Prediction of pathological response to preoperative chemotherapy for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma using 2-[18F]-fluoro-2-deoxy-d-glucose positron-emission tomography

AIM

To determine whether the pathological response to preoperative chemotherapy for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) can be predicted using 2-[18F]-fluoro-2-deoxy-d-glucose positron-emission tomography (F-18 FDG-PET).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Twenty-eight patients with PDAC who underwent only neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) before surgery were enrolled in the study. All patients had F-18 FDG-PET examinations before NAC. The resected specimen was pathologically evaluated according to the Classification of Pancreatic Carcinoma (7th edn). Patients were categorised into a non-response group and a response group based on the pathological findings. The non-response group (Grades 1a and 1b) showed ≤50% necrosis in the specimen, while the specimens of the response group (Grades 2-3) showed >50% necrosis. The maximum standardised uptake values (SUVmax) of the tumours on F-18 FDG-PET were measured. The mean values of SUVmax were compared between the two groups. The diagnostic performance of SUVmax in distinguishing the two groups was also evaluated using receiver operating characteristic analysis.

RESULTS

The mean SUVmax of the response group was higher than that of the non-response group (9.00 ± 1.78 versus 4.26 ± 2.35; p<0.001). The optimal cut-off value of SUVmax was 9.28 for distinguishing the two groups. The sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy for the prediction in the response group were 80%, 95.7%, and 92.9%, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS

SUVmax on F-18 FDG-PET may be useful as a biomarker to predict the pathological response to NAC in patients with PDAC.

A phase II trial of stereotactic body radiotherapy in 4 fractions for patients with localized prostate cancer

Purpose/objective(s)

To report results from our phase II study of stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) delivering 36 Gy in 4 fractions for patients with localized prostate cancer.

Materials/methods

We enrolled 55 patients treated with SBRT delivering 36 Gy in 4 fractions between 2015 to 2018. All patients were categorized as low-risk (n = 4), intermediate-risk (n = 31) or high-risk (n = 20) according to National Comprehensive Cancer Network criteria. Median age was 73 years (range 54–86 years). Two-thirds of patients (n = 37) had received androgen-deprivation therapy for 3–46 months (median, 31 months). Median duration of follow-up was 36 months (range 1–54 months). We used Radiation Therapy Oncology Group and National Cancer Institute—Common Toxicity Criteria version 4 for toxicity assessments. Quality of life (QOL) outcomes were also evaluated using the Expanded Prostate Cancer Index Composite (EPIC).

Results

Protocol treatments were completed for all patients. Six patients experienced biochemical failures. Among these six patients, three patients experienced clinical failure. One patient showed bone metastasis before biochemical failure. One patient died of gastric cancer. The 3-year biochemical control rate was 89.8%. Acute grade 2 genitourinary (GU) and gastrointestinal (GI) toxicities were observed in 5 patients (9%) and 6 patients (11%), respectively. No grade 3 or higher acute toxicities were observed. Late grade 2 GU and GI toxicities were observed in 7 patients (13%) and 4 patients (7%), respectively. Late grade 3 GU and GI toxicities were observed in 1 patient (1.8%) each. EPIC scores decreased slightly during the acute phase and recovered within 3 months after treatment.

Conclusion

Our phase II study showed that SBRT delivering 36 Gy in 4 fractions was safe and effective with favorable QOL outcomes, although this regimen showed slightly more severe toxicities compared to current standards.

Triterpenoid glycosides from Ladenbergia hexandra Klotzsch

From the bark of Ladenbergia hexandra Klotzsch, ten triterpenoid glycosides were isolated along with five known compounds, and their structures were determined based on extensive NMR and mass spectroscopic, GC and HPLC analyses. Some triterpenoid glycosides contained 6-deoxy-D-allose or D-allose as a sugar moiety. The absolute stereochemical assignment of the sugars was determined by comparison with synthetic samples, as well as by GC and HPLC analysis.

