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Lubout CMA, Goorden SMI, van den Hurk K, Jaeger B, Jager NGL, van Koningsbruggen S, Chegary M, van Karnebeek CDM. Successful Treatment of Hereditary Folate Malabsorption With Intramuscular Folinic Acid. Pediatr Neurol 2020; 102:62-66. [PMID: 31371121 DOI: 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2019.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 06/08/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hereditary folate malabsorption is a multisystem disease owing to biallelic variants in the gene encoding the proton-coupled folate transporter. Hereditary folate malabsorption is treated with folinic acid, aimed to restore blood and cerebrospinal fluid folate levels. Little is known as to whether oral or intramuscular supplementation of folinic acid is most effective. METHODS Here we describe a one-year-old boy with hereditary folate malabsorption presenting with the typical features including failure to thrive, aphthous stomatitis, macrocytic anemia along with severe developmental impairment and epilepsy, as well as a magnetic resonance imaging of the brain showing bilateral occipital, cortical calcifications characteristic of hereditary folate malabsorption. We compared the effect of treatment with oral folinic acid versus intramuscular folinic acid supplementation by measuring plasma and cerebrospinal fluid folate levels. RESULTS Compared with oral administration, intramuscular treatment resulted in higher folate levels in blood and, most importantly, normalization of folate levels in cerebrospinal fluid. Clinically, nearly all systemic and neurological symptoms resolved. CONCLUSION Normal cerebrospinal fluid folate levels can be achieved in individuals with hereditary folate malabsorption with intramuscular (but not with oral) administration of folinic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte M A Lubout
- Department of Pediatric Metabolic Diseases, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam Gastro-Enterology & Metabolism Research Institute, Amsterdam University Medical Centres, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Susanna M I Goorden
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Laboratory of Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Amsterdam University Medical Centres, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Karin van den Hurk
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, OLVG Lab BV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bregje Jaeger
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Centres, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nynke G L Jager
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Amsterdam University Medical Centres, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Malika Chegary
- Department of Pediatrics, OLVG, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Clara D M van Karnebeek
- Department of Pediatric Metabolic Diseases, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam Gastro-Enterology & Metabolism Research Institute, Amsterdam University Medical Centres, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Clinical Genetics, Amsterdam University Medical Centres, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Wouters J, Vizoso M, Martinez-Cardus A, Carmona FJ, Govaere O, Laguna T, Joseph J, Dynoodt P, Aura C, Foth M, Cloots R, van den Hurk K, Balint B, Murphy IG, McDermott EW, Sheahan K, Jirström K, Nodin B, Mallya-Udupi G, van den Oord JJ, Gallagher WM, Esteller M. Comprehensive DNA methylation study identifies novel progression-related and prognostic markers for cutaneous melanoma. BMC Med 2017; 15:101. [PMID: 28578692 PMCID: PMC5458482 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-017-0851-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cutaneous melanoma is the deadliest skin cancer, with an increasing incidence and mortality rate. Currently, staging of patients with primary melanoma is performed using histological biomarkers such as tumor thickness and ulceration. As disruption of the epigenomic landscape is recognized as a widespread feature inherent in tumor development and progression, we aimed to identify novel biomarkers providing additional clinical information over current factors using unbiased genome-wide DNA methylation analyses. METHODS We performed a comprehensive DNA methylation analysis during all progression stages of melanoma using Infinium HumanMethylation450 BeadChips on a discovery cohort of benign nevi (n = 14) and malignant melanoma from both primary (n = 33) and metastatic (n = 28) sites, integrating the DNA methylome with gene expression data. We validated the discovered biomarkers in three independent validation cohorts by pyrosequencing and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS We identified and validated biomarkers for, and pathways involved in, melanoma development (e.g., HOXA9 DNA methylation) and tumor progression (e.g., TBC1D16 DNA methylation). In addition, we determined a prognostic signature with potential clinical applicability and validated PON3 DNA methylation and OVOL1 protein expression as biomarkers with prognostic information independent of tumor thickness and ulceration. CONCLUSIONS Our data underscores the importance of epigenomic regulation in triggering metastatic dissemination through the inactivation of central cancer-related pathways. Inactivation of cell-adhesion and differentiation unleashes dissemination, and subsequent activation of inflammatory and immune system programs impairs anti-tumoral defense pathways. Moreover, we identify several markers of tumor development and progression previously unrelated to melanoma, and determined a prognostic signature with potential clinical utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasper Wouters
- Translational Cell and Tissue Research, KU Leuven (University of Leuven), Leuven, Belgium
- OncoMark Ltd, NovaUCD, Dublin 4, Ireland
- Laboratory of Computational Biology, VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven (University of Leuven), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Miguel Vizoso
- Cancer Epigenetics and Biology Program (PEBC), Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), 08908 L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Anna Martinez-Cardus
