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Ageberg E, Bunke S, Linnéll J, Moesch K. Co-creating holistic injury prevention training for youth handball: Development of an intervention targeting end-users at the individual, team, and organizational levels. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2024; 16:10. [PMID: 38191495 PMCID: PMC10773026 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-023-00800-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interventions that are co-created with end-users, and that are informed by behavior change or implementation theories, support implementation in real world settings. However, injury prevention programs for youth athletes have typically been developed by experts with no, or insufficiently described, end-user involvement and without guidance by theories. The aim of the current study was to describe the development of a holistic injury prevention intervention for youth handball targeting end-users at different levels, through using knowledge from end-users and researchers/experts and applying relevant behavior change and implementation theories. METHODS Knowledge from researchers/experts (sports medicine, sport psychology, handball, physical therapy, strength and conditioning (n = 14)) and end-users (coaches, players, club administrators, n = 16), and applying relevant implementation (Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research, CFIR), behavior change (Health Action Process Approach, HAPA) and motivational (Self-Determination Theory, SDT) theories, were used to co-design the intervention. Early end-users (coaches (n = 6), players (n = 3) and a club administrator (n = 1)) were interviewed for initial feedback. RESULTS The intervention consisted of end-user-targeted information and training that was made available in a specifically developed interactive mobile application with modules for players, coaches, club administrators, and caregivers. Information for all end-users included benefits and principles of physical and psychological injury prevention training, load-management, motivation, and communication. Information about implementation was developed for club administrators specifically. For coaches, training to do with their teams included handball-specific injury prevention exercises (legs, shoulders, core) combined with psychological aspects (motivation, task focus, body awareness) to integrate within warm-up and handball skills training. Training for players included handball-specific multi-joint strength, power, and explosive exercises (legs, shoulders, core) and sport psychology exercises (self-awareness, relaxation, being in the present moment, prevent and handle stress). To support self-management, adoption, and motivation, programs were provided, and players and coaches could change, add, progress the difficulty of exercises, and build their own programs. Initial feedback from early end-users was generally positive. CONCLUSIONS Utilizing an approach where researchers/experts and end-users co-created injury prevention training specifically for youth handball, an intervention was generated that included information and holistic training targeting end-users at the individual (players, caregivers), team (coaches), and organizational (club administrators) levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Ageberg
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, PO Box 117, Lund, SE-221 00, Sweden.
| | - Sofia Bunke
- Department of Psychology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Jennie Linnéll
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, PO Box 117, Lund, SE-221 00, Sweden
- Swedish Handball Federation, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Karin Moesch
- Department of Psychology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Department of Sports Sciences, Malmö University, Malmö, Sweden
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Andersson MJ, Kenttä G, Moesch K, Borg E, Claesdotter-Knutsson E, Håkansson A. Symptoms of depression and anxiety among elite high school student-athletes in Sweden during the COVID-19 pandemic: A repeated cross-sectional study. J Sports Sci 2023; 41:874-883. [PMID: 37527354 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2023.2241783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic precipitated numerous changes in daily life, including the cancellation and restriction of sports globally. Because sports participation contributes positively to the development of student-athletes, restricting these activities may have led to long-term mental health changes in this population. Using a repeated cross-sectional study design, we measured rates of depression using the Patient Health Questionnaire-2 and anxiety using the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-2 scale in student-athletes attending elite sport high schools in Sweden during the second wave of the pandemic (February 2021; n = 7021) and after all restrictions were lifted (February 2022; n = 6228). Depression among student-athletes decreased from 19.8% in 2021 to 17.8% in 2022 (p = .008, V = .026), while anxiety screening did not change significantly (17.4% to 18.4%, p > .05). Comparisons between classes across years revealed older students exhibited decreases in depressive symptoms, while younger cohorts experienced increases in symptoms of anxiety from 2021 to 2022. Logistic regressions revealed that being female, reporting poorer mental health due to COVID-19, and excessive worry over one's career in sports were significant predictors of both depression and anxiety screenings in 2022. Compared to times when sports participation was limited, the lifting of restrictions was associated with overall reduced levels of depression, but not anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell J Andersson
- Malmö Addiction Center, Region Skåne, Clinical Sports and Mental Health Unit, Malmö, Sweden
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Göran Kenttä
- Swedish Sports Confederation, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Physiology, Nutrition and Biomechanics, The Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden
