Systematic Literature Review on Visual Analytics of Predictive Maintenance in the Manufacturing Industry

The widespread adoption of cyber-physical systems and other cutting-edge digital technology in manufacturing industry production facilities may motivate stakeholders to embrace the idea of Industry 4.0. Some industrial companies already have different sensors installed on their machines; however, without proper analysis, the data collected is not useful. This systematic review's main goal is to synthesize the existing evidence on the application of predictive maintenance (PdM) with visual aids and to identify the key knowledge gaps in areas including utilities, power generation, industry, and energy consumption. After a thorough search and evaluation for relevancy, 37 documents were identified. Moreover, we identified the visual analytics of PdM, including anomaly detection, planning/scheduling, exploratory data analysis (EDA), and explainable artificial intelligence (XAI). The findings revealed that anomaly detection was a major domain in PdM-related works. We conclude that most of the literature lacks depth in terms of an overall framework that combines data-driven and knowledge-driven techniques of PdM in the manufacturing industry. Some works that utilized both techniques indicated promising results, but there is insufficient research on involving maintenance personnel's feedback in the latter stage of PdM architecture. Thus, there are still pertinent issues that need to be investigated, and limitations that need to be overcome before PdM is deployed with minimal human involvement.

Agronomic effectiveness of partially acidulated phosphate rock fertilisers in selected New Zealand soils

The agronomic performances of some longlife superphosphate (LSP) and partially acidulated phosphate rock (PAPR) fertilizers were compared with single superphosphate in glasshouse pot trials over 9-10 months using a range of New Zealand soils. The fertilizers used differed in the type (origin) of phosphate rock (PR), the acid to rock ratio used in the production of LSP, percentage acidulation of PAPR, and incorporation of elemental sulfur into LSP. The agronomic effectiveness of the fertilizers studied was primarily influenced by the type of PR and percentage acidulation of PAPR, but not by the acid to rock ratio. Variations in the agronomic effectiveness of LSP and PAPR fertilizers made from different PRs did not reflect the relative solubilities of the original PRs. This was mainly attributed to alterations in the chemistry and consequent solubility of PR which occurred during fertilizer manufacture. Plant phosphorus uptake was highly correlated with fertilizer solubility in 2% citric and 2% formic acids. The relative agronomic effectiveness of LSP and PAPR fertilizers was not significantly related to any single soil property.

Glycosphingolipids in patients with the Rett syndrome

We have pursued two blind studies on the plasma glycosphingolipids in patients with the Rett syndrome (RS), other disorders and normal individuals from Baltimore, USA, Vienna, Austria, and Rostock, East Germany. We found the presence of an unusual glycosphingolipid in 70% of patients with RS. Approximately 10% of the plasma from patients with other developmental disorders also contained this glycosphingolipid. However, this glycosphingolipid was absent from the plasma of normal individuals and lipid storage disorders. Further work in this area will be necessary to associate the relevance of this finding to RS.

Variation in the nutrient content of leaves and fruit with season and crown position for two apple varieties

Leaves and fruit of Golden Delicious and Granny Smith apple trees, pruned by the Hawkes Bay tree-training method, were sampled at 2-weekly intervals from bloom time to leaf fall from the bulk of the top, middle and bottom thirds of the tree crown. Levels of calcium and magnesium per unit leaf area showed a general increase as the leaves aged, while nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium contents stayed relatively constant. With decreasing height in the crown, tree leaves had a markedly lower dry weight per unit area and lower contents of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, chlorophyll and soluble carbohydrates per unit area, but the area per leaf was not significantly affected. The trends were more pronounced in the upright, bush-like Golden Delicious than in the spindly, open-centred Granny Smith trees. On a dry weight basis, differences in leaf nutrient content with crown height were not consistent or clear-cut, and therefore unlikely to affect leaf sampling for diagnostic purposes. The dry weight per fruit and the amounts of all nutrients per fruit increased throughout the season. With decreasing crown position, there was a decrease in fruit size, dry matter content and soluble carbohydrate concentration and an increase in green coloration, total nitrogen and free a-amino nitrogen concentration. The increased size of fruit from the upper crown position resulted in greater amounts of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and magnesium per fruit in Golden Delicious but not in Granny Smith. Thus the self-shading nature of the Hawkes Bay training method may be detrimental to the production of large, highly coloured fruit. The largest dry weight and nutrient accumulation of both leaves and fruit was in the middle crown position of the trees followed by the lower and then the upper regions. The quantities of nutrients removed in the fruit crop at harvest time, as calculated from 2 years' data, were (kg ha-1 year-1): Golden Delicious: nitrogen, 23; phosphorus, 4; potassium, 120; calcium, 5; magnesium, 4; for Granny Smith: nitrogen, 13; phosphorus, 3; potassium, 57; calcium, 3; magnesium, 2. The quantities of nutrients returned to the orchard floor at leaf fall were (kg ha-1 year-1): Golden Delicious: nitrogen, 35; phosphorus, 3; potassium, 26; calcium, 45; magnesium, 7; Granny Smith: nitrogen, 35; phosphorus, 2; potassium, 25; calcium, 34; magnesium, 6.