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Swanton C, Bernard E, Abbosh C, André F, Auwerx J, Balmain A, Bar-Sagi D, Bernards R, Bullman S, DeGregori J, Elliott C, Erez A, Evan G, Febbraio MA, Hidalgo A, Jamal-Hanjani M, Joyce JA, Kaiser M, Lamia K, Locasale JW, Loi S, Malanchi I, Merad M, Musgrave K, Patel KJ, Quezada S, Wargo JA, Weeraratna A, White E, Winkler F, Wood JN, Vousden KH, Hanahan D. Embracing cancer complexity: Hallmarks of systemic disease. Cell 2024; 187:1589-1616. [PMID: 38552609 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2024.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
The last 50 years have witnessed extraordinary developments in understanding mechanisms of carcinogenesis, synthesized as the hallmarks of cancer. Despite this logical framework, our understanding of the molecular basis of systemic manifestations and the underlying causes of cancer-related death remains incomplete. Looking forward, elucidating how tumors interact with distant organs and how multifaceted environmental and physiological parameters impinge on tumors and their hosts will be crucial for advances in preventing and more effectively treating human cancers. In this perspective, we discuss complexities of cancer as a systemic disease, including tumor initiation and promotion, tumor micro- and immune macro-environments, aging, metabolism and obesity, cancer cachexia, circadian rhythms, nervous system interactions, tumor-related thrombosis, and the microbiome. Model systems incorporating human genetic variation will be essential to decipher the mechanistic basis of these phenomena and unravel gene-environment interactions, providing a modern synthesis of molecular oncology that is primed to prevent cancers and improve patient quality of life and cancer outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Swanton
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK; Cancer Research UK Lung Cancer Centre of Excellence, University College London Cancer Institute, London, UK.
| | - Elsa Bernard
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK; INSERM U981, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | | | - Fabrice André
- INSERM U981, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France; Department of Medical Oncology, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France; Paris Saclay University, Kremlin-Bicetre, France
| | - Johan Auwerx
- Laboratory of Integrative Systems Physiology, Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Allan Balmain
- UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - René Bernards
- Division of Molecular Carcinogenesis, Oncode Institute, the Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Susan Bullman
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - James DeGregori
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | | | - Ayelet Erez
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Gerard Evan
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK; Kings College London, London, UK
| | - Mark A Febbraio
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Andrés Hidalgo
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06519, USA; Area of Cardiovascular Regeneration, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Mariam Jamal-Hanjani
- Cancer Research UK Lung Cancer Centre of Excellence, University College London Cancer Institute, London, UK
| | - Johanna A Joyce
- Department of Oncology, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Katja Lamia
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jason W Locasale
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA; Department of Molecular and Structural Biochemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Sherene Loi
- Division of Cancer Research, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; The Sir Department of Medical Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Miriam Merad
- Department of immunology and immunotherapy, Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kathryn Musgrave
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle, UK; Department of Haematology, The Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Ketan J Patel
- MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Sergio Quezada
- Cancer Immunology Unit, Research Department of Haematology, University College London Cancer Institute, London, UK
| | - Jennifer A Wargo
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ashani Weeraratna
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Eileen White
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA; Ludwig Princeton Branch, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Frank Winkler
- Neurology Clinic and National Center for Tumor Diseases, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuro-oncology, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - John N Wood
- Molecular Nociception Group, WIBR, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - Douglas Hanahan
- Lausanne Branch, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Lausanne, Switzerland; Swiss institute for Experimental Cancer Research (ISREC), EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland; Agora Translational Cancer Research Center, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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4
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Hughes ME, Abruzzi KC, Allada R, Anafi R, Arpat AB, Asher G, Baldi P, de Bekker C, Bell-Pedersen D, Blau J, Brown S, Ceriani MF, Chen Z, Chiu JC, Cox J, Crowell AM, DeBruyne JP, Dijk DJ, DiTacchio L, Doyle FJ, Duffield GE, Dunlap JC, Eckel-Mahan K, Esser KA, FitzGerald GA, Forger DB, Francey LJ, Fu YH, Gachon F, Gatfield D, de Goede P, Golden SS, Green C, Harer J, Harmer S, Haspel J, Hastings MH, Herzel H, Herzog ED, Hoffmann C, Hong C, Hughey JJ, Hurley JM, de la Iglesia HO, Johnson C, Kay SA, Koike N, Kornacker K, Kramer A, Lamia K, Leise T, Lewis SA, Li J, Li X, Liu AC, Loros JJ, Martino TA, Menet JS, Merrow M, Millar AJ, Mockler T, Naef F, Nagoshi E, Nitabach MN, Olmedo M, Nusinow DA, Ptáček LJ, Rand D, Reddy AB, Robles MS, Roenneberg T, Rosbash M, Ruben MD, Rund SSC, Sancar A, Sassone-Corsi P, Sehgal A, Sherrill-Mix S, Skene DJ, Storch KF, Takahashi JS, Ueda HR, Wang H, Weitz C, Westermark PO, Wijnen H, Xu Y, Wu G, Yoo SH, Young M, Zhang EE, Zielinski T, Hogenesch JB. Guidelines for Genome-Scale Analysis of Biological Rhythms. J Biol Rhythms 2017; 32:380-393. [PMID: 29098954 PMCID: PMC5692188 DOI: 10.1177/0748730417728663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Genome