Vigilance, Resilience, and Intent to Pursue Medicine Among Underrepresented Students

This article was migrated. The article was marked as recommended. It is crucial that we understand what challenges still exist for underrepresented in medicine (URiM) students on the path to medicine in order to design more effective pipeline programs. Resilience and its relationship to success in medicine is a growing area of interest in medical education, and the concept of vigilance has been studied in the context of the health of racialized groups. We sought to measure the roles of resilience and vigilance on URiM students' commitment to entering the medical field as well as the relationship between these two factors. A survey including the 10- item Connor Davidson Resilience Scale, the abbreviated Heightened Vigilance Scale, and questions measuring perceptions of everyday discrimination and intentions to pursue medicine was distributed to participants of Doctors of Tomorrow, a University of Michigan Medical School pipeline program focused on high school and undergraduate students. We detected significant relationship between resilience and intention to pursue medicine via Fisher's exact test (p=0.004). There was no significant relationship between vigilance and intention to pursue medicine nor between vigilance and resilience. We conclude that including resilience development for URiM students in pipeline program curricula could enhance URiM student matriculation to medical school.

Identification of promotion and prevention associated surgeon behaviors in the operating room to facilitate resident self-regulated learning

BACKGROUND

The regulatory focus theory (RFT) posits that people can pursue goals with a promotion or prevention focus. Greater alignment of RFT motivational styles between faculty and residents may enhance resident operative autonomy. This study establishes a set of faculty behaviors residents can identify to infer faculty motivational styles.

METHODS

10 behaviors associated with promotion and prevention motivational styles were identified. General surgery residents rated faculty on how strongly they exhibit these behaviors. Faculty conducted a self-assessment of how strongly they exhibit these behaviors.

RESULTS

There is a positive correlation between resident and faculty ratings for the promotion-associated behaviors of "works quickly," "high energy," and "mostly provides broad oversight," and for the prevention-associated behaviors of "works slowly and deliberately," "quiet and calm," and "preference for vigilant strategies."

CONCLUSION

Residents can observe faculty operative behaviors to infer faculty motivational styles. Residents may use this knowledge to adjust to faculty motivational styles and enhance operative interactions.

Donor-derived antibodies and hemolysis after ABO-compatible but nonidentical heart-lung and lung transplantation

BACKGROUND

Organ donors and transplant recipients are routinely tested for ABO compatibility. ABO-identical organs are preferred, but occasionally the use of an ABO-compatible but nonidentical donor is clinically warranted. In heart-lung transplantation, the incidence of hemolysis from donor-derived anti-ABO antibodies is as high as 70%. The incidence of hemolysis for lung-only transplantation is not known. Our current posttransplantation transfusion policy for ABO-compatible but nonidentical lung-only transplant recipients is, when indicated, to use donor ABO group red blood cells.

METHODS

To evaluate the efficacy of our transfusion policy, we reviewed our experience from 1986-96. One heart-lung transplant, four single lung transplant, and three bilateral single lung transplant recipients received ABO-compatible but nonidentical organs.

RESULTS

The heart-lung transplant recipient developed a positive direct antiglobulin test (DAT), with anti-A eluted, and severe hemolysis on postoperative day 8 requiring plasma and whole blood exchange. Four of six lung-only transplant patients tested developed a positive DAT with anti-A eluted. Two early lung-only patients, who did not receive donor ABO group red blood cells, demonstrated clinical and laboratory evidence of hemolysis. Three bilateral lung transplant recipients were followed prospectively. The first patient had a negative DAT. The next two patients developed positive DATs on postoperative day 8 and 10, respectively. No evidence of hemolysis was detected in any of these cases.

CONCLUSIONS

These results confirm that donor-derived anti-ABO antibodies develop with lung-only transplants. Our current transfusion policy is justified for both heart-lung and lung recipients of ABO-compatible but nonidentical organs. A high index of suspicion for donor-derived antibody causing hemolysis and communication with blood bank personnel are mandatory in this setting.

