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Vimalanathan K, Zhang Z, Zou J, Raston CL. Vortex fluidic high shear induced crystallisation of fullerene C 70 into nanotubules. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023. [PMID: 37469308 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc02464d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
Hollow C70 nanotubules are formed under high shear within the thin film of a vortex fluidic device (VFD) without the need for using auxiliary reagents, high temperatures and pressures, and/or requiring downstream processing. This novel bottom-up crystallisation process involves intense micro mixing of two liquids (toluene solution of C70 and anti-solvent, isopropyl alcohol) within a thin film in the VFD to precisely control the hierarchical assembly of C70 molecules into hollow nanotubules. The mechanism of self-assembly was consistent with them being a mould of the high shear double helical topological flow from Faraday waves coupled with Coriolis forces generated within the thin film.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasturi Vimalanathan
- Flinders Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia.
| | - Zhi Zhang
- Centre for Microscopy and Microanalysis, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
- Materials Engineering, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Jin Zou
- Centre for Microscopy and Microanalysis, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
- Materials Engineering, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Colin L Raston
- Flinders Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia.
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2
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Luo X, Xing W, Delcheva I, Abdullah Alrashaidi F, Heydari A, Palms D, Truong VK, Vasilev K, Jia Z, Zhang W, Su P, Vimalanathan K, Igder A, Weiss GA, Tang Y, MacGregor M, Raston CL. Printable Hydrogel Arrays for Portable and High-Throughput Shear-Mediated Assays. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2023. [PMID: 37339239 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c02353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogels have been widely used to entrap biomolecules for various biocatalytic reactions. However, solute diffusion in these matrices to initiate such reactions can be a very slow process. Conventional mixing remains a challenge as it can cause irreversible distortion or fragmentation of the hydrogel itself. To overcome the diffusion-limit, a shear-stress-mediated platform named the portable vortex-fluidic device (P-VFD) is developed. P-VFD is a portable platform which consists of two main components, (i) a plasma oxazoline-coated polyvinyl chloride (POx-PVC) film with polyacrylamide and alginate (PAAm/Alg-Ca2+) tough hydrogel covalently bound to its surface and (ii) a reactor tube (L × D: 90 mm × 20 mm) where the aforementioned POx-PVC film could be readily inserted for reactions. Through a spotting machine, the PAAm/Alg-Ca2+ hydrogel can be readily printed on a POx-PVC film in an array pattern and up to 25.4 J/m2 adhesion energy can be achieved. The hydrogel arrays on the film not only offer a strong matrix for entrapping biomolecules such as streptavidin-horseradish peroxidase but are also shear stress-tolerant in the reactor tube, enabling a >6-fold increase in its reaction rate after adding tetramethylbenzidine, relative to incubation. Through using the tough hydrogel and its stably bonded substrate, this portable platform effectively overcomes the diffusion-limit and achieves fast assay detection without causing appreciable hydrogel array deformation or dislocation on the substrate film.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Luo
- Flinders Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia 5042, Australia
| | - Wenjin Xing
- Flinders Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia 5042, Australia
| | - Iliana Delcheva
- Flinders Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia 5042, Australia
| | - Fayed Abdullah Alrashaidi
- Flinders Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia 5042, Australia
- Chemistry Department, College of Science, Jouf University, P.O. Box 2014, Sakaka 72388, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amir Heydari
- Flinders Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia 5042, Australia
- Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil 56199-11367, Iran
| | - Dennis Palms
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia 5042, Australia
| | - Vi Khanh Truong
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia 5042, Australia
| | - Krasimir Vasilev
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia 5042, Australia
| | - Zhongfan Jia
- Flinders Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia 5042, Australia
| | - Wei Zhang
- Centre for Marine Bioproducts Development, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia 5042, Australia
| | - Peng Su
- Centre for Marine Bioproducts Development, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia 5042, Australia
| | - Kasturi Vimalanathan
- Flinders Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia 5042, Australia
| | - Aghil Igder
- Flinders Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia 5042, Australia
| | - Gregory A Weiss
- Departments of Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Sciences, and Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Youhong Tang
- Flinders Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia 5042, Australia
| | - Melanie MacGregor
- Flinders Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia 5042, Australia
| | - Colin L Raston
- Flinders Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia 5042, Australia