biology approaches have made enormous contributions to our understanding of biological rhythms, particularly in identifying outputs of the clock, including RNAs, proteins, and metabolites, whose abundance oscillates throughout the day. These methods hold significant promise for future discovery, particularly when combined with computational modeling. However, genome-scale experiments are costly and laborious, yielding “big data” that are conceptually and statistically difficult to analyze. There is no obvious consensus regarding design or analysis. Here we discuss the relevant technical considerations to generate reproducible, statistically sound, and broadly useful genome-scale data. Rather than suggest a set of rigid rules, we aim to codify principles by which investigators, reviewers, and readers of the primary literature can evaluate the suitability of different experimental designs for measuring different aspects of biological rhythms. We introduce CircaInSilico, a web-based application for generating synthetic genome biology data to benchmark statistical methods for studying biological rhythms. Finally, we discuss several unmet analytical needs, including applications to clinical medicine, and suggest productive avenues to address them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael E Hughes
- 1 Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Katherine C Abruzzi
- 2 Department of Biology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ravi Allada
- 3 Department of Neurobiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA
| | - Ron Anafi
- 4 Division of Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Alaaddin Bulak Arpat
- 5 Center for Integrative Genomics, Génopode, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,6 Vital-IT, Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Gad Asher
- 7 Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Pierre Baldi
- 8 Institute for Genomics and Bioinformatics, University of California, Irvine, USA
| | | | | | - Justin Blau
- 11 Department of Biology, New York University, New York, USA
| | - Steve Brown
- 12 Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zürich, Switzerland
| | - M Fernanda Ceriani
- 13 Laboratorio de Genética del Comportamiento, Fundación Instituto Leloir, IIBBA-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Zheng Chen
- 14 Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, USA
| | - Joanna C Chiu
- 15 Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California, Davis, USA
| | - Juergen Cox
- 16 Computational Systems Biochemistry, Max-Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Alexander M Crowell
- 17 Department of Molecular and Systems Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Jason P DeBruyne
- 18 Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Derk-Jan Dijk
- 19 Surrey Sleep Research Centre, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | - Luciano DiTacchio
- 20 The University of Kansas Medical Center, University of Kansas, Kansas City, USA
| | - Francis J Doyle
- 21 John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Giles E Duffield
- 22 Department of Biological Sciences and Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, USA
| | - Jay C Dunlap
- 17 Department of Molecular and Systems Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Kristin Eckel-Mahan
- 23 Institute of Molecular Medicine, McGovern Medical School, UT Health Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Karyn A Esser
- 24 Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, USA
| | - Garret A FitzGerald
- 25 Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Daniel B Forger
- 26 Department of Mathematics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA
| | - Lauren J Francey
- 27 Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Ying-Hui Fu
- 28 Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience, Weill Institute of Neuroscience, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - Frédéric Gachon
- 29 Department of Diabetes and Circadian Rhythms, Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - David Gatfield
- 5 Center for Integrative Genomics, Génopode, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Paul de Goede
- 30 Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Susan S Golden
- 31 Center for Circadian Biology and Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, USA
| | - Carla Green
- 32 Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, USA
| | - John Harer
- 33 Department of Mathematics, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Stacey Harmer
- 34 Department of Plant Biology, University of California, Davis, USA
| | - Jeff Haspel
- 1 Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Michael H Hastings
- 35 Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK
| | - Hanspeter Herzel
- 36 Institute for Theoretical Biology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
| | - Erik D Herzog
- 37 Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Christy Hoffmann
- 1 Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Christian Hong
- 27 Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Jacob J Hughey
- 38 Department of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Jennifer M Hurley
- 39 Department of Biological Sciences, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York, USA
| | | | - Carl Johnson
- 41 Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Steve A Kay
- 42 Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, USA
| | - Nobuya Koike
- 43 Department of Physiology and Systems Bioscience, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Japan
| | - Karl Kornacker
- 44 Division of Sensory Biophysics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, USA
| | - Achim Kramer
- 45 Laboratory of Chronobiology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
| | - Katja Lamia
- 46 Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Tanya Leise
- 47 Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Amherst College, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Scott A Lewis
- 1 Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Jiajia Li
- 1 Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.,48 Department of Biology, University of Missouri-St. Louis, USA
| | - Xiaodong Li
- 49 Department of Cell Biology, College of Life Sciences at Wuhan University, China
| | - Andrew C Liu
- 50 Department of Biological Sciences, University of Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Jennifer J Loros
