores (b = 0.30, 95% CI: -0.02, 0.62, p = 0.069). However, exploratory analyses indicated stronger evidence that increased positive learning about the self (b = 0.18, 95% CI: 0.07, 0.28, p = 0.002) and a friend (b = 0.22, 95% CI: 0.10, 0.35, p = 0.001) was associated with reductions in anxiety. CONCLUSIONS Change in social evaluation learning was associated with a reduction in anxiety but not depression. Antidepressants may treat anxiety symptoms by remediating negative affective biases towards socially threatening information directed towards the self and close others. However, our findings are based on exploratory analyses within a small sample without a control group and are therefore at risk of type 1 errors and order effects. Further research with larger samples is required.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Milly Beck
- Department of Psychology, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - Faye Denham
- Department of Psychology, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - Laura Pettitt
- Department of Psychology, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - Julian Faraway
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - Marcus R Munafò
- School of Psychological Science, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.,MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.,National Institute of Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust and the University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Jie Sui
- School of Psychology, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - David Kessler
- Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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Faraway J, Boxall-Clasby J, Feil EJ, Gibbon MJ, Hatfield O, Kasprzyk-Hordern B, Smith T. Challenges in realising the potential of wastewater-based epidemiology to quantitatively monitor and predict the spread of disease. J Water Health 2022; 20:1038-1050. [PMID: 35902986 DOI: 10.2166/wh.2022.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Researchers around the world have demonstrated correlations between measurements of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in wastewater (WW) and case rates of COVID-19 derived from direct testing of individuals. This has raised concerns that wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) methods might be used to quantify the spread of this and other diseases, perhaps faster than direct testing, and with less expense and intrusion. We illustrate, using data from Scotland and the USA, the issues regarding the construction of effective predictive models for disease case rates. We discuss the effects of variation in, and the problem of aligning, public health (PH) reporting and WW measurements. We investigate time-varying effects in PH-reported case rates and their relationship to WW measurements. We show the lack of proportionality of WW measurements to case rates with associated spatial heterogeneity. We illustrate how the precision of predictions is affected by the level of aggregation chosen. We determine whether PH or WW measurements are the leading indicators of disease and how they may be used in conjunction to produce predictive models. The prospects of using WW-based predictive models with or without ongoing PH data are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Faraway
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK E-mail:
| | | | - Edward J Feil
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Marjorie J Gibbon
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Oliver Hatfield
- Institute for Mathematical Innovation, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
| | | | - Theresa Smith
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK E-mail:
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Kasprzyk-Hordern B, Adams B, Adewale ID, Agunbiade FO, Akinyemi MI, Archer E, Badru FA, Barnett J, Bishop IJ, Di Lorenzo M, Estrela P, Faraway J, Fasona MJ, Fayomi SA, Feil EJ, Hyatt LJ, Irewale AT, Kjeldsen T, Lasisi AKS, Loiselle S, Louw TM, Metcalfe B, Nmormah SA, Oluseyi TO, Smith TR, Snyman MC, Sogbanmu TO, Stanton-Fraser D, Surujlal-Naicker S, Wilson PR, Wolfaardt G, Yinka-Banjo CO. Wastewater-based epidemiology in hazard forecasting and early-warning systems for global health risks. Environ Int 2022; 161:107143. [PMID: 35176575 PMCID: PMC8842583 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
With the advent of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, Wastewater-Based Epidemiology (WBE) has been applied to track community infection in cities worldwide and has proven succesful as an early warning system for identification of hotspots and changingprevalence of infections (both symptomatic and asymptomatic) at a city or sub-city level. Wastewater is only one of environmental compartments that requires consideration. In this manuscript, we have critically evaluated the knowledge-base and preparedness for building early warning systems in a rapidly urbanising world, with particular attention to Africa, which experiences rapid population growth and urbanisation. We have proposed a Digital Urban Environment Fingerprinting Platform (DUEF) - a new approach in hazard forecasting and early-warning systems for global health risks and an extension to the existing concept of smart cities. The urban environment (especially wastewater) contains a complex mixture of substances including toxic chemicals, infectious biological agents and human excretion products. DUEF assumes that these specific endo- and exogenous residues, anonymously pooled by communities' wastewater, are indicative of community-wide exposure and the resulting effects. DUEF postulates that the measurement of the substances continuously and anonymously pooled by the receiving environment (sewage, surface water, soils and air), can provide near real-time dynamic information about the quantity and type of physical, biological or chemical stressors to which the surveyed systems are exposed, and can create a risk profile on the potential effects of these exposures. Successful development and utilisation of a DUEF globally requires a tiered approach including: Stage I: network building, capacity building, stakeholder engagement as well as a conceptual model, followed by Stage II: DUEF development, Stage III: implementation, and Stage IV: management and utilization. We have identified four key pillars required for the establishment of a DUEF framework: (1) Environmental fingerprints, (2) Socioeconomic fingerprints, (3) Statistics and modelling and (4) Information systems. This manuscript critically evaluates the current knowledge base within each pillar and provides recommendations for further developments with an aim of laying grounds for successful development of global DUEF platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - B Adams