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Gardner Z, Rahpeima S, Sun Q, Zou J, Darwish N, Vimalanathan K, Raston CL. High Shear Thin Film Synthesis of Partially Oxidized Gallium and Indium Composite 2D Sheets. Small 2023:e2300577. [PMID: 37010011 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202300577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Reducing resistance in silicon-based devices is important as they get miniaturized further. 2D materials offer an opportunity to increase conductivity whilst reducing size. A scalable, environmentally benign method is developed for preparing partially oxidized gallium/indium sheets down to 10 nm thick from a eutectic melt of the two metals. Exfoliation of the planar/corrugated oxide skin of the melt is achieved using the vortex fluidic device with a variation in composition across the sheets determined using Auger spectroscopy. From an application perspective, the oxidized gallium indium sheets reduce the contact resistance between metals such as platinum and silicon (Si) as a semiconductor. Current-voltage measurements between a platinum atomic force microscopy tip and a Si-H substrate show that the current switches from being a rectifier to a highly conducting ohmic contact. These characteristics offer new opportunities for controlling Si surface properties at the nanoscale and enable the integration of new materials with Si platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoe Gardner
- Flinders Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, 5001, Australia
| | - Soraya Rahpeima
- Flinders Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, 5001, Australia
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, 6102, Australia
| | - Qiang Sun
- School of Mechanical and Mining Engineering and Centre for Microscopy and Microanalysis, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Jin Zou
- School of Mechanical and Mining Engineering and Centre for Microscopy and Microanalysis, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Nadim Darwish
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, 6102, Australia
| | - Kasturi Vimalanathan
- Flinders Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, 5001, Australia
| | - Colin L Raston
- Flinders Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, 5001, Australia
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Vimalanathan K, Scott J, Pan X, Luo X, Rahpeima S, Sun Q, Zou J, Bansal N, Prabawati E, Zhang W, Darwish N, Andersson MR, Li Q, Raston CL. Continuous flow fabrication of green graphene oxide in aqueous hydrogen peroxide. Nanoscale Adv 2022; 4:3121-3130. [PMID: 36132816 PMCID: PMC9419056 DOI: 10.1039/d2na00310d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Highly processible graphene oxide (GO) has a diversity of applications as a material readily dispersed in aqueous media. However, methods for preparing such free-standing GO use hazardous and toxic reagents and generate significant waste streams. This is an impediment for uptake of GO in any application, for developing sustainable technologies and industries, and overcoming this remains a major challenge. We have developed a robust scalable continuous flow method for fabricating GO directly from graphite in 30% aqueous hydrogen peroxide which dramatically minimises the generation of waste. The process features the continuous flow thin film microfluidic vortex fluidic device (VFD), operating at specific conditions while irradiated sequentially by UV LED than a NIR pulsed laser. The resulting 'green' graphene oxide (gGO) has unique properties, possessing highly oxidized edges with large intact sp2 domains which gives rise to exceptional electrical and optical properties, including purple to deep blue emission of narrow full width at half maximum (<35 nm). Colloidally stable gGO exhibits cytotoxicity owing to the oxidised surface groups while solid-state films of gGO are biocompatible. The continuous flow method of generating gGO also provides unprecedented control of the level of oxidation and its location in the exfoliated graphene sheets by harnessing the high shear topological fluid flows in the liquid, and varying the wavelength, power and pulse frequency of the light source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasturi Vimalanathan
- Flinders Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University Adelaide SA 5001 Australia
| | - James Scott
- Environmental Engineering and Queensland Micro and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University Brisbane QLD 4111 Australia
| | - Xun Pan
- Flinders Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University Adelaide SA 5001 Australia
| | - Xuan Luo
- Flinders Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University Adelaide SA 5001 Australia
- Centre for Marine Bioproducts Development, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University Adelaide SA 5042 Australia
| | - Soraya Rahpeima
- Flinders Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University Adelaide SA 5001 Australia
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin Institute for Functional Molecule and Interfaces, Curtin University Bentley Western Australia 6102 Australia
| | - Qiang Sun
- Centre for Microscopy and Microanalysis, The University of Queensland Brisbane QLD 4072 Australia
- Materials Engineering, The University of Queensland St Lucia QLD 4072 Australia
| | - Jin Zou
- Centre for Microscopy and Microanalysis, The University of Queensland Brisbane QLD 4072 Australia
- Materials Engineering, The University of Queensland St Lucia QLD 4072 Australia
| | - Nidhi Bansal
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland St Lucia QLD Australia
| | - Elisabeth Prabawati
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland St Lucia QLD Australia
| | - Wei Zhang