- School of Human Kinetics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Karin Moesch
- Swedish Sports Confederation, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Sports Science, Malmö University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Elisabet Borg
- Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Psychology - Perception and Psychophysics, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Anders Håkansson
- Malmö Addiction Center, Region Skåne, Clinical Sports and Mental Health Unit, Malmö, Sweden
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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Håkansson A, Moesch K, Kenttä G. COVID-19-related impact on mental health and career uncertainty in student-athletes—Data from a cohort of 7,025 athletes in an elite sport high school system in Sweden. Front Sports Act Living 2022; 4:943402. [PMID: 36203654 PMCID: PMC9530189 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2022.943402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
ObjectivesMental health consequences and behavior change has been described in elite athletes following the vast impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the world of sports. However, most study samples have been of limited size, and few studies have assessed student-athletes. This study aimed to analyze perceived mental health impact, measured as clinical degree of depression and anxiety, worry about one's sport and about one's career, and behavioral change with respect to video gaming behavior, in high-school athletes in Sweden.MethodsData on anxiety and depression as well as on perceived behavioral changes during COVID-19 were collected from students at sports high schools in Sweden (N = 7,025) in February 2021, during the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic.ResultsSixteen and 14% met criteria of moderate/severe depression and anxiety, respectively. Many respondents reported feeling mentally worse during the pandemic (66%), and were worried about the future of their sport (45%) or about their own future in sports (45%). Increased gaming behavior during COVID-19 was reported by 29%. All mental health variables were significantly more common in women, except increased gaming (more common in men). Being worried about one's career was less common in winter sports, more common in team sports and more common in older student-athletes, and associated with both depression and anxiety in regression analyses.DiscussionSelf-reported mental health impact of COVID-19 is substantial in student-athletes, and even more so in women and in team sports. The lower impact in winter athletes suggests a moderating effect of the seasons in which the COVID-19 outbreak occurred.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders Håkansson
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Region Skåne, Clinical Sports and Mental Health Unit, Malmö, Sweden
- *Correspondence: Anders Håkansson
| | - Karin Moesch
- Region Skåne, Clinical Sports and Mental Health Unit, Malmö, Sweden
- Swedish Sports Confederation, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Sports Sciences, Malmö University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Göran Kenttä
- Swedish Sports Confederation, Stockholm, Sweden
- The Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden
- School of Human Kinetics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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Ageberg E, Brodin EM, Linnéll J, Moesch K, Donaldson A, Adébo E, Benjaminse A, Ekengren J, Granér S, Johnson U, Lucander K, Myklebust G, Møller M, Tranaeus U, Bunke S. Cocreating injury prevention training for youth team handball: bridging theory and practice. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med 2022; 8:e001263. [PMID: 35505981 PMCID: PMC8984048 DOI: 10.1136/bmjsem-2021-001263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Although it is advocated that end-users are engaged in developing evidence-based injury prevention training to enhance the implementation, this rarely happens. The ‘Implementing injury Prevention training ROutines in TEams and Clubs in youth Team handball (I-PROTECT)’ uses an ecological participatory design incorporating the perspectives of multiple stakeholders throughout the project. Within the I-PROTECT project, the current study aimed to describe the development of holistic injury prevention training specifically for youth handball players through using knowledge from both end-users (coaches and players) and researchers/handball experts. Employing action evaluation within participatory action research, the cyclical development process included three phases: research team preparation, handball expert-based preparation and end-user evaluation to develop injury prevention training incorporating both physical and psychological perspectives. To grow the knowledge of the interdisciplinary research team, rethinking was conducted within and between phases based on participants’ contributions. Researchers and end-users cocreated examples of handball-specific exercises, including injury prevention physical principles (movement technique for upper and lower extremities, respectively, and muscle strength) combined with psychological aspects (increase end-user motivation, task focus and body awareness) to integrate into warm-up and skills training within handball practice. A cyclical development process that engaged researchers/handball experts and end-users to cocreate evidence-based, theory-informed and context-specific injury prevention training specifically for youth handball players generated a first pilot version of exercises including physical principles combined with psychological aspects to be integrated within handball practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Ageberg
- Department of Health Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Eva M Brodin
- Department of Educational Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Centre for Higher and Adult Education (CHAE), Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Jennie Linnéll
