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Ravindran R, Ajith Kumar KG, Suresh NN, Amithamol KK, Sunil AR, Adarshkrishna TP, Chithra ND, Jyothimol G, Ghosh S, Juliet S. Acaricidal effects of fenvalerate and cypermethrin against Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) annulatus. Trop Biomed 2014; 31:449-455. [PMID: 25382471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The acaricidal effects of two most commonly used acaricides viz., fenvalerate and cypermethrin against Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) annulatus were studied using Adult Immersion Test (AIT). The LC50 values observed for fenvalerate and cypermethrin were 1570 ppm and 184 ppm respectively. The death of ticks was not an immediate process. Fenvalerate caused death only after 7 days while cypermethrin after 5 days of treatment. The eggs laid by treated ticks did not hatch at all concentrations tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Ravindran
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pookode, Lakkidi, P.O., Wayanad, Kerala-673576, India
| | - K G Ajith Kumar
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pookode, Lakkidi, P.O., Wayanad, Kerala-673576, India
| | - N N Suresh
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pookode, Lakkidi, P.O., Wayanad, Kerala-673576, India
| | - K K Amithamol
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pookode, Lakkidi, P.O., Wayanad, Kerala-673576, India
| | - A R Sunil
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pookode, Lakkidi, P.O., Wayanad, Kerala-673576, India
| | - T P Adarshkrishna
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pookode, Lakkidi, P.O., Wayanad, Kerala-673576, India
| | - N D Chithra
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pookode, Lakkidi, P.O., Wayanad, Kerala-673576, India
| | - G Jyothimol
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pookode, Lakkidi, P.O., Wayanad, Kerala-673576, India
| | - S Ghosh
- Division of Parasitology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, UP 243 122, India
| | - S Juliet
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pookode, Lakkidi, P.O., Wayanad, Kerala-673576, India
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Divya TM, Soorya VC, Amithamol KK, Juliet S, Ravindran R, Nair SN, Ajithkumar KG. Acaricidal activity of alkaloid fractions of Leucas indica Spreng against Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) annulatus tick. Trop Biomed 2014; 31:46-53. [PMID: 24862044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The acaricidal activity from alkaloid and non-alkaloid fractions of Leucas indica were studied against Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) annulatus tick using adult immersion test under laboratory conditions. For this purpose, the engorged female R.(B.) annulatus tick were exposed to two fold serial dilutions of alkaloid extract (50 mg/ml, 25 mg/ml, 12.5 mg/ml, 6 mg/ml and 3 mg/ml) using 'dipping method' in vitro. The efficacy was assessed by measuring the percentage of adult mortality, inhibition of fecundity and hatching rate. The alkaloid fraction of the extract produced concentration dependent delayed adult tick mortality. The extract at a concentration of 50 mg/ml demonstrated 66.67 per cent mortality and 55.16 per cent inhibition of fecundity. Nicotine was identified as one of the compounds of alkaloid fraction. However, it did not reveal any acaricidal activity when tested in vitro at concentrations ranging from 62.5-1000 μg/mL. Hence, the acaricidal action of L. indica is not due to nicotine. Non alkaloid fraction also did not reveal any acaricidal effects against R. (B.) annulatus tick.
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Affiliation(s)
- T M Divya
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pookode, Lakkidi, P. O., Wayanad, Kerala-673576, India
| | - V C Soorya
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pookode, Lakkidi, P. O., Wayanad, Kerala-673576, India
| | - K K Amithamol
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pookode, Lakkidi, P. O., Wayanad, Kerala-673576, India
| | - S Juliet
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pookode, Lakkidi, P. O., Wayanad, Kerala-673576, India
| | - R Ravindran
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pookode, Lakkidi, P. O., Wayanad, Kerala-673576, India
| | - S N Nair
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pookode, Lakkidi, P. O., Wayanad, Kerala-673576, India
| | - K G Ajithkumar
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pookode, Lakkidi, P. O., Wayanad, Kerala-673576, India
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Sunil AR, Amithamol KK, Juliet S, Nair SN, Ajithkumar KG, Soorya VC, Divya TM, Jyothymol G, Ghosh S, Ravindran R. Acaricidal effect of Cassia fistula Linn. leaf ethanolic extract against Rhipicephlaus (Boophilus) annulatus. Trop Biomed 2013; 30:231-237. [PMID: 23959488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The present study evaluates the acaricidal properties of crude ethanolic extract of Cassia fistula leaves for controlling Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) annulatus based on adult immersion test (AIT). The percentage of adult mortality, inhibition of fecundity and hatching of ova laid were studied at different concentrations of the extract ranging from 50 to 100 mg / ml. The results were compared using one-way ANOVA. The extract produced complete inhibition of hatching of eggs at concentrations above 80 mg / ml of the extract. Mortality of adult engorged female ticks and inhibition of fecundity were concentration dependent. The LC50 value of extract against R. (B.) annulatus was 97.1 mg / ml.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Sunil
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pookode, Lakkidi, P.O., Wayanad, Kerala 673 576, India
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Ravindran R, Ajith Kumar KG, Amithamol KK, Sunil AR, Juliet S, Nair SN, Chandrasekhar L, Sujith S, Varghese S, Aparna M, Bandyapadhyay A, Rawat AKS, Ghosh S. In vitro evaluation of acaricidal activity of fipronil against Haemaphysalis bispinosa based on adult immersion test. Trop Biomed 2012; 29:61-64. [PMID: 22543603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Fipronil is a phenylpyrazole family insecticide which mainly affects the nervous system of insects. In the present study, the in vitro acaricidal effects of the compound against the widely prevalent multihost tick, Haemaphysalis bispinosa was assessed. The lowest concentration at which complete adult tick mortality was observed was at 25 ppm while complete absence of egg mass observed at 10 ppm. Hundred per cent inhibition of fecundity was observed at 1 ppm while complete blocking of hatching of the laid ova was observed even at 500 ppb.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Ravindran
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pookode, Lakkidi, P.O., Wayanad, Kerala 673 576, India.
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Ravindran R, Juliet S, Ajith Kumar KG, Sunil AR, Amithamol KK, Nair SN, Chandrasekhar L, Sujith S, Bandyapadhyay A, Rawat AKS, Ghosh S. Effects of solvents and surfactants against Haemaphysalis bispinosa. Trop Biomed 2011; 28:482-486. [PMID: 22433875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
As per the report published by FAO (2004), the tick population in India has developed resistance against all the available acaricides. Hence, newer methods of control including potential herbal agents are required to reduce the problems caused by the ticks. Most of the herbal extracts or their fractions are dissolved in polar or non-polar solvents or detergents before tested for acaricidal activity and these diluents should be of little acaricidal activity. In the present study, adult immersion test (AIT) was carried out on adult engorged female Haemaphysalis bispinosa ticks to detect the acaricidal activity of different solvents viz., nbutanol, glycerol, acetone, ethanol, methanol and surfactants (at 1 per cent dilution) like dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO), tween 20 and triton X- 100. The study revealed that methanol was the least toxic solvent while tween 20 (1 per cent) was the least toxic detergent against H. bispinosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Ravindran
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pookot, Wayanad, Kerala 673 576, India.
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