The GANT61, a GLI inhibitor, induces caspase-independent apoptosis of SK-N-LO cells

GANT61 is a small-molecule inhibitor of glioma-associated oncogene 1 (GLI1)- and GLI2-mediated transcription at the nuclear level that exerts its effect by preventing DNA binding. It has been demonstrated to induce cell death against Ewing's sarcoma family tumor (ESFT) cell lines in a dose-dependent manner. The most sensitive cell line was SK-N-LO, which expresses the EWS-FLI1 fusion gene. SK-N-LO cells treated with GANT61 showed cellular and nuclear morphological changes, including cell shrinkage, chromatin condensation and nuclear fragmentation, in a concentration-dependent manner, as visualized by Hoechst 33342 staining. Furthermore, annexin V-propidium iodide (PI) double-staining revealed a significant increase in the number of late apoptotic cells. GANT61 induced a significant decrease in the proportion of cells in the S phase. Significant decrease of the protein levels of GLI2, survivin, cyclin A and claspin, and significant increase of p21 expression was also observed in the cells treated with GANT61. Moreover, poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) cleavage was observed, but no cleavage of caspase-3 or -7, or any change in the expressions of Bcl-2 or p53 were observed. These findings suggest that GANT61 induces cell death of SK-N-LO cells in a caspase-independent manner, by inhibiting DNA replication in the S phase.

Phenolic diterpenes derived from Hyptis incana induce apoptosis and G(2)/M arrest of neuroblastoma cells

BACKGROUND

Neuroblastoma is one of the most commonly encountered solid tumors in the pediatric age group, and the prognosis of patients with advanced neuroblastoma is very poor. In this study, the antitumor effects of five phenolic diterpenes derived from Hyptis incana (Lamiaceae), a Brazilian medicinal plant, were examined on neuroblastoma cells.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Cytotoxicity was assessed by the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Apoptotic nuclear shrinkage was monitored by Hoechst 33342 staining. The cell-cycle status was evaluated by flow cytometry and protein alterations were monitored by western blotting. Differentiated cells were photographed and counted in a randomized fashion.

RESULTS

All of the examined compounds exhibited significant cytotoxicity towards the neuroblastoma cells. In particular, 7-ethoxyrosmanol had a high degree of efficacy. Nuclear condensation and degradation of procaspase-3 and -9 were observed after treatment of the cells with these compounds. Moreover, phenolic diterpenes induced cell-cycle arrest in the G(2)/M phase. Rosmanol and epirosmanol tended to induce differentiation.

CONCLUSION

Phenolic diterpenes isolated from H. incana have multiple antitumor effects on neuroblastoma cells.

Kuguaglycoside C, a constituent of Momordica charantia, induces caspase-independent cell death of neuroblastoma cells

Kuguaglycoside C is a triterpene glycoside isolated from the leaves of Momordica charantia, and the biological effects of this compound remain almost unknown. We investigated the anti-cancer effect of kuguaglycoside C against human neuroblastoma IMR-32 cells. In the MTT assay, kuguaglycoside C induced significant cytotoxicity against the IMR-32 cells (IC(50) : 12.6 μM) after 48 h treatment. Although examination by Hoechst 33342 staining revealed that kuguaglycoside C induced nuclear shrinkage at a high concentration (100 μM), no apoptotic bodies were observed on flow cytometry. No activation of caspase-3 or caspase-9 was observed at the effective concentration (30 μM) of kuguaglycoside C. On the other hand, the substance significantly decreased the expression of survivin and cleaved poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP). Kuguaglycoside C also significantly increased the expression and cleavage of apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF). Moreover, kuguaglycoside C was found to induce caspase-independent DNA cleavage in the dual-fluorescence apoptosis detection assay. These results suggest that kuguaglycoside C induces caspase-independent cell death, and is involved, at least in part, in the mechanism underlying cell necroptosis.

