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Abstract
Summary.–-The short form of the Depression Inventory was administered to a variety of patient samples totalling 431 Ss. The correlation between test scores and clinicians’ ratings ranged from .55 for a hospitalized depressed sample to .67 for Ss in a general medical outpatient practice. The correlation between test scores on the two forms ranged from .89 to .97. When speed of administration is an important factor, the short form can serve as a satisfactory substitute for the long form of the inventory and is especially suited for screening medical outpatients for the presence of depression.
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Papakostas G, Shelton R, Zajecka J, Rickels K, Clain A, Baer L, Schoenfeld D, Nelson E, Barbee J, Lydiard B, Mischoulon D, Alpert J, Zisook S, Fava M. L-methylfolate augmentation of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIS) for major depressive disorder: Results of two randomized, double-blind trials. Eur Psychiatry 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/s0924-9338(11)72299-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
IntroductionTwo randomized, controlled trials of L-methylfolate augmentation of SSRIs for major depressive disorder (MDD) were conducted using a novel study design (sequential parallel comparison design- SPCD).Objectives/aimsTo evaluate the efficacy of L-methylfolate augmentation using the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale.MethodsIn study one (TRD-1), 148 outpatients with SSRI-resistant MDD were enrolled in a 60-day, SPCD study, divided into two 30-day periods (phases 1 and 2). Patients were randomized 2:3:3 to receive L-methylfolate (7.5mg/d in phase 1, 15mg/d in phase 2), placebo in phase 1 followed by L-methylfolate 7.5mg/d in phase 2, or placebo for both phases. Study two (TRD-2) involved 75 patients and was identical in design to TRD-1 except for the dose of L-methylfolate (15mg only).ResultsIn the TRD-1 Study, L-methylfolate 7.5 mg/d was not found to be more effective than placebo. In phase 1 of the TRD-2 Study, 37% of patients on L-methylfolate 15mg/d responded and 18% of placebo patients responded, while in phase 2 among placebo non-responders, the response rates were 28% on L-methylfolate 15mg/d and 9.5% on placebo. When phases 1 and 2 were pooled according to the SPCD model, the difference in response rates was statistically significant in favor of L-methylfolate (p = 0.0399). The rates of spontaneously reported AEs and rates of study discontinuation appear r comparable between L-methylfolate and placebo in both studies. Rates of study discontinuation were also comparableConclusionsThese studies suggest that L-methylfolate 15 mg/d may be a safe and effective augmentation strategy for inadequate response to SSRIs.
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Balon R, Starcevic V, Silberman E, Cosci F, Dubovsky S, Fava GA, Nardi AE, Rickels K, Salzman C, Shader RI, Sonino N. The rise and fall and rise of benzodiazepines: a return of the stigmatized and repressed. Braz J Psychiatry 2020; 42:243-244. [PMID: 32159714 PMCID: PMC7236156 DOI: 10.1590/1516-4446-2019-0773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Richard Balon
- Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences and Anesthesiology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Vladan Starcevic
- Discipline of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney Medical School, Nepean Clinical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Edward Silberman
- Department of Psychiatry, Tufts Medical Center and Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Fiammetta Cosci
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.,Department of Psychiatry & Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Steven Dubovsky
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - Giovanni A Fava
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Antonio E Nardi
- Department of Psychiatry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Karl Rickels
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Carl Salzman
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Richard I Shader
- Center for the Study of Drug Development, Department of Immunology, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Nicoletta Sonino
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
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Balon R, Silberman EK, Starcevic V, Cosci F, Freire RC, Nardi AE, Rickels K, Shader R. Benzodiazepines, antidepressants and addiction: A plea for conceptual rigor and consistency. J Psychopharmacol 2019; 33:1467-1470. [PMID: 31556796 DOI: 10.1177/0269881119878171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Richard Balon
- Department of Psychiatry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA.,Department of Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA.,Department of Anesthesiology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | | | - Vladan Starcevic
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, nsw, Australia
| | - Fiammetta Cosci
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Firenze, Italy.,Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Rafael C Freire
- Department of Psychiatry, Queens University, Kingston, on, Canada.,Institute of Psychiatry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Antonio E Nardi
- Institute of Psychiatry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Karl Rickels
- University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Richard Shader
- Department of Immunology, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
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Abstract
Importance: Benzodiazepines (BZs) are still widely prescribed for the treatment of anxiety disorders despite many publications in the literature which favour antidepressants (ADs) instead. What is the evidence?Observations: Treatment guidelines favour ADs over BZs for treatment of anxiety disorders without any head-to-head comparison of both drug groups with placebo. BZs are claimed to cause less efficacy and more safety issues than ADs, yet ADs also cause disturbing adverse events and, similar to BZs, discontinuation symptoms. Until evidence-based data become available, a look at two 6-month generalized anxiety disorder trials conducted by the same research group, one with a BZ and the other with an AD, might provide some guidance for the clinician. Most improvement with a BZ was obtained by 4 weeks, suggesting that BZ treatment longer than 4 weeks should only be offered to patients maximally improved at 4 weeks. In contrast, ADs may have to be prescribed for 3-6 months to obtain maximal benefits.Conclusion: Results of a controlled trial as proposed will go a long way in providing clinicians missing information to guide them in the appropriate use of both BZs and ADs in anxiety disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl Rickels
- Stuart and Emily Mudd Professor of Human Behavior and Professor of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Hans Juergen Moeller
- Professor of Psychiatry and former Chair, Department of Psychiatry of the Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany
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Balon R, Chouinard G, Cosci F, Dubovsky SL, Fava GA, Freire RC, Greenblatt DJ, Krystal JH, Nardi AE, Rickels K, Roth T, Salzman C, Shader R, Silberman EK, Sonino N, Starcevic V, Weintraub SJ. International Task Force on Benzodiazepines. Psychother Psychosom 2018; 87:193-194. [PMID: 29788029 DOI: 10.1159/000489538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Steven L Dubovsky
- University of Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA.,University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - Giovanni A Fava
- University of Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA.,University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Rafael C Freire
- Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | | | - Antonio E Nardi
- Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Karl Rickels
- University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Nicoletta Sonino
- University of Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA.,University of Padua, Padua, Italy