- Centre for Marine Bioproducts Development, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University Adelaide SA 5042 Australia
| | - Nadim Darwish
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin Institute for Functional Molecule and Interfaces, Curtin University Bentley Western Australia 6102 Australia
| | - Mats R Andersson
- Flinders Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University Adelaide SA 5001 Australia
| | - Qin Li
- Environmental Engineering and Queensland Micro and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University Brisbane QLD 4111 Australia
| | - Colin L Raston
- Flinders Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University Adelaide SA 5001 Australia
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Vimalanathan K, Palmer T, Gardner Z, Ling I, Rahpeima S, Elmas S, Gascooke JR, Gibson CT, Sun Q, Zou J, Andersson MR, Darwish N, Raston CL. High shear in situ exfoliation of 2D gallium oxide sheets from centrifugally derived thin films of liquid gallium. Nanoscale Adv 2021; 3:5785-5792. [PMID: 36132680 PMCID: PMC9419649 DOI: 10.1039/d1na00598g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A diversity of two-dimensional nanomaterials has recently emerged with recent attention turning to the post-transition metal elements, in particular material derived from liquid metals and eutectic melts below 330 °C where processing is more flexible and in the temperature regime suitable for industry. This has been explored for liquid gallium using an angled vortex fluidic device (VFD) to fabricate ultrathin gallium oxide (Ga2O3) sheets under continuous flow conditions. We have established the nanosheets to form highly insulating material and have electrocatalytic activity for hydrogen evolution, with a Tafel slope of 39 mV dec-1 revealing promoting effects of the surface oxidation (passivation layer).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasturi Vimalanathan
- Flinders Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University Adelaide SA 5001 Australia
| | - Timotheos Palmer
- Flinders Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University Adelaide SA 5001 Australia
| | - Zoe Gardner
- Flinders Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University Adelaide SA 5001 Australia
| | - Irene Ling
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway 47500 Selangor Malaysia
| | - Soraya Rahpeima
- Flinders Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University Adelaide SA 5001 Australia
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin Institute for Functional Molecule and Interfaces, Curtin University Bentley Western Australia 6102 Australia
| | - Sait Elmas
- Flinders Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University Adelaide SA 5001 Australia
| | - Jason R Gascooke
- Flinders Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University Adelaide SA 5001 Australia
- Flinders Microscopy and Microanalysis, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University Bedford Park SA 5042 Australia
| | - Christopher T Gibson
- Flinders Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University Adelaide SA 5001 Australia
- Flinders Microscopy and Microanalysis, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University Bedford Park SA 5042 Australia
| | - Qiang Sun
- Centre for Microscopy and Microanalysis, The University of Queensland Brisbane QLD 4072 Australia
- Materials Engineering, The University of Queensland Brisbane QLD 4072 Australia
| | - Jin Zou
- Centre for Microscopy and Microanalysis, The University of Queensland Brisbane QLD 4072 Australia
- Materials Engineering, The University of Queensland Brisbane QLD 4072 Australia
| | - Mats R Andersson
- Flinders Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University Adelaide SA 5001 Australia
| | - Nadim Darwish
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin Institute for Functional Molecule and Interfaces, Curtin University Bentley Western Australia 6102 Australia
| | - Colin L Raston
- Flinders Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University Adelaide SA 5001 Australia
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6
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Jellicoe M, Vimalanathan K, R Gascooke J, Luo X, Raston CL. High shear spheroidal topological fluid flow induced coating of polystyrene beads with C 60 spicules. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:5638-5641. [PMID: 33977917 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc07165j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Spheroidal spicular like topological fluid flow in an angled vortex fluidic device (VFD) housing a 20 mm diameter tube with a hemispherical base rotating at 4k rpm and tilted at 45° is effective in reducing the thermodynamic equilibrium concentration of fullerene C60 in toluene, with the formation of spicules of the material under continuous flow processing. Under the same operational conditions in the presence of polystyrene beads 2 to 6 μm in diameter, spicules of C60ca. 150 nm in length grow on their surfaces. This establishes that the spheroidal topological fluid flow in the VFD prevails while enveloping spheroidal like particles of such size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matt Jellicoe
- Flinders Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia 5042, Australia.
| | - Kasturi Vimalanathan
- Flinders Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia 5042, Australia.
| | - Jason R Gascooke
- Flinders Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia 5042, Australia.
| | - Xuan Luo
- Flinders Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia 5042, Australia.
| | - Colin L Raston
- Flinders Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia 5042, Australia.