Use of ultrasound in assessment of necrotic tissue in pressure ulcers with adjacent undermining

OBJECTIVE

To reveal the specific ultrasonic imaging findings of non-visible necrotic tissue in pressure ulcers (PUs) with undermining and describe the images objectively. The predictive validity of the specific images of the undermined necrotic tissue was also determined.

METHOD

Using digital ultrasonography (12 MHz linear transducer, MyLab25; Hitachi Medical Corporation), we imaged PUs with undermining every 2 weeks. PUs were also monitored by DESIGN-R, a PU assessment tool, at the same time.

RESULTS

Ten patients had 11 PUs with undermining and all ulcers were located in the sacral region. The necrotic tissue showed high echogenicity with no layers, unclear borders and an uneven gray level (cloud-like image). Granulation tissue appeared as a low echoic image which had no layers, was of coarse resolution and an even gray level. There were significant differences between the pixel uniformity of the necrotic tissue (84.0) and granulation tissue (53.9) compared with uninjured tissue (65.5; p=0.000 and 0.005, respectively). The sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values of cloud-like image were 87.5%, 91.7%, 77.8% and 95.6%, respectively.

CONCLUSION

The results suggest that cloud-like image is the most useful diagnostic indicator for non-visible necrotic tissue in PUs with undermining and is the best prognostic indicator for PU healing.

DECLARATION OF INTEREST

The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare. There were no external sources of funding for this study.

Evaluation of nutritional status and skin condition among elderly residents in a long-term care hospital

OBJECTIVE

The availability of nutritional screening tools for older adults is limited, depending on their physical characteristics or the setting. We investigated the relationships between various nutritional indicators and skin conditions as possible screening indicators.

DESIGN

Cross-sectional study.

SETTING

A long-term care hospital in Japan.

PARTICIPANTS

90 elderly residents who were aged ≥65 years old.

MEASUREMENTS

The nutritional status of the residents was assessed by body mass index (BMI), involuntary weight loss, arm muscle area, and serum albumin and prealbumin levels. Leg skin condition was evaluated by: 1) functional factors including pH, hydration and transepidermal water loss; 2) skin color including L*, a*, b* and individual typology angle (ITA°) using a tristimulus colorimetric instrument; and 3) skin morphology. Repeated measures analysis of variance was employed, adjusted for demographic characteristics and room temperature, with measurement site as the repeated variable.

RESULTS

Among the skin indicators, b* was significantly correlated with BMI (p=0.018), and weight loss over the previous month (p=0.042) and 6 months (p=0.002). Additionally, ITA° was associated with weight loss over 1 month (p=0.013). Both b* and ITA° showed the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.64 to 0.80 for weight loss >2% over 1 month.

CONCLUSIONS

Residents with poorer nutritional status had yellower and darker skin color.

3-O-(E)-p-coumaroyl tormentic acid from Eriobotrya japonica leaves induces caspase-dependent apoptotic cell death in human leukemia cell line

Eleven triterpene acids, 1-11, isolated from the leaves of Eriobotrya japonica, were evaluated for inhibition of DNA topoisomerase (Topo) I and cytotoxicity against human leukemia (HL60) and melanoma cell lines (CRL1579). Among the compounds tested, four compounds, δ-oleanolic acid (4), ursolic acid (5), 3-O-(E)-p-coumaroyl tormentic acid (8), and betulinic acid (10), exhibited potent Topo I inhibitory activity (IC(50) 20.3-36.5 µM) and cytotoxicity against HL60 (EC(50) 5.0-8.1 µM). Upon assessing the apoptosis-inducing activity in HL60 cells, compound 8 exhibited induction of apoptosis detected by the observation of DNA fragmentation and membrane phospholipid exposure in flow cytometry. Western blot analysis showed that compound 8 markedly reduced the levels of procaspases-3 and 9, while being increased the levels of cleaved caspases-3 and 9. On the other hand, compound 8 exerted almost no influence on the expression of caspase-8. In addition, compound 8 increased significantly Bax/Bcl-2 ratio and activated caspase-2. These results suggested that compound 8 induced apoptotic cell death in HL60 via mainly mitochondrial pathway by, at least in part, Topo I inhibition. Therefore, compound 8 may be promising lead compound for developing an effective drug for treatment of leukemia.

