1
|
Maria IP, Griggs S, Rashid RB, Paulsen BD, Surgailis J, Thorley K, Le VN, Harrison GT, Combe C, Hallani R, Giovannitti A, Paterson AF, Inal S, Rivnay J, McCulloch I. Enhancing the Backbone Coplanarity of n-Type Copolymers for Higher Electron Mobility and Stability in Organic Electrochemical Transistors. Chem Mater 2022; 34:8593-8602. [PMID: 36248228 PMCID: PMC9558307 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.2c01552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Electron-transporting (n-type) conjugated polymers have recently been applied in numerous electrochemical applications, where both ion and electron transport are required. Despite continuous efforts to improve their performance and stability, n-type conjugated polymers with mixed conduction still lag behind their hole-transporting (p-type) counterparts, limiting the functions of electrochemical devices. In this work, we investigate the effect of enhanced backbone coplanarity on the electrochemical activity and mixed ionic-electronic conduction properties of n-type polymers during operation in aqueous media. Through substitution of the widely employed electron-deficient naphthalene diimide (NDI) unit for the core-extended naphthodithiophene diimide (NDTI) units, the resulting polymer shows a more planar backbone with closer packing, leading to an increase in the electron mobility in organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) by more than two orders of magnitude. The NDTI-based polymer shows a deep-lying lowest unoccupied molecular orbital level, enabling operation of the OECT closer to 0 V vs Ag/AgCl, where fewer parasitic reactions with molecular oxygen occur. Enhancing the backbone coplanarity also leads to a lower affinity toward water uptake during cycling, resulting in improved stability during continuous electrochemical charging and ON-OFF switching relative to the NDI derivative. Furthermore, the NDTI-based polymer also demonstrates near-perfect shelf-life stability over a month-long test, exhibiting a negligible decrease in both the maximum on-current and transconductance. Our results highlight the importance of polymer backbone design for developing stable, high-performing n-type materials with mixed ionic-electronic conduction in aqueous media.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Iuliana P. Maria
- Department
of Chemistry and Centre for Plastic Electronics, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K.
- Department
of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K.
| | - Sophie Griggs
- Department
of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K.
| | - Reem B. Rashid
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern
University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-0001, United States
| | - Bryan D. Paulsen
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern
University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-0001, United States
| | - Jokubas Surgailis
- Biological
and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Karl Thorley
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506-0055, United States
| | - Vianna N. Le
- Department
of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University
of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506-0055, United States
| | - George T. Harrison
- KAUST
Solar Center, King Abdullah University of
Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Craig Combe
- KAUST
Solar Center, King Abdullah University of
Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rawad Hallani
- KAUST
Solar Center, King Abdullah University of
Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Alexander Giovannitti
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford
University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Alexandra F. Paterson
- Department
of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University
of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506-0055, United States
| | - Sahika Inal
- Biological
and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jonathan Rivnay
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern
University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-0001, United States
- Simpson
Querrey Institute, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60611, United States
| | - Iain McCulloch
- Department
of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K.