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Benasi G, Guidi J, Offidani E, Balon R, Rickels K, Fava GA. Benzodiazepines as a Monotherapy in Depressive Disorders: A Systematic Review. Psychother Psychosom 2018; 87:65-74. [PMID: 29466801 DOI: 10.1159/000486696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this paper was to perform a systematic review and, when feasible, a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCT) which used benzodiazepines (BZD) as a monotherapy versus placebo, antidepressant drugs (AD), or both. METHODS Keyword searches were conducted for identifying RCT comparing BZD and AD, and/or placebo in the treatment of depression, using electronic databases from their inception up to April 2017. We selected reports of RCT in which BZD were compared to AD and/or placebo in the treatment of adult patients with a primary diagnosis of depressive disorder or anxious depression. When feasible, data were subjected to meta-analysis. RESULTS A total of 38 studies met the criteria for inclusion and were then included in the systematic review. Only 1 study concerned a newer AD, fluvoxamine. For the meta-analysis, we submitted data on response rate from 22 RCT, considering BZD versus placebo (8 comparisons) and BZD versus tricyclic antidepressants (TCA) (20 comparisons). There was a lack of significant differences as to response rate between BZD and placebo, as well as between BZD and TCA. Analysis of individual studies disclosed that, in more than half of the studies comparing BZD to TCA and/or placebo, BZD were significantly more effective than placebo and as effective as TCA. CONCLUSIONS BZD are a therapeutic option in anxious depression and there are no indications that AD are preferable. There is a pressing need for RCT of adequate methodological quality and follow-up comparing BZD to second-generation AD and placebo in anxious depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giada Benasi
- Department of Psychology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Jenny Guidi
- Department of Psychology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Richard Balon
- Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences and Anesthesiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Karl Rickels
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Giovanni A Fava
- Department of Psychology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.,Department of Psychiatry, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
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Fava GA, Guidi J, Rafanelli C, Rickels K. The Clinical Inadequacy of the Placebo Model and the Development of an Alternative Conceptual Framework. Psychother Psychosom 2018; 86:332-340. [PMID: 29131050 DOI: 10.1159/000480038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Placebo effects are often attributed to clinical interactions and contextual factors that affect expectations of the patient about the treatment and result in symptom changes. The prevailing conceptualization consists of an undifferentiated placebo response that needs to be minimized in controlled investigations and maximized in clinical practice. However, treatment outcome is the cumulative result of the interaction of several classes of variables with a selected treatment: living conditions (housing, nutrition, work environment, social support), patient characteristics (age, sex, genetics, general health conditions, personality, well-being), illness features and previous therapeutic experience, self-management, and treatment setting (physician's attitude and attention, illness behavior). Such variables may be therapeutic or countertherapeutic, and are unlikely to be simply additive. In certain patients their interactive combination may lead to clinical improvement, whereas in other cases it may produce no effect, and, in a third group, it may lead to worsening of the condition. Maximizing patients' expectations does not necessarily result in sustained effects and, in due course, may actually lead to worsening of the condition (violation of expectations). In this paper, we outline a multifactorial conceptual model that may have implications for the design of clinical trials as well as for clinical practice, with special reference to psychopharmacology and psychotherapy. The effects of drug treatment may be potentiated by specific nonpharmacological treatment strategies, and this synergism may disclose significant differences against placebo. Medical outcomes may be unsatisfactory not because technical interventions are missing, but because our conceptual models and thinking are inadequate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni A Fava
- Department of Psychology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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9
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Rickels MR, Perez EM, Peleckis AJ, Alshehabi E, Nguyen HL, Stefanovski D, Rickels K, Teff KL. Contribution of parasympathetic muscarinic augmentation of insulin secretion to olanzapine-induced hyperinsulinemia. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2018; 315:E250-E257. [PMID: 29351487 PMCID: PMC6139492 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00315.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Atypical antipsychotic drugs have been associated with the development of obesity and diabetes. In particular, olanzapine can induce peripheral insulin resistance and compensatory hyperinsulinemia independent of weight gain or psychiatric disease. To determine if this compensatory increase in insulin is mediated by parasympathetic muscarinic stimulation, we randomized 15 healthy subjects 2:1 to receive double-blind olanzapine or placebo for 9 days under diet- and activity-controlled inpatient conditions. Before and after 7 days of study drug administration, subjects underwent frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance tests with either saline or atropine infused on subsequent days to assess insulin secretion and hepatic insulin extraction in the absence or presence of muscarinic blockade. We found that olanzapine led to an increase in the acute insulin response to glucose, which was not seen with placebo, and was attenuated in the olanzapine group by atropine. Deconvolution of C-peptide data confirmed an increase in insulin secretion with olanzapine, which was blocked by atropine, with a modest reduction in hepatic insulin extraction with olanzapine. These results support the contribution of muscarinic augmentation of insulin secretion to olanzapine-induced hyperinsulinemia, and provide a mechanism for the compensatory hyperinsulinemia that normally serves to prevent deterioration of glucose tolerance under conditions of metabolic challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Rickels
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Elys M Perez
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Amy J Peleckis
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Erica Alshehabi
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Huong-Lan Nguyen
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Monell Chemical Senses Center , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Darko Stefanovski
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Karl Rickels
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Karen L Teff
- Monell Chemical Senses Center , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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10
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl Rickels
- From the *Stuart and Emily Mudd Professor of Human Behavior and Professor of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; and †Worldwide Drug Development, Shelburne, VT
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11
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Jung J, Tawa EA, Muench C, Rosen AD, Rickels K, Lohoff FW. Genome-wide association study of treatment response to venlafaxine XR in generalized anxiety disorder. Psychiatry Res 2017; 254:8-11. [PMID: 28437668 PMCID: PMC5798606 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2017.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Revised: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
We conducted the first genome-wide association study (GWAS) in Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) to identify potential predictors of venlafaxine XR treatment outcome. Ninety-eight European American patients participated in a venlafaxine XR clinical trial for GAD, with Hamilton Anxiety Scale (HAM-A) response/remission at 24 weeks as the primary outcome measure. All participants were genotyped with the Illumina PsychChip, and 266,820 common single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were analyzed. Although no SNPs reached genome-wide significance, 8 SNPs were marginally associated with treatment response/remission and HAM-A reduction at week 12 and 24 (p<0.00001). Several identified genes may indicate markers crossing neuropsychiatric diagnostic categories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeesun Jung
- Division of Intramural Clinical and Biological Research, National Institute of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD
| | - Elisabeth A. Tawa