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
| | - I D Adewale
- Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, University of Lagos, 100213 Akoka, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - F O Agunbiade
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Lagos, Akoka, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - M I Akinyemi
- Department of Mathematics, University of Lagos, Akoka, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - E Archer
- Department of Microbiology, Stellenbosch University, 7600 Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - F A Badru
- Department of Social Work, University of Lagos, Akoka, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - J Barnett
- Department of Psychology, University of Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
| | - I J Bishop
- Earthwatch Europe, Mayfield House, 256 Banbury Road, Summertown, Oxford OX2 7DE, UK
| | - M Di Lorenzo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Bath, BA2 7AY Bath, UK
| | - P Estrela
- Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
| | - J Faraway
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
| | - M J Fasona
- Department of Geography, University of Lagos, Akoka, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - S A Fayomi
- Research for Sustainable Development Unit, Peculiar Grace Youth Empowerment Initiative, Shasha, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - E J Feil
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
| | - L J Hyatt
- Amazon Web Services, 60 Holborn Viaduct, Holborn, London EC1A 2FD, United Kingdom
| | - A T Irewale
- Research for Sustainable Development Unit, Peculiar Grace Youth Empowerment Initiative, Shasha, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - T Kjeldsen
- Department of Architecture and Civil Engineering, University of Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
| | - A K S Lasisi
- Environmental Assessment Department, Lagos State Ministry of Environment and Water Resources, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - S Loiselle
- Earthwatch Europe, Mayfield House, 256 Banbury Road, Summertown, Oxford OX2 7DE, UK
| | - T M Louw
- Department of Process Engineering, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - B Metcalfe
- Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
| | - S A Nmormah
- Centre for Human Development (CHD), Lagos, Nigeria
| | - T O Oluseyi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Lagos, Akoka, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - T R Smith
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
| | - M C Snyman
- TecLab SP, Collaborator of Stellenbosch University Water Institute, Stellenbosch 64B. W, South Africa
| | - T O Sogbanmu
- Ecotoxicology and Conservation Unit, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, University of Lagos, Akoka, Lagos, Nigeria
| | | | - S Surujlal-Naicker
- Scientific Services Branch, Water and Sanitation Department, City of Cape Town Metropolitan Municipality, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - P R Wilson
- Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
| | - G Wolfaardt
- Department of Microbiology, Stellenbosch University, 7600 Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - C O Yinka-Banjo
- Department of Computer Sciences, University of Lagos, Akoka, Lagos, Nigeria
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Bauer-Staeb C, Davis A, Smith T, Wilsher W, Betts D, Eldridge C, Griffith E, Faraway J, Button KS. The early impact of COVID-19 on primary care psychological therapy services: A descriptive time series of electronic healthcare records. EClinicalMedicine 2021; 37:100939. [PMID: 34386738 PMCID: PMC8343255 DOI: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.100939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are growing concerns about the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on mental health. With government-imposed restrictions as well as a general burden on healthcare systems, the pandemic has the potential to disrupt the access to, and delivery of, mental healthcare. METHODS Electronic healthcare records from primary care psychological therapy services (Improving Access to Psychological Therapy) in England were used to examine changes in access to mental health services and service delivery during early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic. A descriptive time series was conducted using data from five NHS trusts to examine patterns in referrals to services (1st January 2019 to 24th May 2020) and appointments (1st January 2020 to 24th May 2020) taking place. FINDINGS The number of patients accessing mental health services dropped by an average of 55% in the early weeks after the March 2020 lockdown was announced, reaching a maximum reduction of 74% in the initial 3 weeks after lockdown in the UK, which gradually recovered to a 28% reduction by May. We found some evidence suggesting changes in the sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of referrals. Despite a reduction in access, the impact on appointments appeared limited with service providers shifting to remote delivery of care. INTERPRETATION Services appeared to adapt to provide continuity of care in mental healthcare. However, patients accessing services reduced, potentially placing a future burden on service. Despite the observational nature of the data, the present study can inform the planning of service provision and policy. FUNDING AD and TS were funded by Innovate UK (KTP #11,105).