- KAUST
Solar Center, King Abdullah University of
Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Joshi G, Dill R, Thorley K, Anthony JE, Reid O, Johnson J. Optical readout of singlet fission biexcitons in a heteroacene with photoluminescence detected magnetic resonance. J Chem Phys 2022; 157:164702. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0103662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular spin systems based on photoexcited triplet pairs formed via singlet fission (SF) are attractive as carriers of quantum information because of their potentially pure and controllable spin polarization, but developing systems that offer optical routes to readout as well as initialization is challenging. Herein, we characterize the electron spin magnetic resonance change in photoluminescence intensity for a tailored organic molecular crystal while sweeping a microwave drive up to \unit[10]{GHz} in a broadband loop structure. We observe resonant transitions for both triplet and quintet spin sublevel populations showing their optical sensitivity, and revealing zero-field parameters for each. We map the evolution of these spectra in both microwave frequency and magnetic field, producing a pattern of optically-detected magnetic resonance (ODMR) peaks. Fits to this data using a suitable model suggest significant spin polarization in this system with orientation selectivity. Unusual excitation intensity dependence is also observed, which inverts the sign of the ODMR signal for triplet features, but not for quintet. These observations demonstrate optical detection of the spin sublevel population dictated by SF and intermolecular geometry, and highlight anisotropic and multi-scale dynamics of triplet pairs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gajadhar Joshi
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, United States of America
| | - Ryan Dill
- University of Colorado Boulder, United States of America
| | - Karl Thorley
- University of Kentucky, United States of America
| | - John E. Anthony
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Obadiah Reid
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, United States of America
| | - Justin Johnson
- chemistry and materials science, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Alsufyani M, Stoeckel M, Chen X, Thorley K, Hallani RK, Puttisong Y, Ji X, Meli D, Paulsen BD, Strzalka J, Regeta K, Combe C, Chen H, Tian J, Rivnay J, Fabiano S, McCulloch I. Lactone Backbone Density in Rigid Electron‐Deficient Semiconducting Polymers Enabling High n‐type Organic Thermoelectric Performance. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202113078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Xingxing Chen
- Physical Science and Engineering Division King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) Thuwal 23955-6900 Saudi Arabia
| | - Karl Thorley
- Department of Chemistry University of Kentucky Lexington KY 40506-0055 USA
| | - Rawad K. Hallani
- Physical Science and Engineering Division King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) Thuwal 23955-6900 Saudi Arabia
| | - Yuttapoom Puttisong
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology Linköping University 58183 Linköping Sweden
| | - Xudong Ji
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Department of Materials Science and Engineering Northwestern University 2145 Sheridan Road Evanston IL 60208 USA
| | - Dilara Meli
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Department of Materials Science and Engineering Northwestern University 2145 Sheridan Road Evanston IL 60208 USA
| | - Bryan D. Paulsen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Department of Materials Science and Engineering Northwestern University 2145 Sheridan Road Evanston IL 60208 USA
| | - Joseph Strzalka
- X-Ray Science Division Argonne National Laboratory Lemont IL 60439 USA
| | - Khrystyna Regeta
- Physical Science and Engineering Division King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) Thuwal 23955-6900 Saudi Arabia
| | - Craig Combe
- Physical Science and Engineering Division King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) Thuwal 23955-6900 Saudi Arabia
| | - Hu Chen
- Physical Science and Engineering Division King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) Thuwal 23955-6900 Saudi Arabia
| | - Junfu Tian
- Department of Chemistry University of Oxford Oxford OX1 3TA UK
| | - Jonathan Rivnay
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Department of Materials Science and Engineering Northwestern University 2145 Sheridan Road Evanston IL 60208 USA
- Simpson Querrey Institute Northwestern University Chicago IL 60611 USA
| | - Simone Fabiano
- Department of Science and Technology Linköping University 60174 Norrköping Sweden
| | - Iain McCulloch
- Department of Chemistry University of Oxford Oxford OX1 3TA UK
- Physical Science and Engineering Division King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) Thuwal 23955-6900 Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Alsufyani M, Stoeckel MA, Chen X, Thorley K, Hallani RK, Puttisong Y, Ji X, Meli D, Paulsen BD, Strzalka J, Regeta K, Combe C, Chen H, Tian J, Rivnay J, Fabiano S, McCulloch I. Lactone Backbone Density in Rigid Electron-Deficient Semiconducting Polymers Enabling High n-type Organic Thermoelectric Performance. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 61:e202113078. [PMID: 34797584 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202113078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Three lactone-based rigid semiconducting polymers were designed to overcome major limitations in the development of n-type organic thermoelectrics, namely electrical conductivity and air stability. Experimental and theoretical investigations demonstrated that increasing the lactone group density by increasing the benzene content from 0 % benzene (P-0), to 50 % (P-50), and 75 % (P-75) resulted in progressively larger electron affinities (up to 4.37 eV), suggesting a more favorable doping process, when employing (N-DMBI) as the dopant. Larger polaron delocalization was also evident, due to the more planarized conformation, which is proposed to lead to a lower hopping energy barrier. As a consequence, the electrical conductivity increased by three orders of magnitude, to achieve values of up to 12 S cm and Power factors of 13.2 μWm-1 K-2 were thereby enabled. These findings present new insights into material design guidelines for the future development of air stable n-type organic thermoelectrics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Alsufyani