- Section on Clinical Genomics and Experimental Therapeutics, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD
| | - Christine Muench
- Section on Clinical Genomics and Experimental Therapeutics, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD
| | - Allison D. Rosen
- Section on Clinical Genomics and Experimental Therapeutics, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD
| | - Karl Rickels
- Department of Psychiatry-Mood and Anxiety Disorders Treatment and Research Program, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Falk W. Lohoff
- Section on Clinical Genomics and Experimental Therapeutics, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD,Department of Psychiatry-Mood and Anxiety Disorders Treatment and Research Program, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA,Corresponding Author: Falk W. Lohoff, M.D., Chief, Section on Clinical Genomics and Experimental Therapeutics (CGET), Lasker Clinical Research Scholar, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA), National Institutes of Health (NIH), 10 Center Drive (10CRC/2-2352), Bethesda, MD 20892-1540, Office: 301-827-1542, Fax: 301-402-1543,
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Bech P, Rickels K. The Items Predicting Non-Remission after 6 Months of Treatment of Patients with Generalized Anxiety Disorder Covered the Eysenck Neuroticism Components of Anxiety, Interpersonal Sensitivity and Depression. Psychother Psychosom 2017; 85:229-30. [PMID: 27230864 DOI: 10.1159/000444454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Per Bech
- Psychiatric Research Unit, Psychiatric Centre North Zealand, University of Copenhagen, Hillerx00F8;d, Denmark
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Abstract
Groups of 25 normals and 21 neurotics were given a Sway test, Rorschach Compliance Test, and questionnaire measures of anxiety, dependency, hostility and neuroticism. The two groups differed significantly in neuroticism, dependency, anxiety, and hostility. The groups did not differ significantly in Sway test suggestibility, nor was there a correlation in either group between suggestibility and neuroticism score. Dependency correlated significantly with sway in both groups. Anxiety significantly predicted sway in the normal but not in the neurotic group. Several factors possibly accounting for this difference in relationship were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Rickels
- University of Pennsylvania and Philadelphia General Hospital
| | - R. Downing
- University of Pennsylvania and Philadelphia General Hospital
| | - H. Appel
- University of Pennsylvania and Philadelphia General Hospital
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14
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Abstract
In this double-blind, randomized, controlled clinical trial of maprotiline ( Ludiomil) against imipramine involving twenty-five newly admitted hospitalized patients, a strong tendency in favour of maprotiline over imipramine emerged. Improvement occurred faster and also at treatment end-point the trend in favour of maprotiline was still to be seen. The slight superiority in clinical efficacy of maprotiline over imipramine was present in both physician and patient measures. Incidences of side-effects were slightly lower for maprotiline than for imipramine.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Rieger
- Assistant Professor of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, USA
| | - K Rickels
- Professor of Psychiatry and Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania and Director, Psychopharmacology Research Unit, Philadelphia General Hospital, Philadelphia, USA
| | - N Norstad
- Research Associate, Philadelphia General Hospital, Philadelphia, USA
| | - J Johnson
- Research Assistant, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Modest response and remission rates for the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and the serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors, coupled with mounting evidence that the tolerability of the antidepressants (ADs) may have been overstated in the literature, has contributed to changes in prescribing patterns for generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). New interest in the absence of evidence that supports these standard therapies as superior to benzodiazepines stimulated a review of the literature. AREAS COVERED A literature search was conducted in the MedLine database with search terms 'generalized anxiety disorder' and 'treatment' for purposes of including relevant literature related to pharmacologic treatment of GAD. Aside from a review of pivotal literature, the authors also included newer studies that evaluated novel drug treatments. Last, the database was searched for benzodiazepine comparisons to standard therapy secondary to concerns that such literature is sparse. The review of newer modalities and the decision to include related literature was also based on the strength of the evidence and the status of their approval for the treatment of GAD. EXPERT OPINION Although ADs remain the most frequently prescribed medications for GAD, alternative and off-label therapies such as pregabalin, the atypical antipsychotics and vortioxetine are garnering interest. Based on the evidence available to us, it is our recommendation that along with the ADs, benzodiazepines be considered a possible first-line therapy in eligible patients based on the discretion and clinical judgment of the treating physician.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Reinhold
- University of the Sciences in Philadelphia, Department of Pharmacy Practice/Pharmacy Administration , 600 South 43rd Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104-4495 , USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni A Fava
- Department of Psychology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Richard Balon
- Department of Psychiatry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan3Department of Anesthesiology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Karl Rickels
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Balon
- Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences and Anesthesiology, Wayne State UniversityDetroit, MI, USA
| | - Giovanni A Fava
- Department of Psychology, University of BolognaBologna, Italy,Department of Psychiatry, State University of New York at BuffaloBuffalo, NY, USA
| | - Karl Rickels
- Department of Psychiatry, University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphia, PA, USA
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Derogatis LR, Lipman RS, Rickels K, Uhlenhuth EH, Covi L. The Hopkins Symptom Checklist (HSCL). A measure of primary symptom dimensions. Mod Probl Pharmacopsychiatry 2015; 7:79-110. [PMID: 4607278 DOI: 10.1159/000395070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 378] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Rickels K. Re: Over-the-counter drugs for the treatment of mood and anxiety disorders--the views of German pharmacists. By J. Hamann, K. Linde, H. D. Schweiger, O. Kusmakow, H. Foerstl, Pharmacopsychiatry 2014; 47: 84-88. Pharmacopsychiatry 2014; 48:80. [PMID: 25429423 DOI: 10.1055/s-0034-1395573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K Rickels
- Perelman School of Medicine, Psychiatry, Mood and Anxiety Disorders Treatment and Research Program, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Markell HM, Newman MG, Gallop R, Gibbons MBC, Rickels K, Crits-Christoph P. Combined medication and CBT for generalized anxiety disorder with African American participants: reliability and validity of assessments and preliminary outcomes. Behav Ther 2014; 45:495-506. [PMID: 24912462 PMCID: PMC4260926 DOI: 10.1016/j.beth.2014.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2013] [Revised: 02/13/2014] [Accepted: 02/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Using data from a study of combined cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and venlafaxine XR in the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), the current article examines the reliability and convergent validity of scales, and preliminary outcomes, for African American compared with European American patients. Internal consistency and short-term stability coefficients for African Americans (n=42) were adequate and similar or higher compared with those found for European Americans (n=164) for standard scales used in GAD treatment research. Correlations among outcome measures among African Americans were in general not significantly different for African Americans compared with European Americans. A subset of patients with DSM-IV-diagnosed GAD (n=24 African Americans; n=52 European Americans) were randomly selected to be offered the option of adding 12 sessions of CBT to venlafaxine XR treatment. Of those offered CBT, 33.3% (n=8) of the African Americans and 32.6% (n=17) of the European Americans accepted and attended at least one CBT treatment session. The outcomes for African Americans receiving combined treatment were not significantly different from European Americans receiving combined treatment on primary or secondary efficacy measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah M. Markell