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7
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Alharbi TMD, Jellicoe M, Luo X, Vimalanathan K, Alsulami IK, Al Harbi BS, Igder A, Alrashaidi FAJ, Chen X, Stubbs KA, Chalker JM, Zhang W, Boulos RA, Jones DB, Quinton JS, Raston CL. Sub-micron moulding topological mass transport regimes in angled vortex fluidic flow. Nanoscale Adv 2021; 3:3064-3075. [PMID: 36133664 PMCID: PMC9419266 DOI: 10.1039/d1na00195g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Shear stress in dynamic thin films, as in vortex fluidics, can be harnessed for generating non-equilibrium conditions, but the nature of the fluid flow is not understood. A rapidly rotating inclined tube in the vortex fluidic device (VFD) imparts shear stress (mechanical energy) into a thin film of liquid, depending on the physical characteristics of the liquid and rotational speed, ω, tilt angle, θ, and diameter of the tube. Through understanding that the fluid exhibits resonance behaviours from the confining boundaries of the glass surface and the meniscus that determines the liquid film thickness, we have established specific topological mass transport regimes. These topologies have been established through materials processing, as spinning top flow normal to the surface of the tube, double-helical flow across the thin film, and spicular flow, a transitional region where both effects contribute. The manifestation of mass transport patterns within the film have been observed by monitoring the mixing time, temperature profile, and film thickness against increasing rotational speed, ω. In addition, these flow patterns have unique signatures that enable the morphology of nanomaterials processed in the VFD to be predicted, for example in reversible scrolling and crumbling graphene oxide sheets. Shear-stress induced recrystallisation, crystallisation and polymerisation, at different rotational speeds, provide moulds of high-shear topologies, as 'positive' and 'negative' spicular flow behaviour. 'Molecular drilling' of holes in a thin film of polysulfone demonstrate spatial arrangement of double-helices. The grand sum of the different behavioural regimes is a general fluid flow model that accounts for all processing in the VFD at an optimal tilt angle of 45°, and provides a new concept in the fabrication of novel nanomaterials and controlling the organisation of matter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thaar M D Alharbi
- Flinders Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University Bedford Park SA 5042 Australia
- Physics Department, Faculty of Science, Taibah University Almadinah Almunawarrah 42353 Saudi Arabia
| | - Matt Jellicoe
- Flinders Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University Bedford Park SA 5042 Australia
| | - Xuan Luo
- Flinders Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University Bedford Park SA 5042 Australia
- Centre for Marine Bioproducts Development, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University Adelaide SA 5042 Australia
| | - Kasturi Vimalanathan
- Flinders Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University Bedford Park SA 5042 Australia
| | - Ibrahim K Alsulami
- Flinders Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University Bedford Park SA 5042 Australia
| | - Bediea S Al Harbi
- Flinders Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University Bedford Park SA 5042 Australia
| | - Aghil Igder
- Flinders Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University Bedford Park SA 5042 Australia
- School of Engineering, Edith Cowan University Joondalup Perth WA 6027 Australia
| | - Fayed A J Alrashaidi
- Flinders Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University Bedford Park SA 5042 Australia
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, AlJouf University Sakaka 72388 Saudi Arabia
| | - Xianjue Chen
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales Sydney NSW 2052 Australia
| | - Keith A Stubbs
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia 35 Stirling Hwy Crawley WA 6009 Australia
| | - Justin M Chalker
- Flinders Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University Bedford Park SA 5042 Australia
| | - Wei Zhang
- Centre for Marine Bioproducts Development, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University Adelaide SA 5042 Australia
| | - Ramiz A Boulos
- Flinders Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University Bedford Park SA 5042 Australia
- BrightChem Consulting Suite 16, 45 Delawney Street Balcatta WA 6021 Australia
| | - Darryl B Jones
- Flinders Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University Bedford Park SA 5042 Australia
| | - Jamie S Quinton
- Flinders Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University Bedford Park SA 5042 Australia
| | - Colin L Raston
- Flinders Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University Bedford Park SA 5042 Australia
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8
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Abstract
Applications of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) benefit from the availability of specific lengths of the material while keeping the outer walls pristine, for example, for applications requiring vertically aligned tubes. To this end, a simple and effective continuous flow 'top down' process to control the length of sliced MWCNTs has been developed using a vortex fluidic device (VFD) coupled with a 1064 nm pulse laser, with the process in the absence of chemicals and any auxiliary substances. Three different length distributions of the sliced MWCNTs, centered at 75 ± 2.1 nm, 300 ± 1.8 nm and 550 ± 1.4 nm, have been generated with the length depending on the VFD operating parameters and laser energy, with the processing resulting in a decrease in side wall defects of the material. We also show the ability to vertically self assemble short MWCNTs on a silicon substrate with control of the surface density coverage using a simple dipping and rinsing method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thaar M D Alharbi
- Flinders Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia. and Physics Department, Faculty of Science, Taibah University, Almadinah Almunawarrah 42353, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kasturi Vimalanathan
- Flinders Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia.