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Marc-Antoine Stoeckel
- Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, 60174, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Xingxing Chen
- Physical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Karl Thorley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40506-0055, USA
| | - Rawad K Hallani
- Physical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yuttapoom Puttisong
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University, 58183, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Xudong Ji
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Dilara Meli
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Bryan D Paulsen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Joseph Strzalka
- X-Ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Khrystyna Regeta
- Physical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Craig Combe
- Physical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hu Chen
- Physical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Junfu Tian
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Jonathan Rivnay
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA.,Simpson Querrey Institute, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Simone Fabiano
- Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, 60174, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Iain McCulloch
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK.,Physical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Moser M, Savva A, Thorley K, Paulsen BD, Hidalgo TC, Ohayon D, Chen H, Giovannitti A, Marks A, Gasparini N, Wadsworth A, Rivnay J, Inal S, McCulloch I. Polaron Delocalization in Donor–Acceptor Polymers and its Impact on Organic Electrochemical Transistor Performance. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202014078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Achilleas Savva
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division Thuwal 23955-6900 Saudi Arabia
| | - Karl Thorley
- University of Kentucky Department of Chemistry Lexington KY 40506-0055 USA
| | - Bryan D. Paulsen
- Northwestern University Department of Biomedical Engineering Chicago IL 60208 USA
| | - Tania Cecilia Hidalgo
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division Thuwal 23955-6900 Saudi Arabia
| | - David Ohayon
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division Thuwal 23955-6900 Saudi Arabia
| | - Hu Chen
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) Physical Science and Engineering Division Thuwal 23955-6900 Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Adam Marks
- Imperial College London Department of Chemistry and Center for Plastic Electronics London W12 0BZ UK
| | - Nicola Gasparini
- Imperial College London Department of Chemistry and Center for Plastic Electronics London W12 0BZ UK
| | | | - Jonathan Rivnay
- Northwestern University Department of Biomedical Engineering Chicago IL 60208 USA
- Northwestern University Simpson Querrey Institute Chicago IL 60611 USA
| | - Sahika Inal
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division Thuwal 23955-6900 Saudi Arabia
| | - Iain McCulloch
- University of Oxford Department of Chemistry Oxford OX1 3TA UK
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) Physical Science and Engineering Division Thuwal 23955-6900 Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Moser M, Savva A, Thorley K, Paulsen BD, Hidalgo TC, Ohayon D, Chen H, Giovannitti A, Marks A, Gasparini N, Wadsworth A, Rivnay J, Inal S, McCulloch I. Polaron Delocalization in Donor-Acceptor Polymers and its Impact on Organic Electrochemical Transistor Performance. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:7777-7785. [PMID: 33259685 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202014078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Donor-acceptor (D-A) polymers are promising materials for organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs), as they minimize detrimental faradaic side-reactions during OECT operation, yet their steady-state OECT performance still lags far behind their all-donor counterparts. We report three D-A polymers based on the diketopyrrolopyrrole unit that afford OECT performances similar to those of all-donor polymers, hence representing a significant improvement to the previously developed D-A copolymers. In addition to improved OECT performance, DFT simulations of the polymers and their respective hole polarons also reveal a positive correlation between hole polaron delocalization and steady-state OECT performance, providing new insights into the design of OECT materials. Importantly, we demonstrate how polaron delocalization can be tuned directly at the molecular level by selection of the building blocks comprising the polymers' conjugated backbone, thus paving the way for the development of even higher performing OECT polymers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Moser
- University of Oxford, Department of Chemistry, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Achilleas Savva
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Karl Thorley
- University of Kentucky, Department of Chemistry, Lexington, KY, 40506-0055, USA
| | - Bryan D Paulsen
- Northwestern University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Chicago, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Tania Cecilia Hidalgo
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - David Ohayon
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hu Chen
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Physical Science and Engineering Division, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Alexander Giovannitti
