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Kottferová L, Molnár L, Major P, Sesztáková E, Kuzyšinová K, Vrabec V, Kottferová J. Hedgehog Dermatophytosis: Understanding Trichophyton erinacei Infection in Pet Hedgehogs and Its Implications for Human Health. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:1132. [PMID: 38132733 PMCID: PMC10744110 DOI: 10.3390/jof9121132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Pet hedgehogs, which are increasingly favoured companions, have garnered attention due to their potential as carriers of zoonotic diseases. These small insectivorous mammals, native to Europe, Asia, and Africa, are commonly kept as pets. The encroachment of humans into hedgehog habitats has brought these animals closer to people, raising concerns about disease transmission. This article reviews the current knowledge regarding zoonotic disease associated with pet hedgehogs, with a particular focus on mycotic infections caused by Trichophyton erinacei. Data from various regions and hedgehog species are synthesised to assess the significance of pet hedgehogs as potential reservoirs and transmitters of zoonotic pathogens. Our study highlights the importance of understanding the health risks associated with pet hedgehogs and underscores the need for continued research to mitigate zoonotic disease transmission from these potentially disease-carrying companions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Kottferová
- Clinic of Birds, Exotic and Free Living Animals, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Komenského 73, 04181 Košice, Slovakia; (L.K.); (L.M.); (E.S.); (K.K.); (V.V.)
| | - Ladislav Molnár
- Clinic of Birds, Exotic and Free Living Animals, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Komenského 73, 04181 Košice, Slovakia; (L.K.); (L.M.); (E.S.); (K.K.); (V.V.)
| | - Peter Major
- Clinic of Birds, Exotic and Free Living Animals, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Komenského 73, 04181 Košice, Slovakia; (L.K.); (L.M.); (E.S.); (K.K.); (V.V.)
| | - Edina Sesztáková
- Clinic of Birds, Exotic and Free Living Animals, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Komenského 73, 04181 Košice, Slovakia; (L.K.); (L.M.); (E.S.); (K.K.); (V.V.)
| | - Katarína Kuzyšinová
- Clinic of Birds, Exotic and Free Living Animals, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Komenského 73, 04181 Košice, Slovakia; (L.K.); (L.M.); (E.S.); (K.K.); (V.V.)
| | - Vladimír Vrabec
- Clinic of Birds, Exotic and Free Living Animals, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Komenského 73, 04181 Košice, Slovakia; (L.K.); (L.M.); (E.S.); (K.K.); (V.V.)
| | - Jana Kottferová
- Department of Public Veterinary Medicine and Animal Welfare, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Komenského 73, 04181 Košice, Slovakia;
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Molnár L, Königová A, Pleva L, Ciberej J, Kuzyšinová K, Major P, Vrabec V, Kottferová L, Petrillová M, Várady M. Cage trapping and field anaesthesia of brown bears as part of nuisance bear management. Acta Vet Hung 2022. [PMID: 35895536 DOI: 10.1556/004.2022.00012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
The population and distribution of the European brown bear (Ursus arctos) in Slovakia are expanding as bears were observed beyond the southern border of the country in Hungary. This study presents the authors' experience with field anaesthesia of wild brown bears trapped in a custom-made container trap and of free-ranging individuals. A total of 25 bears were captured and translocated using a specially designed metal cage trap. The study compared the effectiveness of three anaesthetic protocols in managing both free-ranging and trapped bears. For juveniles, or small adults up to 70 kg body weight (BW), ketamine-xylazine mixture was used at doses of 3.0-4.0 mg kg-1 ketamine and 1.0-1.5 mg kg-1 xylazine BW. The immobilisation of free-ranging bears, which are usually attracted by municipal solid garbage, was performed remotely using PneuDart darts with 2-3 ml of anaesthetics. For this purpose, tiletamine-zolazepam-detomidine (T-Z-D) was preferred at a dose of 1.7-2.5 (T) mg kg-1, 1.7-2.5 (Z) mg kg-1, and 0.1-0.2 (D) mg kg-1 BW. Induction time was from 7 to 18 min post darting with the average of 12.04 min. The same combination was applied to bears trapped in a container trap, with anaesthesia lasting from 40 to 150 min. If T-Z-D was used, no further anaesthetic was needed. In all cases, anaesthesia was antagonised by atipamezole at a dose of 0.15-0.225 mg kg-1 BW. Atipamezole was injected at a half dose intramuscularly and a half dose subcutaneously at the time when the palpebral reflex reappeared and the bear was able to move his tongue. It was shown that the T-Z-D mixture is a safe, low-volume anaesthetic darting protocol that is reversible, has minimal adverse effects on physiological parameters, and has a sufficient duration. The results can be used to manage large carnivore populations in the Carpathian region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ladislav Molnár
- 1 Clinic for Birds, Exotic and Free Living Animals, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Košice, Slovakia
| | - Alžbeta Königová
- 2 Institute of Parasitology of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Košice, Slovakia
| | | | - Juraj Ciberej
- 4 Department of Breeding and Diseases of Animals, Fish and Bees, Ecology and Cynology, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Košice, Slovakia
| | - Katarína Kuzyšinová
- 1 Clinic for Birds, Exotic and Free Living Animals, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Košice, Slovakia
| | - Peter Major
- 1 Clinic for Birds, Exotic and Free Living Animals, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Košice, Slovakia
| | - Vladimír Vrabec
- 1 Clinic for Birds, Exotic and Free Living Animals, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Košice, Slovakia
| | - Lucia Kottferová
- 1 Clinic for Birds, Exotic and Free Living Animals, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Košice, Slovakia
| | - Monika Petrillová
- 5 Department of General Competencies, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Košice, Slovakia
| | - Marián Várady
- 2 Institute of Parasitology of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Košice, Slovakia
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