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Sommerfeld O, Dahlke K, Sossdorf M, Claus RA, Scherag A, Bauer M, Bloos F. Complement factor D is linked to platelet activation in human and rodent sepsis. Intensive Care Med Exp 2021; 9:41. [PMID: 34396466 PMCID: PMC8364893 DOI: 10.1186/s40635-021-00405-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The complement factor D (CFD) exerts a regulatory role during infection. However, its physiological function in coagulopathy and its impact on the course of an infection remains unclear. MATERIALS Wild-type and CFD-deficient mice (n = 91) were subjected to cecal ligation and puncture to induce sepsis. At several time points, markers of coagulation and the host-immune response were determined. Furthermore, in patients (n = 79) with sepsis or SIRS, CFD levels were related to clinical characteristics, use of antiplatelet drugs and outcome. RESULTS Septic CFD-deficient mice displayed higher TAT complexes (p = 0.02), impaired maximal clot firmness, but no relevant platelet drop and reduced GPIIb/IIIa surface expression on platelets (p = 0.03) compared to septic wild-type mice. In humans, higher CFD levels (non-survivors, 5.0 µg/ml to survivors, 3.6 µg/ml; p = 0.015) were associated with organ failure (SOFA score: r = 0.33; p = 0.003) and mortality (75% percentile, 61.1% to 25% percentile, 26.3%). CFD level was lower in patients with antiplatelet drugs (4.5-5.3 µg/ml) than in patients without. CONCLUSION In mice, CFD is linked to pronounced platelet activation, depicted by higher GPIIb/IIIa surface expression in wild-type mice. This might be of clinical importance since high CFD plasma concentrations were also associated with increased mortality in sepsis patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Sommerfeld
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany. .,Center for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC), Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany.
| | - K Dahlke
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany.,Center for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC), Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - M Sossdorf
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany.,Center for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC), Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - R A Claus
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany.,Center for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC), Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - A Scherag
- Center for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC), Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany.,Institute of Medical Statistics, Computer and Data Sciences, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - M Bauer
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany.,Center for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC), Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - F Bloos
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany. .,Center for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC), Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany.
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2
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Abstract
Interactions between nucleoid associated proteins (NAPs) and DNA affect DNA polymer conformation, leading to phenomena such as concentration dependent force-extension behavior. These effects, in turn, also impact the local binding behavior of the protein, such as high forces causing proteins to unbind, or proteins binding favorably to locally bent DNA. We develop a coarse-grained NAP-DNA simulation model that incorporates both force- and concentration-dependent behaviors, in order to study the interplay between NAP binding and DNA conformation. This model system includes multi-state protein binding and unbinding, motivated by prior work, but is now dependent on the local structure of the DNA, which is related to external forces acting on the DNA strand. We observe the expected qualitative binding behavior, where more proteins are bound at lower forces than at higher forces. Our model also includes NAP-induced DNA bending, which affects DNA elasticity. We see semi-quantitative matching of our simulated force-extension behavior to the reported experimental data. By using a coarse-grained simulation, we are also able to look at non-equilibrium behaviors, such as dynamic extension of a DNA strand. We stretch a DNA strand at different rates and at different NAP concentrations to observe how the time scales of the system (such as pulling time and unbinding time) work in concert. When these time scales are similar, we observe measurable rate-dependent changes in the system, which include the number of proteins bound and the force required to extend the DNA molecule. This suggests that the relative time scales of different dynamic processes play an important role in the behavior of NAP-DNA systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Dahlke