- Stanford University, TomKatCenter for Sustainable Energy, Stanford, CA, 94305-4125, USA
| | - Adam Marks
- Imperial College London, Department of Chemistry and Center for Plastic Electronics, London, W12 0BZ, UK
| | - Nicola Gasparini
- Imperial College London, Department of Chemistry and Center for Plastic Electronics, London, W12 0BZ, UK
| | - Andrew Wadsworth
- University of Oxford, Department of Chemistry, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Jonathan Rivnay
- Northwestern University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Chicago, IL, 60208, USA.,Northwestern University, Simpson Querrey Institute, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Sahika Inal
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Iain McCulloch
- University of Oxford, Department of Chemistry, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK.,King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Physical Science and Engineering Division, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Chen H, Moser M, Wang S, Jellett C, Thorley K, Harrison GT, Jiao X, Xiao M, Purushothaman B, Alsufyani M, Bristow H, De Wolf S, Gasparini N, Wadsworth A, McNeill CR, Sirringhaus H, Fabiano S, McCulloch I. Acene Ring Size Optimization in Fused Lactam Polymers Enabling High n-Type Organic Thermoelectric Performance. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 143:260-268. [PMID: 33350307 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c10365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Three n-type fused lactam semiconducting polymers were synthesized for thermoelectric and transistor applications via a cheap, highly atom-efficient, and nontoxic transition-metal free aldol polycondensation. Energy level analysis of the three polymers demonstrated that reducing the central acene core size from two anthracenes (A-A), to mixed naphthalene-anthracene (A-N), and two naphthalene cores (N-N) resulted in progressively larger electron affinities, thereby suggesting an increasingly more favorable and efficient solution doping process when employing 4-(2,3-dihydro-1,3-dimethyl-1H-benzimidazol-2-yl)-N,N-dimethylbenzenamine (N-DMBI) as the dopant. Meanwhile, organic field effect transistor (OFET) mobility data showed the N-N and A-N polymers to feature the highest charge carrier mobilities, further highlighting the benefits of aryl core contraction to the electronic performance of the materials. Ultimately, the combination of these two factors resulted in N-N, A-N, and A-A to display power factors (PFs) of 3.2 μW m-1 K-2, 1.6 μW m-1 K-2, and 0.3 μW m-1 K-2, respectively, when doped with N-DMBI, whereby the PFs recorded for N-N and A-N are among the highest reported in the literature for n-type polymers. Importantly, the results reported in this study highlight that modulating the size of the central acene ring is a highly effective molecular design strategy to optimize the thermoelectric performance of conjugated polymers, thus also providing new insights into the molecular design guidelines for the next generation of high-performance n-type materials for thermoelectric applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hu Chen
- Physical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maximilian Moser
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Plastic Electronics, Imperial College London, London W12 0BZ, United Kingdom.,Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Suhao Wang
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping SE-60174, Sweden
| | - Cameron Jellett
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Plastic Electronics, Imperial College London, London W12 0BZ, United Kingdom
| | - Karl Thorley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506-0055, United States
| | - George T Harrison
- Physical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Xuechen Jiao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Mingfei Xiao
- Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1TN, United Kingdom
| | - Balaji Purushothaman
- Physical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maryam Alsufyani
- Physical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Helen Bristow
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Plastic Electronics, Imperial College London, London W12 0BZ, United Kingdom.,Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Stefaan De Wolf
- Physical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nicola Gasparini
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Plastic Electronics, Imperial College London, London W12 0BZ, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Wadsworth
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Plastic Electronics, Imperial College London, London W12 0BZ, United Kingdom.,Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher R McNeill
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Henning Sirringhaus
- Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1TN, United Kingdom
| | - Simone Fabiano
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping SE-60174, Sweden
| | - Iain McCulloch
- Physical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Giovannitti A, Rashid RB, Thiburce Q, Paulsen BD, Cendra C, Thorley K, Moia D, Mefford JT, Hanifi D, Weiyuan D, Moser M, Salleo A, Nelson J, McCulloch I, Rivnay J. Energetic Control of Redox-Active Polymers toward Safe Organic Bioelectronic Materials. Adv Mater 2020; 32:e1908047. [PMID: 32125736 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201908047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 02/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Avoiding faradaic side reactions during the operation of electrochemical devices is important to enhance the device stability, to achieve low power consumption, and to prevent the formation of reactive side-products. This is particularly important for bioelectronic devices, which are designed to operate in biological systems. While redox-active materials based on conducting and semiconducting polymers represent an exciting class of materials for bioelectronic devices, they are susceptible to electrochemical side-reactions with molecular oxygen during