- Cancer Epigenetics and Biology Program (PEBC), Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), 08908 L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - F Javier Carmona
- Cancer Epigenetics and Biology Program (PEBC), Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), 08908 L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Olivier Govaere
- Translational Cell and Tissue Research, KU Leuven (University of Leuven), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Teresa Laguna
- Cancer Epigenetics and Biology Program (PEBC), Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), 08908 L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Institute of Molecular Biology (IMB), Mainz, Germany
| | | | | | - Claudia Aura
- Translational Cell and Tissue Research, KU Leuven (University of Leuven), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mona Foth
- OncoMark Ltd, NovaUCD, Dublin 4, Ireland
- Cancer Research UK, Beatson Institute, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
| | - Roy Cloots
- OncoMark Ltd, NovaUCD, Dublin 4, Ireland
- Department of Pathology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Karin van den Hurk
- OncoMark Ltd, NovaUCD, Dublin 4, Ireland
- Department of Pathology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Balazs Balint
- OncoMark Ltd, NovaUCD, Dublin 4, Ireland
- Cancer Epigenetics and Biology Program (PEBC), Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), 08908 L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Ian G Murphy
- Department of Surgery, St. Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Enda W McDermott
- Department of Surgery, St. Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Kieran Sheahan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, St. Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Karin Jirström
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Division of Pathology, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, 221 85, Lund, Sweden
| | - Bjorn Nodin
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Division of Pathology, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, 221 85, Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Joost J van den Oord
- Translational Cell and Tissue Research, KU Leuven (University of Leuven), Leuven, Belgium
| | - William M Gallagher
- OncoMark Ltd, NovaUCD, Dublin 4, Ireland.
- UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland.
| | - Manel Esteller
- Cancer Epigenetics and Biology Program (PEBC), Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), 08908 L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
- Department of Physiological Sciences II, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
- Institucio Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
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van den Elzen MT, van Os-Medendorp H, van den Brink I, van den Hurk K, Kouznetsova OI, Lokin ASHJ, Laheij-de Boer AM, Röckmann H, Bruijnzeel-Koomen CAFM, Knulst AC. Effectiveness and safety of antihistamines up to fourfold or higher in treatment of chronic spontaneous urticaria. Clin Transl Allergy 2017; 7:4. [PMID: 28289538 PMCID: PMC5309999 DOI: 10.1186/s13601-017-0141-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Treatment with second-generation antihistamines is recommended in patients with chronic spontaneous urticaria (CSU). Some patients remain unresponsive even after up-dosing up to fourfold. Many third line treatment options have limited availability and/or give rise to significant side effects. We investigated effectiveness and safety of antihistamine treatment with dosages up to fourfold and higher. Methods This retrospective analysis of patients’ records was performed in adult CSU patients suffering wheals and/or angioedema (AE). Demographic, clinical, and therapeutic data was extracted from their medical records. We recorded the type, maximum prescribed dosage, effectiveness, and reported side effects of antihistamine treatment. Results Of 200 screened patients, 178 were included. Treatment was commenced with a once daily dose of antihistamines. Persisting symptoms meant that up-dosing up to fourfold occurred in 138 (78%) of patients, yielding sufficient response in 41 (23%). Up-dosing antihistamines was necessary in 110 (80%) patient with weals alone or weals with angioedema and 28 (64%) with AE only (p = 0.039). Of the remaining 97 patients with insufficient response, 59 were treated with dosages higher than fourfold (median dosage 8, range 5–12). This was sufficient in 29 patients (49%). Side effects were reported in 36 patients (20%), whereof 30 (17%) experienced somnolence. Side effects after up-dosing higher than fourfold were reported in six out of 59 patients (10%). Conclusion Up-dosing antihistamines higher than fourfold dosage seems a feasible therapeutic option with regards to effectiveness and safety. The need for third line therapies could be decreased by 49%, with a very limited increase of reported side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mignon T van den Elzen
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University Medical Center Utrecht (G02.124), PO Box 85.500, 3508 GA Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Harmieke van Os-Medendorp
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University Medical Center Utrecht (G02.124), PO Box 85.500, 3508 GA Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Imke van den Brink
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University Medical Center Utrecht (G02.124), PO Box 85.500, 3508 GA Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Karin van den Hurk
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University Medical Center Utrecht (G02.124), PO Box 85.500, 3508 GA Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ouliana I Kouznetsova
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University Medical Center Utrecht (G02.124), PO Box 85.500, 3508 GA Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Alexander S H J Lokin
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University Medical Center Utrecht (G02.124), PO Box 85.500, 3508 GA Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Anna-Marijke Laheij-de Boer