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - C E Sing
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
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3
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Lindner S, Dahlke K, Sontheimer K, Hagn M, Kaltenmeier C, Barth T, Beyer T, Reister F, Fabricius D, Lotfi R, Lunov O, Nienhaus GU, Simmet T, Kreienberg R, Möller P, Schrezenmeier H, Jahrsdörfer B. Interleukin-21-induced granzyme B-expressing B lymphocytes regulate T cells and infiltrate tumors (P1088). The Journal of Immunology 2013. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.190.supp.185.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
The role of B cells in tumor infiltrations is controversially discussed. Different studies suggest that certain tumor-infiltrating B cell populations exhibit regulatory potential. Here, we demonstrate that the microenvironment of various solid tumors contains granzyme B (GrB)-expressing B cells adjacent to IL-21-providing T cells. Since GrB-mediated effector T cell modulation is known from regulatory T cells (Treg) and plasmacytoid dendritic cells, we hypothesized the existence of similar mechanisms in B cells. Here we show that IL-21 induces B cells expressing high levels of GrB and controlling T cell proliferation by GrB-dependent degradation of the T cell receptor ζ-chain. Detailed characterization of IL-21-induced GrB+ B cells reveals a CD19+CD38+CD1d+IgM+CD147+ phenotype and expression of additional regulatory molecules including IL-10, CD25 and IDO. Of note, IL-21-mediated GrB induction integrates both BCR- and TLR-mediated signals and is enhanced in the presence of B cell CD5 expression. This is the first report demonstrating that IL-21 induces GrB+ human regulatory B cells, which can be detected in tumor infiltrations, and which may contribute to the modulation of cellular adaptive immune responses by Treg-like mechanisms. Our findings may stimulate the development of novel diagnostic and cell therapeutic approaches to the management of malignant, autoimmune and graft-versus-host pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Lindner
- 1Institute for Clinical Transfusion Medicine, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Karen Dahlke
- 3Institute of Pharmacology of Natural Products and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Kai Sontheimer
- 3Institute of Pharmacology of Natural Products and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Magdalena Hagn
- 5Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Thomas Barth
- 4Institute of Pathology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Thamara Beyer
- 1Institute for Clinical Transfusion Medicine, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Frank Reister
- 6Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Ramin Lotfi
- 1Institute for Clinical Transfusion Medicine, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
- 2Institute for Clinical Transfusion Medicine and Immunogenetics, Red Cross Blood Service Baden-Württemberg - Hessen, Ulm, Germany
| | - Oleg Lunov
- 3Institute of Pharmacology of Natural Products and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - G. Ulrich Nienhaus
- 8Institute of Applied Physics, Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, and Center for Functional Nanostructures, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Thomas Simmet
- 3Institute of Pharmacology of Natural Products and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Rolf Kreienberg
- 6Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Peter Möller
- 4Institute of Pathology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Hubert Schrezenmeier
- 1Institute for Clinical Transfusion Medicine, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
- 2Institute for Clinical Transfusion Medicine and Immunogenetics, Red Cross Blood Service Baden-Württemberg - Hessen, Ulm, Germany
| | - Bernd Jahrsdörfer
- 1Institute for Clinical Transfusion Medicine, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
- 2Institute for Clinical Transfusion Medicine and Immunogenetics, Red Cross Blood Service Baden-Württemberg - Hessen, Ulm, Germany
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4