| | - Ibrahim K Alsulami
- Flinders Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia.
| | - Colin L Raston
- Flinders Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia.
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9
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Abstract
Reduced graphene oxide (rGO) is generated from GO dispersed in water under continuous flow in the absence of harsh reducing agents, in a vortex fluidic device, such that the processing is scalable with uniformity of the product. This involves simultaneously UV irradiating (λ = 254 nm, 20 W) the dynamic thin film in the rapidly rotating glass tube in the microfluidic platform. The rGO is comparable to that formed using waste generating chemical based processing, with a film of the material having a resistance of 2.2 × 105 Ω and a remarkably high conductivity of 2 × 104 S cm-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thaar M D Alharbi
- Flinders Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia.
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10
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Vimalanathan K, Suarez-Martinez I, Peiris MCR, Antonio J, de Tomas C, Zou Y, Zou J, Duan X, Lamb RN, Harvey DP, Alharbi TMD, Gibson CT, Marks NA, Darwish N, Raston CL. Vortex fluidic mediated transformation of graphite into highly conducting graphene scrolls. Nanoscale Adv 2019; 1:2495-2501. [PMID: 36132736 PMCID: PMC9417623 DOI: 10.1039/c9na00184k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional graphene has remarkable properties that are revolutionary in many applications. Scrolling monolayer graphene with precise tunability would create further potential for niche applications but this has proved challenging. We have now established the ability to fabricate monolayer graphene scrolls in high yield directly from graphite flakes under non-equilibrium conditions at room temperature in dynamic thin films of liquid. Using conductive atomic force microscopy we demonstrate that the graphene scrolls form highly conducting electrical contacts to highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG). These highly conducting graphite-graphene contacts are attractive for the fabrication of interconnects in microcircuits and align with the increasing interest in building all sp2-carbon circuits. Above a temperature of 450 °C the scrolls unravel into buckled graphene sheets, and this process is understood on a theoretical basis. These findings augur well for new applications, in particular for incorporating the scrolls into miniaturized electronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasturi Vimalanathan
- Flinders Institute for Nanoscale Science & Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University Adelaide SA 5001 Australia
| | - Irene Suarez-Martinez
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Curtin University Bentley Campus Perth WA 6102 Australia
| | - M Chandramalika R Peiris
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin Institute of Functional Molecule and Interfaces, Curtin University Bentley WA 6102 Australia
| | - Joshua Antonio
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin Institute of Functional Molecule and Interfaces, Curtin University Bentley WA 6102 Australia
| | - Carla de Tomas
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Curtin University Bentley Campus Perth WA 6102 Australia
| | - Yichao Zou
- School of Engineering, The University of Queensland Brisbane QLD 4072 Australia
| | - Jin Zou
- School of Engineering, The University of Queensland Brisbane QLD 4072 Australia
| | - Xiaofei Duan
- Trace Analysis for Chemical, Earth and Environmental Sciences (TrACEES), The University of Melbourne Victoria 3010 Australia
| | - Robert N Lamb
- Trace Analysis for Chemical, Earth and Environmental Sciences (TrACEES), The University of Melbourne Victoria 3010 Australia
| | - David P Harvey
- Flinders Institute for Nanoscale Science & Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University Adelaide SA 5001 Australia
| | - Thaar M D Alharbi
- Flinders Institute for Nanoscale Science & Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University Adelaide SA 5001 Australia
| | - Christopher T Gibson
- Flinders Institute for Nanoscale Science & Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University Adelaide SA 5001 Australia
- Flinders Microscopy and Microanalysis, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University Adelaide South Australia 5042 Australia
| | - Nigel A Marks
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Curtin University Bentley Campus Perth WA 6102 Australia
| | - Nadim Darwish
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin Institute of Functional Molecule and Interfaces, Curtin University Bentley WA 6102 Australia
| | - Colin L Raston
- Flinders Institute for Nanoscale Science & Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University Adelaide SA 5001 Australia
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Luo X, Al-Antaki AHM, Vimalanathan K, Moffatt J, Zheng K, Zou Y, Zou J, Duan X, Lamb RN, Wang S, Li Q, Zhang W, Raston CL. Laser irradiated vortex fluidic mediated synthesis of luminescent carbon nanodots under continuous flow. REACT CHEM ENG 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c7re00197e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
High shear vortex fluidics coupled with NIR affords luminescent carbon dots as a scalable process.
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12