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Affiliation(s)
- Clarissa Bauer-Staeb
- Department of Psychology, University of Bath, , Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Alice Davis
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
- Mayden, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Theresa Smith
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | - Emma Griffith
- Avon and Wiltshire Mental Health Partnership NHS Trust, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Julian Faraway
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Katherine S. Button
- Department of Psychology, University of Bath, , Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
- Corresponding author.
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Dusseldorp JR, Faraway J, Razavi L, Hadlock TA, Trotman CA. Nasolabial fold dynamics: Implications for facial paralysis and facial reanimation surgery. Orthod Craniofac Res 2020; 24:62-69. [PMID: 32543100 DOI: 10.1111/ocr.12400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In patients with facial paralysis, facial reanimation surgery may be needed to normalize facial soft tissue function/movements. Critical for this normalization is the dynamics of the nasolabial folds (NLFs). The objective of this prospective, observational study was to determine the 3D morphologic dynamics of the NLFs in patients with unilateral facial palsy and normal subjects. SETTINGS AND SAMPLE POPULATION 3D facial soft tissue movement data collected from adults with unilateral, facial paralysis (Bell's Palsy, n = 36); and (2) an age- and sex-frequency matched control group (n = 68). MATERIALS AND METHODS Movement data were collected during repeated animations from participants using a video-based motion capture system. Movement in terms of displacement and asymmetry of the NLFs, nasal and circumoral regions were analyzed in the lateral, vertical and depth planes; as well as movement of the commissure and NLFs relative to the lower lip midline. Two-sample t tests were used to test for significant group differences. RESULTS Patients NLFs had less mean displacement, greater mean asymmetry and uncoordinated movements compared with the controls. For both groups during smiling, the NLF and commissure landmarks had approximately similar magnitudes of displacement (control range = 11-14mm; patient range = 7-10mm). CONCLUSION NLF dynamics during smiling were as significant as oral commissure excursion. Thus, an immobile NLF is an unnatural feature of facial animations. Surgical treatments that address impaired NFL movements must be considered to create a more natural surgical outcome especially during smiling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph R Dusseldorp
- Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Strathfield Private Hospital Medical Centre, 3-5 Everton Road, Strathfield, NSW, Australia
| | - Julian Faraway
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - Lily Razavi
- DMD Candidate D'21, Tufts University School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tessa A Hadlock
- Facial Nerve Center, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Carroll Ann Trotman
- Department of Orthodontics, Tufts University School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
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Trotman CA, Faraway J, Hadlock TA. Facial mobility and recovery in patients with unilateral facial paralysis. Orthod Craniofac Res 2019; 23:82-91. [DOI: 10.1111/ocr.12346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Revised: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carroll Ann Trotman
- Department of Orthodontics Tufts University School of Dental Medicine Boston MA USA
| | - Julian Faraway
- Department of Mathematical Sciences University of Bath Bath UK
| | - Tessa A. Hadlock
- Department of Otolaryngology Facial Nerve Center, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary Boston MA USA
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Abstract
Recent results on the winding angle of the ordinary two-dimensional random walk on the integer lattice are reviewed. The difference between the Brownian motion winding angle and the random walk winding angle is discussed. Other functionals of the random walk, such as the maximum winding angle, are also considered and new results on their asymptotic behavior, as the number of steps increases, are presented. Results of computer simulations are presented, indicating how well the asymptotic distributions fit the exact distributions for random walks with 10m steps, for m = 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7.