- 51 Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Tami A Martino
- 52 Centre for Cardiovascular Investigations, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jerome S Menet
- 10 Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, USA
| | - Martha Merrow
- 53 Institute of Medical Psychology, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Germany
| | - Andrew J Millar
- 54 SynthSys and School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, UK
| | - Todd Mockler
- 55 Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Felix Naef
- 56 The Institute of Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Emi Nagoshi
- 57 Department of Genetics and Evolution, University of Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Michael N Nitabach
- 58 Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Department of Genetics, Kavli Institute for Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Maria Olmedo
- 59 Department of Genetics, University of Seville, Spain
| | - Dmitri A Nusinow
- 55 Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Louis J Ptáček
- 60 Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - David Rand
- 61 Warwick Systems Biology and Mathematics Institute, University of Warwick, Conventry, UK
| | - Akhilesh B Reddy
- 62 The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK, and UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
| | - Maria S Robles
- 53 Institute of Medical Psychology, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Germany
| | - Till Roenneberg
- 53 Institute of Medical Psychology, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Germany
| | - Michael Rosbash
- 2 Department of Biology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Marc D Ruben
- 27 Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Samuel S C Rund
- 63 Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, UK
| | - Aziz Sancar
- 64 Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, USA
| | - Paolo Sassone-Corsi
- 65 Department of Biological Chemistry, Center for Epigenetics and Metabolism, University of California, Irvine, USA
| | - Amita Sehgal
- 66 Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Scott Sherrill-Mix
- 67 Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Debra J Skene
- 68 Chronobiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | - Kai-Florian Storch
- 69 Department of Psychiatry, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Joseph S Takahashi
- 70 Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, USA
| | - Hiroki R Ueda
- 71 Department of Systems Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan Laboratory for Synthetic Biology, RIKEN Quantitative Biology Center, Osaka, Japan
| | - Han Wang
- 72 Center for Circadian Clocks, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Charles Weitz
- 73 Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Pål O Westermark
- 74 Institute of Genetics and Biometry, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology, Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Herman Wijnen
- 75 Biological Sciences and Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, UK
| | - Ying Xu
- 76 Cam-Su GRC, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Gang Wu
- 27 Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Seung-Hee Yoo
- 14 Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, USA
| | - Michael Young
- 77 Laboratory of Genetics, Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA
| | | | - Tomasz Zielinski
- 54 SynthSys and School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, UK
| | - John B Hogenesch
- 27 Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
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5
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Zhao X, Hirota T, Han X, Cho H, Chong LW, Lamia K, Liu S, Atkins AR, Banayo E, Liddle C, Yu RT, Yates JR, Kay SA, Downes M, Evans RM. Circadian Amplitude Regulation via FBXW7-Targeted REV-ERBα Degradation. Cell 2016; 165:1644-1657. [PMID: 27238018 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2016.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2015] [Revised: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Defects in circadian rhythm influence physiology and behavior with implications for the treatment of sleep disorders, metabolic disease, and cancer. Although core regulatory components of clock rhythmicity have been defined, insight into the mechanisms underpinning amplitude is limited. Here, we show that REV-ERBα, a core inhibitory component of clock transcription, is targeted for ubiquitination and subsequent degradation by the F-box protein FBXW7. By relieving REV-ERBα-dependent repression, FBXW7 provides an unrecognized mechanism for enhancing the amplitude of clock gene transcription. Cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (CDK1)-mediated phosphorylation of REV-ERBα is necessary for FBXW7 recognition. Moreover, targeted hepatic disruption of FBXW7 alters circadian expression of core clock genes and perturbs whole-body lipid and glucose levels. This CDK1-FBXW7 pathway controlling REV-ERBα repression defines an unexpected molecular mechanism for re-engaging the positive transcriptional arm of the clock, as well as a potential route to manipulate clock amplitude via small molecule CDK1 inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Zhao
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Tsuyoshi Hirota
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan; PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Xuemei Han
- Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Han Cho
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Ling-Wa Chong
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Katja Lamia
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Sihao Liu
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Annette R Atkins
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Ester Banayo
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Christopher Liddle
- Storr Liver Centre, Westmead Millennium Institute, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Ruth T Yu
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - John R Yates
- Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Steve A Kay
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan; Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Michael Downes
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
| | - Ronald M Evans
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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