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University Medical Center Utrecht (G02.124), PO Box 85.500, 3508 GA Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Heike Röckmann
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University Medical Center Utrecht (G02.124), PO Box 85.500, 3508 GA Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Carla A F M Bruijnzeel-Koomen
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University Medical Center Utrecht (G02.124), PO Box 85.500, 3508 GA Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - André C Knulst
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University Medical Center Utrecht (G02.124), PO Box 85.500, 3508 GA Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Gao L, van den Hurk K, Nsengimana J, Laye JP, van den Oord JJ, Beck S, Gruis NA, Zoutman WH, van Engeland M, Newton-Bishop JA, Winnepenninckx VJ, van Doorn R. Prognostic Significance of Promoter Hypermethylation and Diminished Gene Expression of SYNPO2 in Melanoma. J Invest Dermatol 2015; 135:2328-2331. [PMID: 25918983 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2015.163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Linda Gao
- Department of Dermatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Karin van den Hurk
- Department of Pathology, GROW-School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jérémie Nsengimana
- Section of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Jonathan P Laye
- Section of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Joost J van den Oord
- Laboratory of Translational Cell and Tissue Research and University Hospitals, University of Leuven, KUL, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Samuel Beck
- Leiden Cytology and Pathology Laboratory, Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Nelleke A Gruis
- Department of Dermatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Willem H Zoutman
- Department of Dermatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Manon van Engeland
- Department of Pathology, GROW-School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Julia A Newton-Bishop
- Section of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Véronique J Winnepenninckx
- Department of Pathology, GROW-School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Remco van Doorn
- Department of Dermatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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van den Hurk K, Balint B, Toomey S, O'Leary PC, Unwin L, Sheahan K, McDermott EW, Murphy I, van den Oord JJ, Rafferty M, FitzGerald DM, Moran J, Cummins R, MacEneaney O, Kay EW, O'Brien CP, Finn SP, Heffron CCBB, Murphy M, Yela R, Power DG, Regan PJ, McDermott CM, O'Keeffe A, Orosz Z, Donnellan PP, Crown JP, Hennessy BT, Gallagher WM. High-throughput oncogene mutation profiling shows demographic differences in BRAF mutation rates among melanoma patients. Melanoma Res 2015; 25:189-99. [PMID: 25746038 DOI: 10.1097/cmr.0000000000000149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Because of advances in targeted therapies, the clinical evaluation of cutaneous melanoma is increasingly based on a combination of traditional histopathology and molecular pathology. Therefore, it is necessary to expand our knowledge of the molecular events that accompany the development and progression of melanoma to optimize clinical management. The central objective of this study was to increase our knowledge of the mutational events that complement melanoma progression. High-throughput genotyping was adapted to query 159 known single nucleotide mutations in 33 cancer-related genes across two melanoma cohorts from Ireland (n=94) and Belgium (n=60). Results were correlated with various clinicopathological characteristics. A total of 23 mutations in 12 genes were identified, that is--BRAF, NRAS, MET, PHLPP2, PIK3R1, IDH1, KIT, STK11, CTNNB1, JAK2, ALK, and GNAS. Unexpectedly, we discovered significant differences in BRAF, MET, and PIK3R1 mutations between the cohorts. That is, cases from Ireland showed significantly lower (P<0.001) BRAF(V600E) mutation rates (19%) compared with the mutation frequency observed in Belgian patients (43%). Moreover, MET mutations were detected in 12% of Irish cases, whereas none of the Belgian patients harbored these mutations, and Irish patients significantly more often (P=0.027) had PIK3R1-mutant (33%) melanoma versus 17% of Belgian cases. The low incidence of BRAF(V600E)(-) mutant melanoma among Irish patients was confirmed in five independent Irish cohorts, and in total, only 165 of 689 (24%) Irish cases carried mutant BRAF(V600E). Together, our data show that melanoma-driving mutations vary by demographic area, which has important implications for the clinical management of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin van den Hurk
- aOncoMark Ltd, NovaUCD bDepartment of Medical Oncology, Royal College of Surgeons cUCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin Departments of dPathology eSurgery fMedical Oncology, St Vincent's University Hospital gDepartment of Histopathology, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland Education and Research Centre, Beaumont Hospital hDepartment of Histopathology, St James's Hospital iDepartment of Histopathology, Trinity College, Dublin jDepartment of Pathology, Cork University Hospital, Cork Departments of kSurgery lMedical Oncology, University Hospital Galway mDepartment of Medicine, National University of Ireland Galway nDepartment of Histopathology, University Hospital Galway, Galway, Ireland oDepartment of Pathology, GROW-School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands pLaboratory of Morphology and Molecular Pathology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Verlinden I, van den Hurk K, Clarijs R, Willig AP, Stallinga CMHA, Roemen GMJM, van den Oord JJ, Zur Hausen A, Speel EJM, Winnepenninckx VJL. BRAFV600E immunopositive melanomas show low frequency of heterogeneity and association with epithelioid tumor cells: a STROBE-compliant article. Medicine (Baltimore) 2014; 93:e285. [PMID: 25526463 PMCID: PMC4603111 