[Extended thymectomy and intraoperative-intrapleural perfusion hyperthermo-chemotherapy for stage IVa invasive thymoma with myasthenia gravis]

A 37-year-old woman diagnosed with ocular myasthenia gravis was referred to our department. Chest computed tomography (CT) showed anterior mediastinal tumor and right pleural dissemination. Extended thymectomy and right intraoperative-intrapleural perfusion hyperthermo-chemothrapy (IPHC) were performed. Pathological diagnosis was invasive thymoma type B2 and stage IVa based on Masaoka's classification. The post operative course was uneventful. The patient underwent 4 cycles of adjuvant chemotherapy with doxorubicin, cisplatin, vincristine, and cyclophosphamide (ADOC), and is free from recurrence at 12 months postoperatively.

Cytotoxic and apoptosis-inducing activities of limonoids from the seeds of Azadirachta indica (neem)

Thirty-five limonoids, including 15 of the azadiradione type (1-15), five of the gedunin type (16-20), four of the azadirachtin type (21-24), nine of the nimbin type (25-33), and two degraded limonoids (34, 35), isolated from Azadirachta indica seed extracts, were evaluated for their cytotoxic activities against five human cancer cell lines. Seven compounds (3, 6, 7, 16, 18, 28, and 29) exhibited cytotoxic activity against one or more cell lines. Among these compounds, 7-deacetyl-7-benzoylepoxyazadiradione (7), 7-deacetyl-7-benzoylgeduin (18), and 28-deoxonimbolide (28) exhibited potent cytotoxic activity against HL60 leukemia cells with IC(50) values in the range 2.7-3.1 μM. Compounds 7, 18, and 28 induced early apoptosis in HL60 cells, observed by flow cytometry. Western blot analysis showed that compounds 7, 18, and 28 activated caspases-3, -8, and -9 in HL60 cells. This suggested that compounds 7, 18, and 28 induced apoptotic cell death in HL60 cells via both the mitochondrial- and the death receptor-mediated pathways. Futhermore, compound 7 was shown to possess high selective cytotoxicity for leukemia cells since it exhibited only weak cytotoxicity against a normal lymphocyte cell line (RPMI 1788).

Acute application of cisplatin affects methylation status in neuroblastoma cells

The pharmacological mechanism of the anti-cancer effect of cisplatin is well known to be DNA intercalation, but the direct or indirect effects of cisplatin on protein expression in cancer cells remain to be explained. In this study, we used a proteomic approach to clarify the early impact of cisplatin on protein expression. In a 2-dimensional gel electrophoresis proteomic experiment, the application of cisplatin for 24 h increased the expression of four proteins and decreased the levels of one protein in neuroblastoma IMR-32 cells. Levels of S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine hydrolase, a key enzyme in methylation metabolism, were increased the most. Therefore, we examined the methylation status of histone proteins. Histone H3K9 methylation was reduced by the application of cisplatin for 24 h. These results suggest that acute cisplatin treatment alters methylation status. Thus, these data can help clarify the unknown pharmacological mechanisms of cisplatin, including the anticancer effect, adverse effects and/or the mechanism of drug resistance.