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, 3535 Market Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Michelle G. Newman
- Department of Psychology, Pennsylvania State University, 111 Moore Building, University Park, PA 16802
| | - Robert Gallop
- Department of Mathematics, West Chester University, 25 University Avenue, West Chester, PA 19383
| | | | - Karl Rickels
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, 3535 Market Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104
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Rickels K. Should benzodiazepines be replaced by antidepressants in the treatment of anxiety disorders? Fact or fiction? Psychother Psychosom 2014; 82:351-2. [PMID: 24061092 DOI: 10.1159/000353502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2013] [Accepted: 06/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Karl Rickels
- Department of Psychiatry, Mood and Anxiety Disorders Treatment and Research Program, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa., USA
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Rickels K, Etemad B, Rynn MA, Lohoff FW, Mandos LA, Gallop R. Remission of generalized anxiety disorder after 6 months of open-label treatment with venlafaxine XR. Psychother Psychosom 2014; 82:363-71. [PMID: 24061331 DOI: 10.1159/000351410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2012] [Accepted: 04/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Remission has become one of the leading outcome criteria in clinical trials. Data collected by this research group assessed the rate of remission after 6 months of treatment of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) with venlafaxine XR, to search for predictors of remission and to define how early on in treatment later remission can be predicted. METHOD Two hundred sixty-eight patients with a GAD diagnosis enrolled into an open-label 6-month-treatment trial with venlafaxine XR (75-225 mg/day). Remission was defined by a Hamilton anxiety scale total score ≤7. Logistic regression approaches were used to find out how early on in treatment later remission could be predicted, as well as to determine predictors of remission. In addition, adverse events were also followed over time. RESULTS While the total enrolled patient sample (n = 268) had a remission rate of 53%, 6-month completers (n = 159) had a remission rate of 79%. The only statistically significant predictor of remission, independent of baseline anxiety and depression levels, was a low Eysenck neuroticism score. The remission status outcome could best be predicted after 8 weeks of treatment when a CGI-I score of 1 or 2 predicted later remission with 78% accuracy and later nonremission with 91% accuracy. The incidence of adverse events decreased over the 6-month period, with sexual adverse events decreasing the least. CONCLUSION The only significant predictor of remission was a low score on the Eysenck neuroticism scale. The earliest reliable prediction of later remission, based on improvement, could be made after 8 weeks of treatment with 91% accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl Rickels
- Mood and Anxiety Disorders Section, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pa., USA
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Teff KL, Rickels MR, Grudziak J, Fuller C, Nguyen HL, Rickels K. Antipsychotic-induced insulin resistance and postprandial hormonal dysregulation independent of weight gain or psychiatric disease. Diabetes 2013; 62:3232-40. [PMID: 23835329 PMCID: PMC3749337 DOI: 10.2337/db13-0430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Atypical antipsychotic (AAP) medications that have revolutionized the treatment of mental illness have become stigmatized by metabolic side effects, including obesity and diabetes. It remains controversial whether the defects are treatment induced or disease related. Although the mechanisms underlying these metabolic defects are not understood, it is assumed that the initiating pathophysiology is weight gain, secondary to centrally mediated increases in appetite. To determine if the AAPs have detrimental metabolic effects independent of weight gain or psychiatric disease, we administered olanzapine, aripiprazole, or placebo for 9 days to healthy subjects (n = 10, each group) under controlled in-patient conditions while maintaining activity levels. Prior to and after the interventions, we conducted a meal challenge and a euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamp to evaluate insulin sensitivity and glucose disposal. We found that olanzapine, an AAP highly associated with weight gain, causes significant elevations in postprandial insulin, glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1), and glucagon coincident with insulin resistance compared with placebo. Aripiprazole, an AAP considered metabolically sparing, induces insulin resistance but has no effect on postprandial hormones. Importantly, the metabolic changes occur in the absence of weight gain, increases in food intake and hunger, or psychiatric disease, suggesting that AAPs exert direct effects on tissues independent of mechanisms regulating eating behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen L Teff
- Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
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Cooper AJ, Rickels K, Lohoff FW. Association analysis between the A118G polymorphism in the OPRM1 gene and treatment response to venlafaxine XR in generalized anxiety disorder. Hum Psychopharmacol 2013; 28:258-62. [PMID: 23658070 DOI: 10.1002/hup.2317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2012] [Accepted: 03/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Patients diagnosed with generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) exhibit differential responses to standard antidepressant pharmacotherapy. Mounting evidence demonstrates that genetic differences may be implicated in treatment response in disorders like GAD. In this study, we examined whether the OPRM1 gene, which has been implicated in antidepressant treatment response in major depressive disorder, also has an effect in GAD. In our study, 156 patients diagnosed with GAD received venlafaxine XR treatment as part of an 18-month relapse prevention study. Genotypes were obtained for the OPRM1 functional variant A118G for the entire sample (n = 151); however, only the European American population was considered (n = 108) for pharmacogenetic analysis. We found no significant association between A118G and antidepressant treatment response in our GAD population. Future studies that include different single nucleotide polymorphisms of the OPRM1 gene as well as larger populations will need to be conducted to further elucidate the pharmacogenetic role of the endogenous opioid system in anxiety disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alissa J Cooper
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Papakostas GI, Shelton RC, Zajecka JM, Etemad B, Rickels K, Clain A, Baer L, Dalton ED, Sacco GR, Schoenfeld D, Pencina M, Meisner A, Bottiglieri T, Nelson E, Mischoulon D, Alpert JE, Barbee JG, Zisook S, Fava M. L-methylfolate as adjunctive therapy for SSRI-resistant major depression: results of two randomized, double-blind, parallel-sequential trials. Am J Psychiatry 2012; 169:1267-74. [PMID: 23212058 DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2012.11071114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The authors conducted two multicenter sequential parallel comparison design trials to investigate the effect of L-methylfolate augmentation in the treatment of major depressive disorder in patients who had a partial response or no response to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). METHOD In the first trial, 148 outpatients with SSRI-resistant major depressive disorder were enrolled in a 60-day study divided into two 30-day periods. Patients were randomly assigned, in a 2:3:3 ratio, to receive L-methylfolate for 60 days (7.5 mg/day for 30 days followed by 15 mg/day for 30 days), placebo for 30 days followed by L-methylfolate (7.5 mg/day) for 30 days, or placebo for 60 days. SSRI dosages were kept constant throughout the study. In the second trial, with 75 patients, the design was identical to the first, except that the l-methylfolate dosage was 15 mg/day during both 30-day periods. RESULTS In the first trial, no significant difference was observed in outcomes between the treatment groups. In the second trial, adjunctive L-methylfolate at 15 mg/day showed significantly greater efficacy compared with continued SSRI therapy plus placebo on both primary outcome measures (response rate and degree of change in depression symptom score) and two secondary outcome measures of symptom severity. The number needed to treat for response was approximately six in favor of adjunctive L-methylfolate at 15 mg/day. L-Methylfolate was well tolerated, with rates of adverse events no different from those reported with placebo. CONCLUSIONS Adjunctive L-methylfolate at 15 mg/day may constitute an effective, safe, and relatively well tolerated treatment strategy for patients with major depressive disorder who have a partial response or no response to SSRIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- George I Papakostas