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000000285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Revised: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 10/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Treatment of BRAFV600E-mutant melanoma by small molecule inhibitors that target BRAFV600E or MEK kinases is increasingly used in clinical practice and significantly improve patient outcome. However, patients eventually become resistant and therapeutic improvement is required. Molecular diversity within individual tumors (intratumor heterogeneity) and between tumors within a single patient (intrapatient heterogeneity) poses a significant challenge to precision medicine. Using immunohistochemistry, we determined the extent of BRAFV600E intratumor and intrapatient heterogeneity and the influence of morphological heterogeneity in a large series of 171 melanomas of 81 patients. The BRAFV600E mutation rate found in our melanoma series is 44%, with none of 22 (0%) melanoma in situ, 23 of 56 (41%) primary tumors, 28 of 59 (48%) regional metastases, and 24 of 34 (71%) distant metastases harboring the mutation. In general, a diffuse homogeneous immunostaining was seen, even in tumors consisting of more than one cell type, that is, epithelioid, spindle, and/or small cell types. Nevertheless, BRAFV600E-mutant melanomas more often had a purely epithelioid cell population (P=0.063), that is more evident among distant metastases (P=0.014). Only two of 75 (3%) mutated specimens (one primary and one metastasis) displayed heterogeneous BRAFV600E expression. The primary tumor was also morphologically heterogeneous and exclusively displayed BRAFV600E in the epithelioid component, confirming an association between BRAFV600E and epithelioid cells. Twenty-eight of 30 patients (93%) had concordant BRAFV600E mutation status between their tumors. Taken together, BRAFV600E intratumor and intrapatient heterogeneity in melanoma is diminutive, nevertheless, the identified exceptions will have important implications for the clinical management of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Verlinden
- From the Department of Pathology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands (IV, KvdH, CMHAS, GMJMR, AzH, E-JMS, VJLW); GROW-School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands (KvdH, AzH, E-JMS, VJLW); Department of Clinical Pathology, Atrium Medical Centre Parkstad, Heerlen, The Netherlands (RC); Department of Pathology, St. Laurentius ziekenhuis, Roermond, The Netherlands (APW); and Laboratory of Translational Cell & Tissue Research and Department of Pathology, University Hospital, KULeuven, Leuven, Belgium (JJvdO)
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Gao L, van den Hurk K, Moerkerk PTM, Goeman JJ, Beck S, Gruis NA, van den Oord JJ, Winnepenninckx VJ, van Engeland M, van Doorn R. Promoter CpG island hypermethylation in dysplastic nevus and melanoma: CLDN11 as an epigenetic biomarker for malignancy. J Invest Dermatol 2014; 134:2957-2966. [PMID: 24999589 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2014.270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2013] [Revised: 05/02/2014] [Accepted: 05/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Dysplastic nevi are melanocytic lesions that represent an intermediate stage between common nevus and melanoma. Histopathological distinction of dysplastic nevus from melanoma can be challenging and there is a requirement for molecular diagnostic markers. In this study, we examined promoter CpG island methylation of a selected panel of genes, identified in a genome-wide methylation screen, across a spectrum of 405 melanocytic neoplasms. Promoter methylation analysis in common nevi, dysplastic nevi, primary melanomas, and metastatic melanomas demonstrated progressive epigenetic deregulation. Dysplastic nevi were affected by promoter methylation of genes that are frequently methylated in melanoma but not in common nevi. We assessed the diagnostic value of the methylation status of five genes in distinguishing primary melanoma from dysplastic nevus. In particular, CLDN11 promoter methylation was specific for melanoma, as it occurred in 50% of primary melanomas but in only 3% of dysplastic nevi. A diagnostic algorithm that incorporates methylation of the CLDN11, CDH11, PPP1R3C, MAPK13, and GNMT genes was validated in an independent sample set and helped distinguish melanoma from dysplastic nevus (area under the curve 0.81). Melanoma-specific methylation of these genes supports the utility as epigenetic biomarkers and could point to their significance in melanoma development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Gao
- Department of Dermatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; The first two and last three authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Karin van den Hurk
- Department of Pathology, GROW-School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands; The first two and last three authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Peter T M Moerkerk
- Department of Pathology, GROW-School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jelle J Goeman
- Department of Medical Statistics and Bioinformatics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Current address: Department for Health Evidence, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Samuel Beck
- Leiden Cytology and Pathology Laboratory, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Nelleke A Gruis
- Department of Dermatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Joost J van den Oord
- Laboratory of Translational Cell and Tissue Research, Department of Pathology, University Hospital, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Véronique J Winnepenninckx
- Department of Pathology, GROW-School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands; The first two and last three authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Manon van Engeland
- Department of Pathology, GROW-School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands; The first two and last three authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Remco van Doorn
- Department of Dermatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; The first two and last three authors contributed equally to this work.