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Lindner S, Dahlke K, Sontheimer K, Hagn M, Kaltenmeier C, Barth TFE, Beyer T, Reister F, Fabricius D, Lotfi R, Lunov O, Nienhaus GU, Simmet T, Kreienberg R, Möller P, Schrezenmeier H, Jahrsdörfer B. Interleukin 21-induced granzyme B-expressing B cells infiltrate tumors and regulate T cells. Cancer Res 2013; 73:2468-79. [PMID: 23384943 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-12-3450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 238] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The pathogenic impact of tumor-infiltrating B cells is unresolved at present, however, some studies suggest that they may have immune regulatory potential. Here, we report that the microenvironment of various solid tumors includes B cells that express granzyme B (GrB, GZMB), where these B cells can be found adjacent to interleukin (IL)-21-secreting regulatory T cells (Treg) that contribute to immune tolerance of tumor antigens. Because Tregs and plasmacytoid dendritic cells are known to modulate T-effector cells by a GrB-dependent mechanism, we hypothesized that a similar process may operate to modulate regulatory B cells (Breg). IL-21 induced outgrowth of B cells expressing high levels of GrB, which thereby limited T-cell proliferation by a GrB-dependent degradation of the T-cell receptor ζ-chain. Mechanistic investigations into how IL-21 induced GrB expression in B cells to confer Breg function revealed a CD19(+)CD38(+)CD1d(+)IgM(+)CD147(+) expression signature, along with expression of additional key regulatory molecules including IL-10, CD25, and indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase. Notably, induction of GrB by IL-21 integrated signals mediated by surface immunoglobulin M (B-cell receptor) and Toll-like receptors, each of which were enhanced with expression of the B-cell marker CD5. Our findings show for the first time that IL-21 induces GrB(+) human Bregs. They also establish the existence of human B cells with a regulatory phenotype in solid tumor infiltrates, where they may contribute to the suppression of antitumor immune responses. Together, these findings may stimulate novel diagnostic and cell therapeutic approaches to better manage human cancer as well as autoimmune and graft-versus-host pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Helbig
- Institute for Information Technology, Ilmenau University of Technology, 98684 Ilmenau, Germany
| | - K. Dahlke
- Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Jena University Hospital – FSU Jena, 07747 Jena, Germany
| | - I. Hilger
- Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Jena University Hospital – FSU Jena, 07747 Jena, Germany
| | - M. Kmec
- Institute for Information Technology, Ilmenau University of Technology, 98684 Ilmenau, Germany
| | - J. Sachs
- Institute for Information Technology, Ilmenau University of Technology, 98684 Ilmenau, Germany
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6
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Kaltenmeier C, Dahlke K, Gawanbacht A, Hofmann S, Beyer T, Härter G, Grüner B, Kern P, Kirchhoff F, Schrezenmeier H, Jahrsdörfer B. HIV triggers interleukin 21-mediated induction of granzyme B-secreting B cells with antiviral properties (105.18). The Journal of Immunology 2012. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.188.supp.105.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Certain lymphocyte subsets including plasmacytoid dendritic cells and regulatory T cells can secrete granzyme B (GrB), thereby suppressing T cell expansion. Recently, we found that B cells can also produce GrB in response to interleukin (IL) 21. Since HIV has been shown to be associated with elevated serum IL-21 levels, we hypothesized that GrB-expressing B cells may be induced during HIV infection. Here, we demonstrate for the first time, that infection of CD4+ T cells with HIV 1 (NL4-3), but not mock infection, induces strong expression of IL-21. We further demonstrate that such T cells induce GrB in co-cultured B cells in an IL-21-dependent fashion. In support of these data, serum levels of both IL-21 and GrB are significantly higher in HIV-infected patients before HAART as compared to healthy controls. Up to 60% of B cells (36.2 ± 12.9%) from patients infected with HIV, but not normal B cells, express GrB. Importantly, co-culture of HIV-infected CD4+ T cells with GrB+ B cells resulted in GrB transfer, and strongly suppressed both, proliferation of T cells and virus replication as indicated by significantly reduced p24 levels. The observed effects were enhanced by IL-21, and reduced by GrB inhibition. In summary, we demonstrate that HIV induces IL-21 in CD4+ T cells, thereby indirectly triggering the development of GrB-secreting B cells with antiretroviral properties. GrB-secreting B cells may play a so far unappreciated role in decelerating the expansion of HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christof Kaltenmeier