- Center for Treatment-Resistant Depression, Depression Clinical and Research Program, the Biostatistics Center, and the Clinical Trials Network and Institute, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
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Reinhold JA, Mandos LA, Lohoff FW, Rickels K. Evidence for the use of vilazodone in the treatment of major depressive disorder. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2012; 13:2215-24. [DOI: 10.1517/14656566.2012.721776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Lohoff FW, Narasimhan S, Rickels K. Interaction between polymorphisms in serotonin transporter (SLC6A4) and serotonin receptor 2A (HTR2A) genes predict treatment response to venlafaxine XR in generalized anxiety disorder. Pharmacogenomics J 2012; 13:464-9. [DOI: 10.1038/tpj.2012.33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2012] [Accepted: 07/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Narasimhan S, Aquino TD, Multani PK, Rickels K, Lohoff FW. Variation in the catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) gene and treatment response to venlafaxine XR in generalized anxiety disorder. Psychiatry Res 2012; 198:112-5. [PMID: 22417933 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2011.12.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2011] [Revised: 12/02/2011] [Accepted: 12/24/2011] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Antidepressant drugs are the preferred choice for the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). However, the choice of pharmacotherapy is determined on a trial-and-error basis, as the underlying mechanisms of treatment response are unknown. We examined whether the COMT gene, which has been known to play a role in antidepressant treatment response in major depressive disorder (MDD), has a pharmacogenetic effect in antidepressant treatment response in GAD. In our study, 156 patients diagnosed with GAD received venlafaxine XR treatment as part of an 18-month relapse prevention study. Genotypes were obtained for the COMT functional variant rs4680 (Val158Met) for all patients; however, pharmacogenetic analysis was only conducted for the European American population (n=112). We found no significant association between our primary Hamilton Anxiety Scale outcome measure and rs4680. However, we did find a nominally significant allelic association between this variant and a secondary treatment outcome measure (CGI-I) in our European American population (n=112). Furthermore, we show a slight dominant effect of the A-allele with the CGI-I measure in the European American population indicating a possible pharmacogenetic role of rs4680 in antidepressant treatment outcome in GAD. Further studies in a larger population are needed to confirm this effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sneha Narasimhan
- Psychiatric Pharmacogenetics Laboratory, Center for Neurobiology and Behavior, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Fava M, Mischoulon D, Iosifescu D, Witte J, Pencina M, Flynn M, Harper L, Levy M, Rickels K, Pollack M. A double-blind, placebo-controlled study of aripiprazole adjunctive to antidepressant therapy among depressed outpatients with inadequate response to prior antidepressant therapy (ADAPT-A Study). Psychother Psychosom 2012; 81:87-97. [PMID: 22286203 DOI: 10.1159/000332050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2010] [Accepted: 08/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We assessed the efficacy of low-dose aripiprazole added to antidepressant therapy (ADT) in major depressive disorder (MDD) patients with inadequate response to prior ADT. METHODS As per the sequential parallel comparison design, 225 MDD subjects were randomized to adjunctive treatment with aripiprazole 2 mg/day or placebo across two 30-day phases, with a 2:3:3 randomization ratio to drug/drug (aripiprazole 2 mg/day in phase 1; 5 mg/day in phase 2), placebo/placebo (placebo in both phases), and placebo/drug (placebo in phase 1; aripiprazole 2 mg/day in phase 2). Eligible subjects were patients whose MDD was independently deemed 'valid' with SAFER criteria. Subjects had been receiving ADT for ≥8 weeks, and had inadequate response to ≥1 and <4 adequate ADTs in the current episode, as defined by the Antidepressant Treatment Response Questionnaire. RESULTS The pooled, weighted response difference between aripiprazole 2 mg/day and placebo in the two phases was 5.6% (p = 0.18; NS). The aripiprazole 2 mg/day-placebo difference on the Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale pooled across the two phases was -1.51 (p = 0.065; NS). Other secondary endpoint analyses showed nonsignificant pooled differences favoring aripiprazole over placebo. Of the 225 randomized subjects in phase 1, 2 dropped out in both arms, while in phase 2, of 138 phase 1 placebo nonresponders, 9 dropped out on aripiprazole and 5 on placebo. There were only minimal differences in adverse event rates between treatments, except for constipation, weight gain, and dry mouth, more common on aripiprazole. CONCLUSIONS This study provides clear support for the tolerability of low-dose aripiprazole as an ADT-augmenting agent, with marginal efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurizio Fava
- Clinical Trials and Network Institute (CTNI), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
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Barber JP, Barrett MS, Gallop R, Rynn MA, Rickels K. Short-term dynamic psychotherapy versus pharmacotherapy for major depressive disorder: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. J Clin Psychiatry 2012; 73:66-73. [PMID: 22152401 DOI: 10.4088/jcp.11m06831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2011] [Accepted: 03/04/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether supportive-expressive psychotherapy (SET), a form of dynamic psychotherapy, and pharmacotherapy + clinical management (MED) for major depressive disorder (MDD) are more effective than pill-placebo + clinical management (PBO). METHOD This National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)-sponsored randomized controlled trial was conducted (from November 2001 through June 2007) at the University of Pennsylvania Medical School. The sample included 156 patients diagnosed with MDD (DSM-IV) and having a 17-item Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HRSD(17)) score ≥ 14 for at least 2 consecutive weeks. This was an underserved sample in which 41% were male, 52% were self-designated minorities, and 76% had an annual income under $30,000. Treatment lasted 16 weeks. Medication patients not responsive by week 8 (maximum dose 200 mg/d of sertraline) were switched to venlafaxine (maximum dose 375 mg/d). Nonresponsive placebo patients at week 8 were switched to a different placebo. RESULTS Patients' depression improved over the 16 weeks (P < .0001), with no between-group differences (P = .95), even among severely (HRSD(17) score ≥ 20) depressed patients (P = .45). Response rates did not differ between groups (P = .73). Gender and minority status moderated outcome (P = .014), with psychotherapy more efficacious for minority men than MED (P = .027, Cohen d = 1.02) and PBO (P = .019, d = 1.09). PBO was more efficacious for white men than MED (P = .03, d = 0.62) and SET (P = .003, d = 1.07). For white women, MED (P = .005, d = 0.77) and SET (P = .033, d = 0.71) were more efficacious than placebo. No differences among treatments were found for minority women. CONCLUSIONS This trial of urban MDD patients failed to confirm that either active treatment was better than placebo. Minority status and gender had significant and differential effects on outcome that warrant replication in future studies. TRIAL REGISTRATION clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT00043550.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacques P Barber
- Center for Psychotherapy Research, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, USA.