Cytotoxic and apoptosis-inducing activities of triterpene acids from Poria cocos

Six lanostane-type triterpene acids (1a-6a), isolated from Poria cocos , and their methyl ester (1b-6b) and hydroxy derivatives (1c-6c) were prepared. Upon evaluation of the cytotoxic activity of these compounds against leukemia (HL60), lung (A549), melanoma (CRL1579), ovary (NIH:OVCAR-3), breast (SK-BR-3), prostate (DU145), stomach (AZ521), and pancreas (PANC-1) cancer cell lines, 11 compounds (5a, 6a, 2b-5b, 1c, and 3c-6c) exhibited activity with single-digit micromolar IC(50) values against one or more cell lines. Poricotriol A (1c), a hydroxy derivative of poricoic acid A (1a), exhibited potent cytotoxicities against six cell lines with IC(50) values of 1.2-5.5 μM. Poricotriol A induced typical apoptotic cell death in HL60 and A549 cells on evaluation of the apoptosis-inducing activity by flow cytometric analysis. Western blot analysis in HL60 cells showed that poricotriol A activated caspases-3, -8, and -9, while increasing the ratio of Bax/Bcl-2. This suggested that poricotriol A induced apoptosis via both mitochondrial and death receptor pathways in HL60. On the other hand, poricotriol A did not activate caspases-3, -8, and -9, but induced translocation of apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) from mitochondria and increased the ratio of Bax/Bcl-2 in A549. This suggested that poricotriol A induced apoptosis via the mitochondrial pathway mostly by translocation of AIF, independent from the caspase pathway in A549. Furthermore, poricotriol A was shown to possess high selective toxicity in lung cancer cells since it exhibited only weak cytotoxicity against a normal lung cell line (WI-38).

Albanol A from the root bark of Morus alba L. induces apoptotic cell death in HL60 human leukemia cell line

Albanol A (1), isolated from the root bark extract of Morus alba (mulberry), was evaluated for the cytotoxic and apoptosis-inducing activities in human leukemia (HL60) cells, and for the inhibitory activity in human DNA topoisomerases (Topo) I and II. This compound showed potent cytotoxic activity (IC(50) 1.7 microM) on the cells, and potent inhibitory activity on topoisomerase II (IC(50) 22.8 microM). In addition, albanol A induced early apoptosis which was detected by observing the membrane phospholipid exposure in flow cytometry. Western blot analysis showed that albanol A markedly reduced the levels of procaspases-3, 8, and 9, while being increased the levels of cleaved caspases-3, 8, and 9. The Bax/Bcl-2 ratio was significantly increased by albanol A treatment. Furthermore, albanol A induced caspase-2 activation. These results suggested that albanol A induces apoptotic cell death in HL60 via both the cell death receptor pathway by stimulation of death receptor, and the mitochondrial pathway by Topo II inhibition through caspase-2 activation. Therefore, albanol A may be a promising lead compound for developing an effective drug for treatment of leukemia.

Pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic evaluation of CS-526 in cynomolgus monkeys

In the present study, we evaluated the effect of the novel acid pump antagonist 7-(4-fluorobenzyloxy)-2,3-dimethyl-1-{[(1S,2S)-2-methylcyclopropyl]methyl}-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyridazine (CS-526) on the intragastric acidity of cynomolgus monkeys. The study was performed in a crossover manner with five male animals. CS-526 was administered orally or intravenously at doses of 3.0, 10 and 30 mg/kg, or 0.3, 1.0 and 3.0 mg/kg, respectively. The time period in which the intragastric pH was 4.0 or more (Time(pH > or = 4.0)) and the median pH were calculated for 24 h after the administration. The intragastric pH was elevated after CS-526 treatment. The Time(pH > or = 4.0) was increased in a dose-dependent manner (p = 0.0292) in the oral administration, and the median pH was also increased in a dose-dependent fashion (p = 0.0491) in the intravenous administration. The plasma concentration of CS-526 and its metabolite R-130185 was increased after oral and intravenous administration of CS-526, except for one animal which did not show any detectable amount of R-130185 after intravenous administration at the lowest dose. The area under the time-concentration curve of the active component was increased in the dose proportional manner after oral and intravenous administration. The absolute bioavailability of the active component was estimated to be approximately 1%. Correlation between the pharmacodynamic parameters and the pharmacokinetic parameters was observed in oral (p = 0.0029-0.0745), but not in intravenous administration (p = 0.0558-0.2789). In conclusion, oral and intravenous administration of CS-526 showed inhibition on gastric acidity in cynomolgus monkeys using intragastric pH-metry and some pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic parameters were well correlated.