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Brinkhuizen T, van den Hurk K, Winnepenninckx VJL, de Hoon JP, van Marion AM, Veeck J, van Engeland M, van Steensel MAM. Epigenetic changes in Basal Cell Carcinoma affect SHH and WNT signaling components. PLoS One 2012; 7:e51710. [PMID: 23284750 PMCID: PMC3524166 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0051710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2012] [Accepted: 11/05/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The genetic background of Basal Cell Carcinoma (BCC) has been studied extensively, while its epigenetic makeup has received comparatively little attention. Epigenetic alterations such as promoter hypermethylation silence tumor suppressor genes (TSG) in several malignancies. Objective We sought to analyze the promoter methylation status of ten putative (tumor suppressor) genes that are associated with Sonic Hedgehog (SHH), WNT signaling and (hair follicle) tumors in a large series of 112 BCC and 124 healthy control samples by methylation-specific PCR. Results Gene promoters of SHH (P = 0.016), adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) (P = 0.003), secreted frizzled-related protein 5 (SFRP5) (P = 0.004) and Ras association domain family 1A (RASSF1A) (P = 0.023) showed significantly more methylation in BCC versus normal skin. mRNA levels of these four genes were reduced for APC and SFRP5 in BCC (n = 6) vs normal skin (n = 6). Down regulation of SHH, APC and RASSF1A could be confirmed on protein level as well (P<0.001 for all genes) by immunohistochemical staining. Increased canonical WNT activity was visualized by β-catenin staining, showing nuclear β-catenin in only 28/101 (27.7%) of BCC. Absence of nuclear β-catenin in some samples may be due to high levels of membranous E-cadherin (in 94.1% of the samples). Conclusions We provide evidence that promoter hypermethylation of key players within the SHH and WNT pathways is frequent in BCC, consistent with their known constitutive activation in BCC. Epigenetic gene silencing putatively contributes to BCC tumorigenesis, indicating new venues for treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tjinta Brinkhuizen
- Department of Dermatology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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Brüll F, Mensink RP, van den Hurk K, Duijvestijn A, Plat J. TLR2 activation is essential to induce a Th1 shift in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells by plant stanols and plant sterols. J Biol Chem 2009; 285:2951-8. [PMID: 19948716 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.036343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant sterols may induce a Th1 shift in humans. However, whether plant stanols have similar effects as well as the underlying mechanism are unknown. We have now shown that (like sitosterol) sitostanol, both 4-desmethylsterols, induces a Th1 shift when added in vitro at physiological concentrations to human PBMCs. This conclusion was based on a higher IFNgamma production, with no change in the production of IL-4 and IL-10. alpha-Amyrin, a 4.4-dimethylsterol, had comparable effects. Because 4.4-dimethylsterols cannot activate transcription factor LXR, this finding indicates that LXR activation was not involved. Sitosterol and sitostanol did not alter the production of IL-12 and IL-18 in PBMCs as well as in monocyte-derived U937 cells, suggesting that plant sterols directly affect T-helper cells, without activating APCs. However, in PBMCs treated with a TLR2 blocker (T2.5), IFNgamma production was completely inhibited, whereas blocking TLR4 with HTA125 had no such effect. To confirm these findings, PBMCs from TLR2(-/-) mice were cultured in the presence of sitosterol and sitostanol. In these cells, no Th1 shift was observed. Our results, therefore, indicate that TLR2 activation is essential to induce a Th1 shift in human PBMCs by plant stanols and plant sterols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Brüll
- Department of Human Biology, Maastricht University and School for Nutrition, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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