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Crits-Christoph P, Newman MG, Rickels K, Gallop R, Gibbons MBC, Hamilton JL, Ring-Kurtz S, Pastva AM. Combined medication and cognitive therapy for generalized anxiety disorder. J Anxiety Disord 2011; 25:1087-94. [PMID: 21840164 PMCID: PMC3196054 DOI: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2011.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2011] [Revised: 07/11/2011] [Accepted: 07/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The current study assessed efficacy of combined cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and venlafaxine XR compared to venlafaxine XR alone in the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) within settings where medication is typically offered as the treatment for this disorder. Patients with DSM-IV-diagnosed GAD who were recently enrolled in a long-term venlafaxine XR study were randomly offered (n=77), or not offered (n=40), the option of adding 12 sessions of CBT. Of those offered CBT, 33% (n=26) accepted and attended at least one treatment session. There were no differences between the combined treatment group and the medication only group on primary or secondary efficacy measures in any of the sample comparisons. Many patients who present in medical/psychopharmacology settings seeking treatment for GAD decline the opportunity to receive adjunctive treatment. Of those that receive CBT, there appears to be no additional benefit of combined treatment compared to venlafaxine XR alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Crits-Christoph
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, 3535 Market Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States.
| | - Michelle G. Newman
- Department of Psychology, Pennsylvania State University, 111 Moore Building, University Park, PA 16802
| | - Karl Rickels
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, 3535 Market Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Robert Gallop
- Department of Mathematics, West Chester University, 25 University Avenue, West Chester, PA 19383
| | | | - Jessica L. Hamilton
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, 3535 Market Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Sarah Ring-Kurtz
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, 3535 Market Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Amy M. Pastva
- Department of Psychology, Villanova University, 800 Lancaster Avenue, Villanova, PA 19085
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Narasimhan S, Aquino TD, Hodge R, Rickels K, Lohoff FW. Association analysis between the Val66Met polymorphism in the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) gene and treatment response to venlafaxine XR in generalized anxiety disorder. Neurosci Lett 2011; 503:200-2. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2011.08.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2011] [Revised: 08/18/2011] [Accepted: 08/19/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) is a chronic, relapsing, debilitating disorder, associated with markedly impaired social and occupational functioning. Pharmacological treatment is considered standard care and several drug classes are now FDA approved for the treatment of GAD. While there are clear data for the efficacy of short-term acute treatment, long-term treatment and treatment-resistant GAD remain challenging. AREAS COVERED This article describes current pharmacological treatment options for GAD, with focus on benzodiazepines, azapirones, antidepressants and anticonvulsant and antipsychotic drugs. Recent findings from placebo-controlled clinical trials are reviewed and evidence-based clinical implications are discussed. A PubMed search was completed using the terms: 'generalized anxiety disorder AND treatment' and 'generalized anxiety disorder AND therapy'. Additional pivotal trials were included for a historical perspective (older landmark trials that established efficacy and safety for older drug classes in the treatment of GAD). EXPERT OPINION Efficacy for treatment of GAD has been established for several different drug classes. At present, based on clear efficacy and good tolerability, first-line treatment with either a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) or a serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI) is indicated. If an initial, at least moderate, clinical response is achieved under antidepressant therapy, treatment should be at least continued for 12 months.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Reinhold
- University of the Sciences, Philadelphia College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacy Practice/Pharmacy Administration, PA, USA
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Kim DR, Sockol L, Barber JP, Moseley M, Lamprou L, Rickels K, O'Reardon JP, Epperson CN. A survey of patient acceptability of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) during pregnancy. J Affect Disord 2011; 129:385-90. [PMID: 20864179 PMCID: PMC4109278 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2010.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2010] [Revised: 08/10/2010] [Accepted: 08/31/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Given the data that depression is common during pregnancy and that pregnant women prefer non-medication treatment options, we hypothesize repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) may be a treatment option. Given the novelty of TMS, we sought to assess whether patient acceptability would be a barrier to enrolling pregnant women in TMS studies. METHODS In Study 1, 500 pregnant women were surveyed in an outpatient, urban obstetrics clinic using the Edinburgh Depression Rating Scale (EPDS) and a treatment acceptability survey. In Study 2, 51 women were surveyed with the EPDS and acceptability survey using an informational video to increase participant knowledge about TMS. RESULTS Approximately 25% of participants had an EPDS score of ≥12 in both studies. Psychotherapy was identified as the most acceptable treatment option. TMS was considered an unacceptable treatment option to virtually all women before the informational video. After the video, 15.7% considered TMS an acceptable treatment option. CONCLUSION Psychotherapy is the most acceptable treatment option for depression to pregnant women. Increasing participant knowledge about TMS increased its acceptability significantly. Large-scale multi-center trials are needed for confirmation of these results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah R. Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States,Corresponding author. (D.R. Kim)
| | - Laura Sockol
- Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Jacques P. Barber
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Marian Moseley
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Lisa Lamprou
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Karl Rickels
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - John P. O'Reardon
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - C. Neill Epperson
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
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Rickels K, Etemad B, Khalid-Khan S, Lohoff FW, Rynn MA, Gallop RJ. Time to Relapse After 6 and 12 Months' Treatment of Generalized Anxiety Disorder With Venlafaxine Extended Release. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 67:1274-81. [DOI: 10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2010.170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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Freeman EW, Halberstadt SM, Rickels K, Legler JM, Lin H, Sammel MD. Core symptoms that discriminate premenstrual syndrome. J Womens Health (Larchmt) 2010; 20:29-35. [PMID: 21128818 DOI: 10.1089/jwh.2010.2161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify core symptoms that discriminate premenstrual syndrome (PMS) in prospective daily diary ratings and determine the association of these symptoms with functional impairment. METHODS The study analyzed prospective daily symptom ratings and functional impairment data provided by 1081 women who requested PMS treatment at an academic medical center. The data were obtained before any treatment procedures. A random-split sample design provided separate developmental and validation datasets. Logistic regression was used to identify a reduced set of symptoms that best discriminated PMS. The results were validated in a separate dataset. Optimal cutoff points in the symptom scores were identified for clinical use. RESULTS Statistical modeling identified 6 symptoms that discriminated PMS and not PMS as well as 17 symptoms in daily diary ratings. The identified core symptoms included anxiety/tension, mood swings, aches, appetite/food cravings, cramps, and decreased interest in activities. The area under the curve (AUC) was 0.84 in both models. The sums of the premenstrual symptom scores also discriminated PMS and not PMS and correctly classified 84%-86% of the cases. CONCLUSIONS Six symptoms rated in daily diaries discriminate between PMS and not PMS among women seeking treatment and are significantly associated with functional impairment. The findings suggest that the burden of daily diaries to confirm PMS can be reduced to a smaller number of symptoms that distinguish the patients who meet this requirement. Results also support the concept that a clinical diagnosis of PMS can be developed around a core symptom group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen W Freeman
- Department of Obstetrics/Gynecology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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Rickels K. Medication guesses in double-blind studies. Am J Psychiatry 2010; 167:1128-9; author reply 1129. [PMID: 20826862 DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2010.10040471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Teff K, Rickels M, Grudziak J, Rickels K. Short-term administration of the atypical antipsychotic olanzapine induces insulin resistance in healthy subjects, independent of weight gain or psychiatric disease. Appetite 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2010.04.194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Freeman EW, Rickels K, Sammel MD, Lin H, Sondheimer SJ. Time to relapse after short- or long-term treatment of severe premenstrual syndrome with sertraline. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 66:537-44. [PMID: 19414713 DOI: 10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2008.547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT The duration of treatment after achieving a satisfactory response is unknown in the treatment of premenstrual syndrome. This information is needed in view of the improvement provided by medication vs the adverse effects and costs of drugs. OBJECTIVE To compare rates of relapse and time to relapse between short- and long-term treatment with sertraline hydrochloride administered in the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. DESIGN Eighteen-month survival study with a randomized double-blind switch to placebo after 4 or 12 months of sertraline treatment. SETTING Academic medical center. PARTICIPANTS One hundred seventy-four patients with premenstrual syndrome or premenstrual dysphoric disorder. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Relapse, defined as symptoms returning to the entry criterion level as assessed with daily ratings. RESULTS The relapse rate was 41% during long-term treatment compared with 60% after short-term sertraline therapy, with a median time to relapse of 8 months vs 4 months (hazard ratio, 0.58; 95% confidence interval, 0.34-0.98; P = .04). Patients with severe symptoms at baseline were more likely to experience relapse compared with patients in the lower symptom severity group (hazard ratio, 2.02; 95% confidence interval, 1.18-3.41; P = .01) and were more likely to experience relapse with short-term treatment (P = .03). Duration of treatment did not affect relapse in patients in the lower symptom severity group (P = .50). Patients who demonstrated remission were least likely to experience relapse (hazard ratio, 0.22; 95% confidence interval, 0.10-0.45; P < .001). Further analysis comparing relapse in the first 6 months of placebo treatment in each group yielded similar results. CONCLUSIONS The relapse rate was significantly greater after short-term treatment compared with long-term treatment. The relapse rate was also high during extended drug treatment. Subjects with severe symptoms at baseline were most likely to experience relapse, and relapse occurred more swiftly regardless of treatment duration. These findings suggest that the severity of symptoms at baseline and symptom remission with treatment should be considered in determining the duration of treatment. TRIAL REGISTRATION clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT00318773.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen W Freeman
- Department of Obstetrics/Gynecology, University of Pennsylvania, School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104-5509, USA.