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Abstract
A partir des données de Chatfield-Prothero, plusieurs réseaux neuronaux (RN) sont élaborés et les prévisions en résultant sont comparées avec celles des modélisations de Box-Jenkins et de Holt-Winters. Les résultats montrent que les modèles RN présentent des limites et qu'il n'est pas raisonnable de les utiliser de façon automatique. En définitive, l'analyste prudent doit utiliser les compètences traditionnelles en modélisation pour sélectionner un bon modèle RN en choisissant, par exemple, les variables d'entrées et une structure appropriée. Le critère BIC est recommandé pour comparer les diffèrents modèles. Des précautions doivent être prises lorsqu'on met au point un modèle RN et lorsqu'on l'utilise pour établir des prévisions. Malheureusement, même avec de telles précautions, les prévisions RN se révèlent d'une précision décevante dans notre étude de cas, ce qui est peut-être dû à la brièveté des séries utilisées.
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Faraway J, Mahabal A, Sun J, Wang XF, Wang YG, Zhang L. Modeling lightcurves for improved classification of astronomical objects. Stat Anal Data Min 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/sam.11305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julian Faraway
- Department of Mathematical Sciences; University of Bath; Bath BA2 7AY UK
| | - Ashish Mahabal
- Astronomy Department; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena CA 91125 USA
| | - Jiayang Sun
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics; Case Western Reserve University; Cleveland OH 44106 USA
| | - Xiao-Feng Wang
- Biostatistics Department of Quantitative Health Sciences; Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute; Cleveland OH 44195 USA
| | - Yi G. Wang
- Department of Mathematics; Syracuse University; Syracuse NY 13244 USA
| | - Lingsong Zhang
- Department of Statistics; Purdue University; West Lafayette IN 47907 USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Faraway
- Department of Mathematical Sciences; University of Bath; Bath BA2 7AY UK
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Trotman CAE, Faraway J, Soltmann R, Hartman T, van Aalst J. Facial soft tissue dynamics before and after primary lip repair. Cleft Palate Craniofac J 2012; 50:315-22. [PMID: 23050657 DOI: 10.1597/12-080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives : (1) To collect three-dimensional, dynamic facial images from two groups of infants: one group born with cleft lip and palate slated to have a primary lip repair and a second, age-matched, noncleft control group. (2) To develop analyses to determine differences in facial movement between infants with cleft lip with or without palate (CL±P) and noncleft control infants and to determine changes in facial movement before and after primary lip repair. Design : Longitudinal, prospective case-control study. Setting : Facial Animation Laboratory at the University of North Carolina School of Dentistry. Participants : Two groups of infants: one group with unrepaired CL±P slated to have primary lip repair (n = 15) and a second group of age-matched, noncleft controls (n = 15). Interventions : Movement testing before and 4 months after primary lip repair in infants with CL±P and at similar time points in noncleft infants. Main Outcome Measures : Seven measures of facial movement. Results : The range of facial movements increased by 17% for all infants during the 4-month period. Compared with the noncleft group (1) infants with unilateral CL±P had 50% less nasolabial movement, and this difference did not change due to the lip repair; and (2) infants with unilateral or bilateral CL±P had 58% and 118% greater lateral upper lip movement, respectively, and 3.67 and 3.56 times greater asymmetry of movement, respectively, before lip repair. The procedure almost entirely removed the hypermobility and decreased the asymmetry. Conclusions : Primary surgical lip repair decreased hypermobility and improved asymmetry of upper lip movement.
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Faraway J, Lemdani M, Pons O. Tests for Genetic Linkage and Homogeneity. Biometrics 1996. [DOI: 10.2307/2532868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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