- 1Institute of Clinical Transfusion Medicine and Immunogenetics Ulm, German Red Cross Blood Transfusion Service Baden-Württemberg-Hessen and Institute of Transfusion Medicine, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Karen Dahlke
- 1Institute of Clinical Transfusion Medicine and Immunogenetics Ulm, German Red Cross Blood Transfusion Service Baden-Württemberg-Hessen and Institute of Transfusion Medicine, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Ali Gawanbacht
- 2Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Stefanie Hofmann
- 1Institute of Clinical Transfusion Medicine and Immunogenetics Ulm, German Red Cross Blood Transfusion Service Baden-Württemberg-Hessen and Institute of Transfusion Medicine, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Thamara Beyer
- 1Institute of Clinical Transfusion Medicine and Immunogenetics Ulm, German Red Cross Blood Transfusion Service Baden-Württemberg-Hessen and Institute of Transfusion Medicine, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Georg Härter
- 3Comprehensive Infectious Diseases Center, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Beate Grüner
- 3Comprehensive Infectious Diseases Center, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Peter Kern
- 3Comprehensive Infectious Diseases Center, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Frank Kirchhoff
- 2Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Hubert Schrezenmeier
- 1Institute of Clinical Transfusion Medicine and Immunogenetics Ulm, German Red Cross Blood Transfusion Service Baden-Württemberg-Hessen and Institute of Transfusion Medicine, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Bernd Jahrsdörfer
- 1Institute of Clinical Transfusion Medicine and Immunogenetics Ulm, German Red Cross Blood Transfusion Service Baden-Württemberg-Hessen and Institute of Transfusion Medicine, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
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7
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Brüggemann S, Kaltenmeier C, Hagn M, Sontheimer K, Dahlke K, Beyer T, Lunov O, Fabricius D, Tron K, Nienhaus U, Simmet T, Jahrsdörfer B. Interleukin 21-activated B cells can kill tumor cells in a granzyme B-dependent manner (66.5). The Journal of Immunology 2011. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.186.supp.66.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Interleukin 21 (IL-21) is a promising cytokine for the treatment of tumors and infections. Recently, IL-21 was identified as an inducer of plasma cells when combined with CD40 ligand (CD40L). Using various immunological methods including FACS analysis, ELISA, ELISpot and fluorescence microscopy, we demonstrate here that in the absence of CD40L B cells (BC) rather differentiate into granzyme B (GzmB)-secreting cytotoxic cells instead of plasma cells. GzmB induction in BC requires IL-21 and BC receptor cross-linking, and is associated with phosphorylation of SYK, JAK1/3 and STAT1/3, signaling molecules which are also involved in the activation of CTL and NK cells. CD40L effectively suppresses GzmB in BC, suggesting that GzmB-secreting BC play a role early during inflammatory responses, before CD40L-expressing T cells are present. BC-derived GzmB is enzymatically active and induces apoptosis in tumor cell lines including HeLa cells and PC3 cells. Importantly, induction of apoptosis by GzmB-secreting B cells can be suppressed by neutralization of GzmB using the substrate inhibitor Ac-IEPD-CHO as well as a novel small molecule inhibitor of GzmB identified in our laboratory. Our data reveal a novel role of IL-21-activated BC, which involves GzmB secretion and cytotoxicity. Our findings may have implications for the understanding of tumor immunosurveillance and early anti-viral immune responses, and may open novel approaches for the immunotherapy of neoplastic and viral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Brüggemann
- 1Institute of Pharmacology of Natural Products and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Christof Kaltenmeier
- 1Institute of Pharmacology of Natural Products and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Magdalena Hagn
- 2Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourn, VIC, Australia
| | - Kai Sontheimer
- 1Institute of Pharmacology of Natural Products and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Karen Dahlke
- 1Institute of Pharmacology of Natural Products and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Thamara Beyer
- 1Institute of Pharmacology of Natural Products and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Oleg Lunov
- 1Institute of Pharmacology of Natural Products and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Kyrylo Tron