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Rickels MR, Khalid-Khan S, Gallop R, Rickels K. Assessment of anxiety and depression in primary care: value of a four-item questionnaire. J Am Osteopath Assoc 2009; 109:216-219. [PMID: 19369508 PMCID: PMC4566952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Standard questionnaires (eg, Primary Care Evaluation of Mental Disorders [PRIME-MD], Hopkins Symptom Checklist [HSCL]) can be used to assess anxiety and depression in patients. However, such survey tools are typically lengthy and are therefore not used often in primary care. OBJECTIVE To determine the value of a four-item anxiety and depression screening questionnaire as a diagnostic assessment tool in family practice. METHODS Two self-administered patient questionnaires-PRIME-MD and 25-item HSCL-were provided to a random sample of adult patients at three family practices in Philadelphia, Pa. A subset of patients who endorsed at least one of four anxiety and depression stem items in the PRIME-MD questionnaire were interviewed using the PRIME-MD clinician evaluation guide. The HSCL anxiety and depression clusters were used as the standard measures of emotional symptomatology. Sensitivity and specificity for the four stem items to detect evidence of anxiety or mood disorders were established using the structured interview as the diagnostic gold standard. RESULTS A total of 211 patients participated in the present study. Lowest levels of emotional symptomatology were seen in patients who did not endorse any of the stem items, while highest levels were seen in patients who endorsed anxiety and depression items. Findings were statistically significant (P<.0001). Endorsement of at least three of the four stem items differentiated best between patients with and without an anxiety or mood disorder (P<.001), achieving high sensitivity (78%) and specificity (95%). CONCLUSION A four-item screening tool based on PRIME-MD anxiety and depression stem questions can alert family physicians to potential anxious or depressive symptomatology in the patient and the need for continued evaluation and possible treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Rickels
- Mood and Anxiety Disorders Section, Department of PsychiatryUniversity of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, 3535 Market St, Philadelphia, PA 19104-3309, USA.
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Rickels K, Athanasiou M, Reed C. Vilazodone, a novel, dual-acting antidepressant: current status, future promise and potential for individualized treatment of depression. Per Med 2009. [DOI: 10.2217/17410541.0.0.217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Rickels K, Athanasiou M, Robinson DS, Gibertini M, Whalen H, Reed CR. Evidence for efficacy and tolerability of vilazodone in the treatment of major depressive disorder: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Clin Psychiatry 2009; 70:326-33. [PMID: 19284933 DOI: 10.4088/jcp.08m04637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2008] [Accepted: 11/10/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The efficacy and tolerability of vilazodone, a combined selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor and partial 5-hydroxytryptamine-1A (5-HT(1A)) receptor agonist, were evaluated in adult patients with major depressive disorder (MDD). METHOD This was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial conducted from February 2006 to May 2007. Patients aged 18 through 65 years with MDD (DSM-IV criteria) and a baseline 17-item Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAM-D-17) score of >or= 22 were randomly assigned to vilazodone or placebo for 8 weeks. Vilazodone was titrated from 10 mg to 40 mg once a day over 2 weeks. Efficacy was assessed by mean change from baseline to week 8 on the Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS), HAM-D-17, and Hamilton Rating Scale for Anxiety. Response rates were determined at week 8 for the MADRS, HAM-D-17, and Clinical Global Impressions-Severity of Illness (CGI-S) and -Improvement (CGI-I) scales. Data were analyzed using a modified last-observation-carried-forward method in the intention-to-treat (ITT) sample. The Arizona Sexual Experience Scale (ASEX) was also measured at baseline and week 8. RESULTS Of 410 randomly assigned patients, 198 receiving vilazodone and 199 receiving placebo were included in the ITT population. The mean changes in MADRS and HAM-D-17 total scores from baseline to week 8 were significantly (p = .001 and p = .022, respectively) greater with vilazodone than with placebo. Significant (p < .05) improvements in MADRS and HAM-D-17 scores were noted at week 1, the earliest time point measured. Response rates were significantly higher with vilazodone than with placebo on the MADRS (p = .007), HAM-D-17 (p = .011), and CGI-I (p = .001). Treatment-emergent adverse events with vilazodone included diarrhea, nausea, and somnolence; most adverse events were of mild or moderate intensity. There were no clinically significant differences for either gender in ASEX scores at end of treatment. CONCLUSIONS Vilazodone is effective for the treatment of MDD in adults, with symptom relief starting at 1 week, and is well tolerated at a dose of 40 mg/day. TRIAL REGISTRATION clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT00285376.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl Rickels
- Department of Psychiatry, Mood and Anxiety Disorders Section, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-3309, USA.