device operation. Here, electrochemical side reactions with molecular oxygen are shown to occur during organic electrochemical transistor (OECT) operation using high-performance, state-of-the-art OECT materials. Depending on the choice of the active material, such reactions yield hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ), a reactive side-product, which may be harmful to the local biological environment and may also accelerate device degradation. A design strategy is reported for the development of redox-active organic semiconductors based on donor-acceptor copolymers that prevents the formation of H2 O2 during device operation. This study elucidates the previously overlooked side-reactions between redox-active conjugated polymers and molecular oxygen in electrochemical devices for bioelectronics, which is critical for the operation of electrolyte-gated devices in application-relevant environments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Giovannitti
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
- Department of Physics, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Reem B Rashid
- Simpson Querrey Institute, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Quentin Thiburce
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Bryan D Paulsen
- Simpson Querrey Institute, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Camila Cendra
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Karl Thorley
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Davide Moia
- Department of Physics, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - J Tyler Mefford
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - David Hanifi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Du Weiyuan
- Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, KAUST Solar Center (KSC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maximilian Moser
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Alberto Salleo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Jenny Nelson
- Department of Physics, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Iain McCulloch
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
- Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, KAUST Solar Center (KSC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jonathan Rivnay
- Simpson Querrey Institute, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Abstract
BACKGROUND Information on sickness absence (SA) duration in general practice is difficult to record. The duration of absence certified by general practitioners (GPs) can be viewed as a prognosis for return to work. The Health and Occupation Research network in General Practice (THOR-GP) collects SA information from GPs associated with cases of work-related ill-health. A sample of these cases is followed up 1 year retrospectively to gather information on the duration of absence. AIMS To examine the extent of the underestimation of SA in routinely reported data and to investigate how well GPs predict patients' return to work. METHODS THOR-GPs submit case and SA information using a web-based form. GPs who submitted selected cases were asked about the total number of days of SA and whether the patient had returned to work. RESULTS THOR-GPs' routine SA data collection underestimated absence duration by 61%. According to the retrospective data, a much larger proportion of periods of absence due to work-related mental ill-health developed into long-term SA (60%) than episodes attributed to musculoskeletal disorders (32%). In over half the reported cases, the return to work was longer than the GP initially predicted. CONCLUSIONS THOR-GP prospectively reported SA data underestimated the total length of absence; however, these data can examine the episodic rates of absence within different groups. More accurate longitudinal data can be collected retrospectively. GPs' ability to predict the length of time a patient will be away from work is important to enable treatment and rehabilitation planning in order to decrease the likelihood of a patient falling into long-term SA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Hussey
- Centre for Occupational & Environmental Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - K Thorley
- Centre for Occupational & Environmental Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - R Agius
- Centre for Occupational & Environmental Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Abstract
BACKGROUND In 2010, the sick note was replaced with the fit note, designed to enable return to work. Despite considerable research relating to general practitioners' (GPs') attitudes and practice towards the fit note, little is known regarding the patients' perspective. AIMS We sought to identify patients' attitudes to and feelings about the process of sickness certification. METHODS Patients who received fit notes were invited to participate in tape-recorded telephone interviews, which were conducted with a semi-structured approach. Participants described their reason for sickness absence and whether it had been related to work. They were then asked to provide a narrative regarding their experience of the fitness for work process and their feelings about their GP and employer's reaction to sickness absence. RESULTS Nine patients were interviewed. Four main themes emerged from analysis of the interviews: 'significant stigma', 'a GP who knows me', 'value of work' and 'emotional barriers'. Patients expressed preference for being seen by a familiar GP with a greater perceived understanding of the patient's attitude to sickness and work. CONCLUSIONS The four emergent themes of stigma, the value of work, a doctor who knows you and emotion suggest that further research should focus on the problems of stigma associated with sickness certification and patients' emotional response to asking for certification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Rachman
- Peninsula School of Medicine and Dentistry, Plymouth, Devon PL6 8BU, UK
| | - D Bunce
- South Devon Healthcare Trust, Torbay Hospital, Lowes Bridge, Torquay, Devon TQ2 7AA, UK
| | - K Thorley
- Lostwithiel Medical Centre, Lostwithiel, Cornwall PL22 0EF, UK.