- Department of Health Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Karin Moesch
- Department of Psychology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Alex Donaldson
- Centre for Sport and Social Impact (CSSI), La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Emme Adébo
- Regional Handball Federation in South Sweden, Lund, Sweden
| | - Anne Benjaminse
- Center for Human Movement Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.,School of Sport Studies, Hanze University Groningen School of Social Studies, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Johan Ekengren
- School of Health and Welfare, Halmstad University, Halmstad, Sweden
| | - Simon Granér
- Department of Psychology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Urban Johnson
- School of Health and Welfare, Halmstad University, Halmstad, Sweden
| | | | - Grethe Myklebust
- Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center, Norwegian School of Sports Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Merete Møller
- Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center, Norwegian School of Sports Sciences, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Ulrika Tranaeus
- Department of physiology, nutrition and biomechanics, The Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden.,Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sofia Bunke
- Department of Psychology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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Moesch K, Bunke S, Linnéll J, Brodin EM, Donaldson A, Ageberg E. "Yeah, I Mean, You're Going to Handball, so You Want to Use Balls as Much as Possible at Training": End-Users' Perspectives of Injury Prevention Training for Youth Handball Players. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2022; 19:ijerph19063402. [PMID: 35329089 PMCID: PMC8949033 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19063402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Young handball players experience high injury rates. Specific injury prevention programs reduce injury rates but are not well implemented into youth players’ training. The ‘Implementing injury Prevention training ROutines in TEams and Clubs in youth Team handball (I-PROTECT)’ project addresses this challenge. The aim of this study was to investigate how youth handball coaches and players experienced the recently developed I-PROTECT GO pilot program, by focusing on barriers and facilitators. Three focus group interviews were conducted with coaches and players, and their answers were analyzed using a general inductive approach. The participants appreciated the program and found it useful for their context. The participants’ statements about facilitators and barriers centered around the categories of resources, exercises, program design, and learning. Facilitators that emerged were motivating exercises (e.g., handball-specific), a helpful set-up (e.g., variation), having a clear purpose of exercises, the possibility to fulfil basic psychological needs while training, receiving instructions and feedback, and having role models. Barriers that emerged were limited space and material, difficulties with exercises, an unhelpful set-up (e.g., too repetitive), and undisciplined training. It is important to address perceived barriers and facilitators among coaches and players when developing injury prevention training programs to enhance the uptake of such training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Moesch
- Department of Psychology, Lund University, 22100 Lund, Sweden;
- Correspondence:
| | - Sofia Bunke
- Department of Psychology, Lund University, 22100 Lund, Sweden;
| | - Jennie Linnéll
- Department of Health Sciences, Lund University, 22100 Lund, Sweden; (J.L.); (E.A.)
| | - Eva M. Brodin
- Department of Educational Sciences, Lund University, 22100 Lund, Sweden;
- Centre for Higher and Adult Education (CHAE), Department of Curriculum Studies, Faculty of Education, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa
| | - Alex Donaldson
- Centre for Sport and Social Impact (CSSI), La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia;
| | - Eva Ageberg
- Department of Health Sciences, Lund University, 22100 Lund, Sweden; (J.L.); (E.A.)
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Håkansson A, Moesch K, Jönsson C, Kenttä G. Potentially Prolonged Psychological Distress from Postponed Olympic and Paralympic Games during COVID-19-Career Uncertainty in Elite Athletes. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2020; 18:E2. [PMID: 33374935 PMCID: PMC7792570 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18010002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has had a significant impact on the world of sports due to periods of home quarantine, bans against public gatherings, travel restrictions, and a large number of postponed or canceled major sporting events. The literature hitherto is sparse, but early indications display signs of psychological impact on elite athletes due to the pandemic. However, beyond acute effects from lockdown and short-term interrupted athletic seasons, the postponed and still uncertain Olympic and Paralympic Games may represent a major career insecurity to many athletes world-wide, and may lead to severe changes to everyday lives and potentially prolonged psychological distress. Given the long-term perspective of these changes, researchers and stakeholders should address mental health and long-term job insecurity in athletes, including a specific focus on those with small financial margins, such as many female athletes, parasports athletes, athletes in smaller sports, and athletes from developing countries. Implications and the need for research are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders Håkansson
- Depterment of Clinical Sciences Lund, Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, S-22100 Lund, Sweden
- Region Skåne, Malmö Addiction Center, Clinical Sports and Mental Health Unit, S-20502 Malmö, Sweden; (K.M.); (C.J.)
| | - Karin Moesch
- Region Skåne, Malmö Addiction Center, Clinical Sports and Mental Health Unit, S-20502 Malmö, Sweden; (K.M.); (C.J.)