Diarylheptanoids derived from Alpinia officinarum induce apoptosis, S-phase arrest and differentiation in human neuroblastoma cells

BACKGROUND

We have previously screened many natural products for their cytotoxic effects on neuroblastoma cell lines, and two diarylheptanoids derived from Alpinia officinarum, 7-(4''-hydroxy-3''-methoxyphenyl)-1-phenyl-4E-hepten-3-one (Compound 1) and (5R)-5-methoxy-7-(4''-hydroxy-3''-methoxyphenyl)-1-phenyl-3-heptanone (Compound 2), were shown to have potent cytotoxicity. On this basis, a detailed study of the antitumor activities of these two diarylheptanoids in neuroblastoma cell lines was performed.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Cytotoxicity was assessed by 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. To measure apoptosis, nuclear shrinkage was monitored by Hoechst 33342 staining, and activation of caspases 3 and 9 was monitored by Western blotting. Cell cycle status was evaluated by flow cytometry with propidium iodide staining. Differentiated cells were photographed and counted in a randomized fashion.

RESULTS

Both diarylheptanoids showed significant cytotoxicity against neuroblastoma cell lines (IMR-32, SK-N-SH, NB-39). The compounds induced nuclear shrinkage and fragmentation, and activated caspase-3 and caspase-9. Flow cytometric analysis revealed induction of S-phase cell cycle arrest concurrently with an increased sub-G(1) cell population. Moreover, a low concentration (10(-8) M) of Compound 1 induced significant neurite branching in the NB-39 cell line.

CONCLUSION

Diarylheptanoids derived from A. officinarum have marked activity against neuroblastoma cells, acting through multiple mechanisms. Our results suggest that the two compounds studied here may be useful for the treatment of patients with neuroblastoma.

Therapeutic effects of gelatin matrix-embedded IL-12 gene-modified macrophages in a mouse model of residual prostate cancer

We evaluated the potential use of intraoperative gelatin matrix hemostatic sealant (GMHS; FloSeal; Baxter Healthcare) embedded with macrophages (Mphi) transduced with murine interleukin (IL)-12 recombinant adenoviral vector (G/Mphi/AdmIL-12) for prevention of recurrence of prostate cancer following radical prostatectomy. Application of G/Mphi/AdmIL-12 resulted in significant suppression of tumor growth and spontaneous lung metastases, a statistically significant survival advantage of the G/Mphi/AdmIL-12-treated animals, more efficient trafficking of Mphi to lymph nodes draining from the prostate and generation of systemic natural killer cell activity and tumor-specific cytolytic T lymphocyte responses compared to the controls in a preclinical mouse model of residual prostate cancer. Our data recommend this treatment as a novel adjuvant for prevention of local recurrence of prostate cancer following radical prostatectomy.

New cytotoxic diarylheptanoids from the rhizomes of Alpinia officinarum

Bioassay-guided fractionation of the cytotoxic MeOH extract from the rhizomes of Alpinia officinarum Hance led to the isolation of two new diarylheptanoids named alpinoid D (1) and E (2), together with fifteen known diarylheptanoids (3 - 17). The structures of compounds 1 and 2 were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic data and chemical evidence. The cytotoxic activity of the isolated diarylheptanoids was evaluated against the IMR-32 human neuroblastoma cell line. Among the tested compounds, 11, 12 and 14 exhibited the most potent activities with IC (50) values of 0.83, 0.23 and 0.11 microM, respectively.