Does donor organ ischemia over four hours affect long-term survival after lung transplantation?

BACKGROUND

Lung transplantation is currently limited by a donor shortage and the need for a short organ ischemic time. The purpose of this analysis was to evaluate prolonged donor organ ischemia and its effect on overall survival.

METHODS

We conducted a retrospective analysis of 83 patients undergoing single (n = 62) or bilateral sequential lung transplantation (n = 21) from June 1, 1989, through July 31, 1994. All allografts were flushed with modified EuroCollins solution at 4 degrees C and stored in cold saline solution. Ischemic time was measured from aortic crossclamping at organ procurement to reperfusion. Ischemic times were divided into three groups: group I < 240 minutes (n = 39), group II 240 to 360 minutes (n = 36), and group III > 360 minutes (n = 8). Ischemic times ranged from 97 to 708 minutes (median, 245 minutes; mean, 252 minutes). Bilateral sequential and single lung transplantations were considered together.

RESULTS

Actuarial survival was not significantly different among groups (p = 0.09). We found no significant difference in time spent in the intensive care unit (p = 0.27) or in total hospital stay (p = 0.57) after transplantation, in forced expiratory volume in 1 second at 1 month after transplantation (p = 0.74), or in the number of acute rejection episodes (p = 0.65). In addition, length of follow-up was similar among groups (p = 0.24).

CONCLUSIONS

Prolonged donor allograft ischemic times were not associated with an adverse effect on survival. The use of allografts with ischemic times through 6 hours achieved acceptable 2-year survival rates after transplantation. The use of donor organs with prolonged ischemic times should prompt the United Network for Organ Sharing to move toward better allocation of donor organs.

Successful treatment of Mycoplasma mediastinitis after heart-lung transplantation

Mycoplasma hominis and Ureaplasma urealyticum are members of the Mycoplasma genus that can infect surgical wounds. These organisms are rarely cultured by conventional laboratory techniques, and they respond poorly to commonly used broad-spectrum antibiotics. Including this case, five cases of Mycoplasma mediastinitis have been reported, three of which followed heart-lung transplantation. Successful treatment of Mycoplasma mediastinitis after heart-lung transplantation was achieved in this patient with extensive debridement, muscle-flap coverage, and long-term antibiotics. Possible sources of this infection after heart-lung transplantation and treatment options are discussed.

Cardiac transplantation

With the advent of cyclosporine and triple-drug therapy, cardiac transplantation has developed from a curiosity into an effective therapy. Optimal results require proper recipient selection, careful donor identification and preparation, and skillful surgical and postoperative care. Recent trends to expand the donor and recipient pools will result in an amplification of the problems encountered to date. Causes of significant perioperative morbidity and mortality continue to be graft failure, infection, and rejection. Careful attention to elevated recipient pulmonary vascular resistance and donor heart preservation are essential to prevent graft failure. Diagnosis and treatment of infection and rejection depend on anticipation and vigilance by the cardiac transplant team. Knowledge of and familiarity with immunosuppressive regimens and the inherent side effects, both unique to each drug and common to the group, should enable minimization of the drugs' toxicities. Long-term sequelae of cardiac transplantation are now being defined and our ability to affect them is a continuing challenge. Cardiac transplantation has become a safe and effective treatment for end-stage cardiovascular disease. Success is now measured, not by patient survival, but by the quality of life achieved by those who receive this treatment modality.

Successful human double-lung transplantation after five and one-half hours of preservation

Successful clinical double-lung transplantation after 5 1/2 hours of pulmonary ischemia is reported. Static hypothermic preservation with a high-volume, high flow rate-modified Collin's solution pulmonary artery flush was used. Excellent early and late pulmonary function demonstrates the efficacy of the technique that is described in detail. Lung transplantation remains limited by the lack of reliable methods of long-term storage of donor organs, but refinement of current techniques may soon allow its wider application.