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Vimalanathan K, Shrestha RG, Zhang Z, Zou J, Nakayama T, Raston CL. Surfactant‐free Fabrication of Fullerene C
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Nanotubules Under Shear. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 56:8398-8401. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201608673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2016] [Revised: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kasturi Vimalanathan
- Flinders Centre for NanoScale Science Technology (CNST) Chemical and Physical Sciences Flinders University Bedford Park Adelaide 5001 Australia
| | - Rekha Goswami Shrestha
- International Centre for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA) National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS) 1-1 Namiki Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044 Japan
| | - Zhi Zhang
- Materials Engineering and Centre for Microscopy and Microanalysis The University of Queensland Brisbane QLD 4072 Australia
| | - Jin Zou
- Materials Engineering and Centre for Microscopy and Microanalysis The University of Queensland Brisbane QLD 4072 Australia
| | - Tomonobu Nakayama
- International Centre for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA) National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS) 1-1 Namiki Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044 Japan
- Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences University of Tsukuba 1-1 Namiki Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044 Japan
| | - Colin L. Raston
- Flinders Centre for NanoScale Science Technology (CNST) Chemical and Physical Sciences Flinders University Bedford Park Adelaide 5001 Australia
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13
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Vimalanathan K, Gascooke JR, Suarez-Martinez I, Marks NA, Kumari H, Garvey CJ, Atwood JL, Lawrance WD, Raston CL. Fluid dynamic lateral slicing of high tensile strength carbon nanotubes. Sci Rep 2016; 6:22865. [PMID: 26965728 PMCID: PMC4786806 DOI: 10.1038/srep22865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Lateral slicing of micron length carbon nanotubes (CNTs) is effective on laser irradiation of the materials suspended within dynamic liquid thin films in a microfluidic vortex fluidic device (VFD). The method produces sliced CNTs with minimal defects in the absence of any chemical stabilizers, having broad length distributions centred at ca 190, 160 nm and 171 nm for single, double and multi walled CNTs respectively, as established using atomic force microscopy and supported by small angle neutron scattering solution data. Molecular dynamics simulations on a bent single walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) with a radius of curvature of order 10 nm results in tearing across the tube upon heating, highlighting the role of shear forces which bend the tube forming strained bonds which are ruptured by the laser irradiation. CNT slicing occurs with the VFD operating in both the confined mode for a finite volume of liquid and continuous flow for scalability purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasturi Vimalanathan
- Flinders Centre for NanoScale Science &Technology, School of Chemical &Physical Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide SA 5001, Australia
| | - Jason R Gascooke
- Flinders Centre for NanoScale Science &Technology, School of Chemical &Physical Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide SA 5001, Australia
| | - Irene Suarez-Martinez
- Nanochemistry Research Institute, Department of Physics and Astronomy, School of Science, Curtin University, Bentley Campus, Perth, WA 6102, Australia
| | - Nigel A Marks
- Nanochemistry Research Institute, Department of Physics and Astronomy, School of Science, Curtin University, Bentley Campus, Perth, WA 6102, Australia
| | - Harshita Kumari
- Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri, 601 South College Avenue, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States.,James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati, 3225 Eden Avenue, Cincinnati, Ohio, 42567, United States
| | - Christopher J Garvey
- Bragg Institute, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, New Illawarra Road, Lucas Heights, 2234, NSW
| | - Jerry L Atwood
- Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri, 601 South College Avenue, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
| | - Warren D Lawrance
- Flinders Centre for NanoScale Science &Technology, School of Chemical &Physical Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide SA 5001, Australia
| | - Colin L Raston
- Flinders Centre for NanoScale Science &Technology, School of Chemical &Physical Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide SA 5001, Australia
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14
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Abstract
Thin film microfluidic shearing of a mixture of toluene dispersed single walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) and water in a vortex fluidic device results in SWCNT nanorings (and related structures), diameters 100 to 200 nm or 300 to 700 nm, for respectively 10 mm or 20 mm diameter rotating tubes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasturi Vimalanathan
- Centre for NanoScale Science and Technology, School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA 5042, Australia.