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Rickels K, Athanasiou M, Reed C. Vilazodone, a novel, dual-acting antidepressant: current status, future promise and potential for individualized treatment of depression. Per Med 2009; 6:217-224. [PMID: 29788607 DOI: 10.2217/17410541.6.2.217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Vilazodone is a novel antidepressant with a dual mechanism of action that combines selective serotonin reuptake inhibition and partial 5-hydroxytryptamine1A receptor agonism. Vilazodone is undergoing clinical development for the treatment of major depressive disorder and has demonstrated antidepressant efficacy. In addition, in a placebo-controlled, randomized study, vilazodone has been shown to be well tolerated with a low discontinuation rate due to adverse events. Importantly, in this study, the incidence of sexual dysfunction with vilazodone was similar to that of the placebo. A key feature of the vilazodone clinical development program is the identification and development of biomarkers that predict response to therapy. This article will review the pharmacology, efficacy and tolerability, and pharmacogenetic data of vilazodone for the treatment of major depressive disorder. Vilazodone may be the first antidepressant to provide targeted therapy to patients most likely to achieve a response, and to offer an individualized approach to therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl Rickels
- Department of Psychiatry, Mood and Anxiety Disorders Section, University of Pennsylvania, 3535 Market Street, Suite 670, Philadelphia, PA 19104-3309, USA.
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Rynn M, Russell J, Erickson J, Detke MJ, Ball S, Dinkel J, Rickels K, Raskin J. Efficacy and safety of duloxetine in the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder: a flexible-dose, progressive-titration, placebo-controlled trial. Depress Anxiety 2008; 25:182-9. [PMID: 17311303 DOI: 10.1002/da.20271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), a prevalent and chronic illness, is associated with dysregulation in both serotonergic and noradrenergic neurotransmission. Our study examined the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of duloxetine hydrochloride, a dual reuptake inhibitor of serotonin and norepinephrine, for short-term treatment of adults with GAD. In a 10-week, double-blind, progressive-titration, flexible-dose trial, 327 adult outpatients with a DSM-IV-defined GAD diagnosis were randomized to duloxetine 60-120 mg (DLX, N=168) or placebo (PLA, N=159) treatment. The primary efficacy measure was mean change from baseline to endpoint in Hamilton Anxiety Scale (HAMA) total score. Secondary outcome measures included response rate (HAMA total score reduction > or =50% from baseline), Clinician Global Impression-Improvement (CGI-I) scores, and Sheehan Disability Scale (SDS) scores. Patients who received duloxetine treatment demonstrated significantly greater improvement in HAMA total scores (P=.02); a higher response rate (P=.03), and greater improvement (P=.04) than patients who received placebo. Duloxetine-treated patients were also significantly more improved than placebo-treated patients on SDS global functional (P<.01) and work, social, and family/home impairment scores (P<.05). The rate of discontinuation due to adverse events (AEs) was higher for the duloxetine group compared with the placebo group (P=.002). The AEs most frequently associated with duloxetine were nausea, dizziness, and somnolence. Duloxetine was an efficacious, safe, and well-tolerated treatment that resulted in clinically significant improvements in symptom severity and functioning for patients with GAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moira Rynn
- University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Abstract
Our objective was to compare the predictive value of early response to treatment outcome in patients with generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) treated with benzodiazepines, serotonin receptor (5HT-1A) partial agonists, or placebo. Data from two double-blind GAD studies were combined. Subjects were evaluated with the Hamilton Anxiety Scale (HAM-A) and the Clinical Global Impression of Improvement (CGI-I) scale over 8 weeks. Categories of response at weeks 1 and 2 were defined by the HAM-A total score. Analyses of covariance and Kaplan-Meier survival analyses were the primary analyses used to assess 8-week end point treatment outcomes as a function of early improvement. HAM-A change from baseline to weeks 1 and 2 significantly predicted last observation carried forward (LOCF) response at week 8 for both medications and for placebo (P<.001). Early improvement was a strong predictor for treatment outcome irrespective of whether active medication or placebo was the treatment agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moira Rynn
- Mood and Anxiety Disorders Section, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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Feiger AD, Rickels K, Rynn MA, Zimbroff DL, Robinson DS. Selegiline transdermal system for the treatment of major depressive disorder: an 8-week, double-blind, placebo-controlled, flexible-dose titration trial. J Clin Psychiatry 2006; 67:1354-61. [PMID: 17017821 DOI: 10.4088/jcp.v67n0905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study investigated the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of the selegiline transdermal system (STS) administered in a dose range of 6 mg/24 hours to 12 mg/24 hours for treating major depressive disorder (MDD). METHOD Patients meeting DSM-IV criteria for MDD (N = 265) were randomly assigned to blinded treatment with STS or a matching placebo patch for 8 weeks. Patients failing to meet or maintain protocol-defined therapeutic response criteria at predetermined time points had their STS (or placebo) dose increased. Assessments were conducted at weeks 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, and 8. Patients were not required to follow a tyramine-restricted diet. The study ran from September 2001 through August 2002. RESULTS Selegiline transdermal system treatment resulted in significantly greater improvement (p < or = .05) compared with placebo treatment on the 3 depression rating scales: the 28-item Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAM-D28) (primary outcome measure), the Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale, and the Inventory for Depressive Symptomatology-Self Rated. The treatment effect measured by the HAM-D28 was modest, primarily due to insomnia side effects. The antidepressant efficacy of STS was substantiated further by the significantly greater improvement in core depression symptoms (HAM-D Bech-6 subscale). The side effects of highest incidence were application site reactions and insomnia. There were no safety concerns based on routine clinical laboratory and electrocardiogram monitoring, and there were no occurrences of hypertensive crisis. CONCLUSION Results of this double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose titration trial provide evidence of short-term efficacy, safety, and tolerability of STS in the dose range of 6 mg/24 hours to 12 mg/24 hours for treatment of MDD. Selegiline transdermal system has an improved margin of safety compared with oral monoamine oxidase inhibitors and represents a useful addition to the existing array of antidepressants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan D Feiger
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, CO, USA.
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Brawman-Mintzer O, Knapp RG, Rynn M, Carter RE, Rickels K. Sertraline treatment for generalized anxiety disorder: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. J Clin Psychiatry 2006; 67:874-81. [PMID: 16848646 DOI: 10.4088/jcp.v67n0603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study assessed the efficacy and safety of sertraline in the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). METHOD The study was conducted from April 2000 to May 2002. Outpatients with DSM-IV GAD (N = 326) who satisfied inclusion/exclusion criteria and completed a 1-week screening phase were randomly assigned to 10-week double-blind treatment with flexible dosing of sertraline (50-200 mg/day) or placebo. The primary efficacy measure was change from baseline in Hamilton Rating Scale for Anxiety (HAM-A) total score. Response was defined as a 50% or greater decrease in HAM-A total score at endpoint. RESULTS Sertraline produced a statistically significant reduction in anxiety symptoms, as measured by HAM-A total change scores (p = .032), HAM-A psychic anxiety subscale (p = .011), and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale-anxiety subscale (p = .001). Response rates were significantly higher (p = .05) for the sertraline group (59.2%) compared to the placebo group (48.2%). Sertraline was well tolerated, with only sexual side effects reported significantly more often by subjects receiving sertraline than those receiving placebo. CONCLUSION Despite the relatively small between-group differences, study findings suggest a role for sertraline in the acute treatment of GAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Brawman-Mintzer
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29406, USA.
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