- 4Institute of Biophysics, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Uli Nienhaus
- 4Institute of Biophysics, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
- 5Institute of Applied Physics and Center for functional Nanostructures, University of Karlsruhe, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Thomas Simmet
- 1Institute of Pharmacology of Natural Products and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Bernd Jahrsdörfer
- 1Institute of Pharmacology of Natural Products and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
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8
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Ding N, Dahlke K, Janze AK, Mailer P, Welte T, Riedemann NC, Maus UA. Role of p38 MAPK in trauma/hemorrhage and subsequent pneumococcal pneumonia. Pneumologie 2011. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0030-1270358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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9
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Dahlke K, Hagn M, Sontheimer K, Beyer T, Lunov O, Fabricius D, Tron K, Nienhaus GU, Simmet T, Jahrsdörfer B. Incompletely activated CD4+ T cells induce granzyme B+ regulatory B cells in an interleukin 21‐dependent manner. FASEB J 2010. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.24.1_supplement.lb507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Karen Dahlke
- Ulm UniversityInstitute of Pharmacology of Natural Products and Clinical PharmacologyUlmGermany
| | - Magdalena Hagn
- Ulm UniversityInstitute of Pharmacology of Natural Products and Clinical PharmacologyUlmGermany
| | - Kai Sontheimer
- Ulm UniversityInstitute of Pharmacology of Natural Products and Clinical PharmacologyUlmGermany
| | - Thamara Beyer
- Ulm UniversityInstitute of Pharmacology of Natural Products and Clinical PharmacologyUlmGermany
| | - Oleg Lunov
- Ulm UniversityInstitute of Pharmacology of Natural Products and Clinical PharmacologyUlmGermany
| | | | - Kyrylo Tron
- Ulm UniversityInstitute of BiophysicsUlmGermany
| | - G. Ulrich Nienhaus
- University of KarlsruheKarlsruhe Institute of TechnologyKarlsruheGermany
| | - Thomas Simmet
- Ulm UniversityInstitute of Pharmacology of Natural Products and Clinical PharmacologyUlmGermany
| | - Bernd Jahrsdörfer
- Ulm UniversityInstitute of Pharmacology of Natural Products and Clinical PharmacologyUlmGermany
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10
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Hagn M, Sontheimer K, Dahlke K, Beyer T, Lunov O, Fabricius D, Tron K, Nienhaus GU, Simmet T, Jahrsdörfer B. Interleukin 21 can induce granzyme B‐secreting cytotoxic B lymphocytes. FASEB J 2010. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.24.1_supplement.lb506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Hagn
- Ulm UniversityInstitute of Pharmacology of Natural Products and Clinical PharmacologyUlmGermany
| | - Kai Sontheimer
- Ulm UniversityInstitute of Pharmacology of Natural Products and Clinical PharmacologyUlmGermany
| | - Karen Dahlke
- Ulm UniversityInstitute of Pharmacology of Natural Products and Clinical PharmacologyUlmGermany
| | - Thamara Beyer
- Ulm UniversityInstitute of Pharmacology of Natural Products and Clinical PharmacologyUlmGermany
| | - Oleg Lunov
- Ulm UniversityInstitute of Pharmacology of Natural Products and Clinical PharmacologyUlmGermany
| | - Dorit Fabricius
- Ulm UniversityInstitute of Pharmacology of Natural Products and Clinical PharmacologyUlmGermany
| | - Kyrylo Tron
- Ulm UniversityInstitute of BiophysicsUlmGermany
| | - G. Ulrich Nienhaus
- University of KarlsruheKarlsruhe Institute of TechnologyKarlsruheGermany
| | - Thomas Simmet
- Ulm UniversityInstitute of Pharmacology of Natural Products and Clinical PharmacologyUlmGermany
| | - Bernd Jahrsdörfer
- Ulm UniversityInstitute of Pharmacology of Natural Products and Clinical PharmacologyUlmGermany
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11
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Ding N, Dahlke K, Janze AK, Sommerfeld O, Riedemann NC, Maus UA. Role of p38 MAPK in trauma-hemorrhage and subsequent pneumococcal pneumonia. Pneumologie 2010. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0030-1251386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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12
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Ding N, Dahlke K, Janze AK, Sommerfeld O, Riedemann NC, Maus UA. Role of p38 MAPK in trauma-hemorrhage and subsequent pneumococcal pneumonia. Pneumologie 2010. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0029-1247908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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