- Swedish Sports Confederation, 114 33 Stockholm, Sweden;
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, Lund University, S-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Caroline Jönsson
- Region Skåne, Malmö Addiction Center, Clinical Sports and Mental Health Unit, S-20502 Malmö, Sweden; (K.M.); (C.J.)
- FIFPRO (Global Representative for Professional Football Players), 2132 Hoofddorp, The Netherlands
- Spelarföreningen (National Representative for Football Players), 433 63 Sävedalen, Sweden
| | - Göran Kenttä
- Swedish Sports Confederation, 114 33 Stockholm, Sweden;
- The Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences, 114 33 Stockholm, Sweden
- School of Human Kinetics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
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Abstract
A controversial question within elite sports is whether young athletes need to specialize early, as suggested by Ericsson et al., or if it is more beneficial to follow the path of early diversification proposed by Côté et al., which includes sampling different sport experiences during childhood and specializing later on during adolescence. Based on a Danish sample of 148 elite and 95 near-elite athletes from cgs sports (sports measured in centimeters, grams, or seconds), the present study investigates group differences concerning accumulated practice hours during the early stages of the career, involvement in other sports, career development, as well as determining whether or not these variables predict membership in the elite group. The results clearly reveal that elite athletes specialized at a later age and trained less in childhood. However, elite athletes were shown to intensify their training regime during late adolescence more than their near-elite peers. The involvement in other sports neither differs between the groups nor predicts success. It can be concluded that factors related to the organization of practice during the mid-teens seem to be crucial for international success within cgs sports. Future research should adopt a longitudinal design with means of drawing causal inferences.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Moesch
- Department of Exercise and Sport Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Moesch K, Birrer D, Seiler R. Differences between violent and non-violent adolescents in terms of sport background and sport-related psychological variables. Eur J Sport Sci 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/17461391003632014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Moesch K, Birrer D, Schmid J, Seiler R. Die Bedeutung von Wohlbefinden im Zusammenhang zwischen Sportengagement und Gewaltverhalten bei Jugendlichen. Zeitschrift für Sportpsychologie 2009. [DOI: 10.1026/1612-5010.16.2.55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Zusammenfassung. Obschon normative Erwartungen an Sport als Freizeitbeschäftigung mit gewaltpräventiver Wirkung immer wieder postuliert werden, sind empirische Befunde zum Zusammenhang zwischen Sport und Gewalt inkonsistent. Einhellig werden jedoch positive Auswirkungen des Sporttreibens auf das Wohlbefinden berichtet, ebenso wie negative Assoziationen zwischen Wohlbefinden und Gewaltverhalten. Vor einem sozialisations- und stresstheoretischen Hintergrund wird in der vorliegenden querschnittlichen Befragung von 1664 Schweizer Jugendlichen im Alter von 12 bis 18 Jahren die Annahme geprüft, ob ein indirekter Zusammenhang zwischen Sportengagement und Gewaltverhalten besteht, der durch das Wohlbefinden vermittelt wird. Die mit Strukturgleichungsmodellen gewonnenen Ergebnisse liefern schwache Unterstützung für diese Annahme. Allerdings sind die Pfadkoeffizienten klein (Sport – Wohlbefinden: β = .39; Wohlbefinden – Gewaltverhalten: β = −.13) und der indirekte Effekt entsprechend gering (−.05). Es wird gefolgert, dass Sportangebote für Jugendliche deren Bedürfnisse nach Autonomie, Kompetenz und sozialem Anschluss befriedigen müssen, um Wohlbefinden zu erhalten bzw. zu fördern, welches wiederum als Ressource gegen deviantes Verhalten dienen kann.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jürg Schmid
- Eidgenössische Hochschule für Sport Magglingen
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