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15
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Haniff Wahid M, Stroeher UH, Eroglu E, Chen X, Vimalanathan K, Raston CL, Boulos RA. Aqueous based synthesis of antimicrobial-decorated graphene. J Colloid Interface Sci 2015; 443:88-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2014.11.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Revised: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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16
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Chen X, Vimalanathan K, Zang W, Slattery AD, Boulos RA, Gibson CT, Raston CL. Self-assembled calixarene aligned patterning of noble metal nanoparticles on graphene. Nanoscale 2014; 6:4517-4520. [PMID: 24658459 DOI: 10.1039/c3nr06857a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Patterns of noble metal nanoparticles (NMNPs) of ruthenium and platinum are formed on p-phosphonic acid calix[8]arene stabilised graphene in water. This involves hydrogen gas induced reduction of metal ions absorbed on the stabilised graphene, with TEM revealing the patterns being comprised of domains of parallel arrays of NMNPs ∼7 nm apart. The domains are orientated in three directions on each graphene sheet at an angle of ∼60° or ∼120° with respect to each other. AFM of self-assembled p-phosphonic acid calix[8]arene on the surface of a highly ordered pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) revealed a similar pattern, implying that the orientation of the assembly of p-phosphonic acid calix[8]arene is governed by the hexagonal motif of graphite/graphene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianjue Chen
- Centre for Nanoscale Science and Technology, School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA 5042, Australia.
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17
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Eggers PK, Eroglu E, Becker T, Chen X, Vimalanathan K, Stubbs KA, Smith SM, Raston CL. Nitrate uptake by p-phosphonic acid or p-(trimethylammonium)methyl calix[8]arene stablized laminar materials. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra09000d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Graphite, BN, MoS2 and WS2 are exfoliated and stablized in water with positively or negatively charged non-toxic calix[8]arenes. All 2D materials adsorb nitrate from waste effluent, precipitating once nitrate is bound, and can be regenerated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul K. Eggers
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- The University of Western Australia
- Crawley, Australia
- Centre for NanoScale Science and Technology
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences
| | - Ela Eroglu
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- The University of Western Australia
- Crawley, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology
- The University of Western Australia
| | - Thomas Becker
- Nanochemistry Research Institute
- Curtin University
- Bentley, Australia
| | - Xianjue Chen
- Centre for NanoScale Science and Technology
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences
- Flinders University
- , Australia
| | - Kasturi Vimalanathan
- Centre for NanoScale Science and Technology
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences
- Flinders University
- , Australia
| | - Keith A. Stubbs
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- The University of Western Australia
- Crawley, Australia
| | - Steven M. Smith
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- The University of Western Australia
- Crawley, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology
- The University of Western Australia
| | - Colin L. Raston
- Centre for NanoScale Science and Technology
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences
- Flinders University
- , Australia
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18
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Chen X, Zang W, Vimalanathan K, Iyer KS, Raston CL. A versatile approach for decorating 2D nanomaterials with Pd or Pt nanoparticles. Chem Commun (Camb) 2013; 49:1160-2. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cc37606g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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