| | - J Hendriksz
- Lostwithiel Medical Centre, Lostwithiel, Cornwall PL22 0EF, UK
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Abstract
BACKGROUND An audit of working age patients' records in two Cornish general practices in 2012 found infrequent and inconsistent recording of patients' occupations. A concurrent survey of general practitioners (GPs) in Cornwall found that a majority of them believed it was important to do so. AIMS To review occupation recording in the same practices a year later and to audit a third practice, following the introduction of the electronic fit note. To repeat the survey of attitudes to recording occupation in GPs in Cornwall. METHODS We manually checked 300 randomly selected patient records in Practice A and electronically searched all records of working age patients (aged 16-65 years) in Practices B and C for recorded occupation. We sent an electronic survey of attitudes to recording occupation to 202 GPs in Cornwall. RESULTS Recording of occupation increased from 17 to 30% of records (χ(2) = 15, P < 0.001) in Practice A and from 12 to 14% (χ(2) = 16.5, P < 0.001) in Practice B. In Practice C, 1% of records had occupation recorded and coded. The proportion of GPs in Cornwall who said that it is important to records patients' occupation increased from 70 to 90% (Fisher's exact statistic 0.01, P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Recording of patients' occupation increased in both practices from 2012 to 2013, but remains infrequent and inconsistent and the very low levels in a third practice not previously audited is of concern.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Thorley
- Centre for Occupational and Environmental Health Research, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK,
| | - R Haigh
- Peninsula Medical School, Plymouth, Devon PL6 8BU, UK
| | - A Pearson
- Peninsula Medical School, Plymouth, Devon PL6 8BU, UK
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sickness certification causes problems for general practitioners (GPs). Difficulty with the assessment of capacity to work, conflict with patients and other non-medical factors have been shown to influence GPs' decision-making. Inadequate leadership and management of certification issues add to GPs' difficulties. AIMS To explore problems associated with sickness certification, as part of a larger mixed method research project exploring GPs' experiences and perceptions of sickness certification in Ireland. METHODS A qualitative study in an urban region of Ireland. A focus group of four male and four female GPs explored problems encountered by GPs in certifying sickness absence. Thematic data analysis was used. RESULTS Three major themes emerged: perception of the sickness certification system, organization of health care and cultural factors in sickness absence behaviour. Employment structures in public and private sectors and lack of communication with other health care providers and employers were identified as complicating sickness certification. CONCLUSIONS GPs encounter a complexity of issues in sick certification and are dissatisfied with their role in certifying sickness absence. Our results open the debate for policy change and development in Ireland.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Foley
- Centre for Occupational and Environmental Health Research, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
|
14
|
Hussey L, Turner S, Thorley K, McNamee R, Agius R. Work-related sickness absence as reported by UK general practitioners. Occup Med (Lond) 2012; 62:105-11. [DOI: 10.1093/occmed/kqr205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
|
15
|
Brunt A, Lupton S, Handley J, Thorley K, Pearce L. 735 poster A COMPARISON OF TECHNIQUES: CONVENTIONAL SIMULATOR VERSES CT-VOLUMED SUPRACLAVICULAR FOSSA RADIOTHERAPY FOR ADJUVANT BREAST CANCER. Radiother Oncol 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-8140(11)70857-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
16
|
Hussey L, Turner S, Thorley K, McNamee R, Agius R. Comparison of work-related ill health reporting by occupational physicians and general practitioners. Occup Med (Lond) 2010; 60:294-300. [DOI: 10.1093/occmed/kqq022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
|
17
|
Thorley K, Turner S, Hussey L, Agius R. Continuing professional development in occupational medicine for general practitioners. Occup Med (Lond) 2009; 59:342-6. [DOI: 10.1093/occmed/kqp013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
|
18
|
|
19
|
|
20
|
|