Isobavachalcone, a chalcone constituent of Angelica keiskei, induces apoptosis in neuroblastoma

Six chalcones from Angelica keiskei KOIDZUMI (Ashitaba in Japanese) and two chalcones from Humulus lupulus L. (hop) were examined for their cytotoxicity in two human neuroblastoma cell lines (IMR-32 and NB-39) and normal cells (primary culture of rat cerebellar granule cells) by [3-(4,5)-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl]-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. All chalcones exhibited cytotoxicity against neuroblastoma cells, and two of them (isobavachalcone and xanthoangelol H) had no effect on normal cells even at high concentration (10(-4) M) exposure. Typical morphologic features of apoptosis, including cell shrinkage, chromatin condensation, nuclear fragmentation and formation of apoptotic bodies, were observed in isobavachalcone-treated cells by Hoechst 33342 staining. Western blot analysis showed that isobavachalcone significantly reduced pro-caspase-3 and pro-caspase-9, and subsequently increased the level of cleaved caspase-3 and cleaved caspase-9 in both neuroblastoma cell lines. Moreover, Bax was markedly induced by isobavachalcone application. These results suggest that isobavachalcone induces apoptotic cell death in neuroblastoma via the mitochondrial pathway and has no cytotoxicity against normal cells. Therefore, isobavachalcone may be applicable as an efficacious and safe drug for the treatment of neuroblastoma.

Pharmacological profile of novel acid pump antagonist 7-(4-fluorobenzyloxy)-2,3-dimethyl-1-{[(1S,2S)-2-methyl cyclopropyl]methyl}-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyridazine (CS-526)

The pharmacological profiles of the novel acid pump antagonist 7-(4-fluorobenzyloxy)-2,3-dimethyl-1-{[(1S,2S)-2-methylcyclopropyl]methyl}-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyridazine (CS-526) were investigated in terms of hog gastric H+,K+-ATPase activity, gastric acid secretion, and acute gastroesophageal lesions in comparison with other proton pump inhibitors (PPIs). CS-526 inhibited H+,K+-ATPase activity in a concentration-dependent manner, with an IC50 value of 61 nM. The inhibitory effect of CS-526 on H+,K+-ATPase activity was more potent than that of any of the other PPIs examined. The inhibitory mechanism of CS-526 on H+,K+-ATPase was a competitive antagonism to the K+ binding site of H+,K+-ATPase, and it was also a reversible inhibition. In pylorus-ligated rats, intraduodenal or oral administration of CS-526 inhibited gastric acid secretion in a dose-dependent manner, and the ID50 values were 2.8 or 0.7 mg/kg, respectively. In Heidenhain pouch dogs, intrapouch administration of CS-526 inhibited histamine-stimulated gastric acid secretion in a dose- and retention time-dependent manner. In a reflux esophagitis model, intraduodenal and oral administration of CS-526 prevented esophageal lesions with ID50 values of 5.4 and 1.9 mg/kg, respectively. Lansoprazole prevented esophagitis only by intraduodenal administration (ID50 = 2.2 mg/kg). Furthermore, CS-526 inhibited acute gastric mucosal lesions. These data demonstrate that the novel acid pump antagonist CS-526 has potent antisecretory and antiulcer effects. These findings indicate that CS-526 would have a curative effect on gastroesophageal reflux disease via its potent antisecretory and antiulcer actions.

Survivin expression levels as independent predictors of survival for osteosarcoma patients

Survivin expression has been detected in various cancers and correlations have been recognized between the level of expression of this gene in tumors and prognosis. However, the aforementioned authors did not evaluate correlations between prognosis and survivin expression levels using surgically resected samples. In this study, we retrospectively investigated outcomes by examining the correlations between expression of this gene and clinicopathological parameters. Biopsy and resected specimens from which paraffin-embedded tissues could be extracted, were available from 16 patients in our hospital. We used the RT-PCR method and conducted a densitometric analysis to determine the ratio of survivin relative to h-GAPDH as an internal marker. Expression of survivin mRNA was detected in all samples. There was a significant negative correlation between survivin expression levels and duration of follow up, in months, using the Spearman's rank for the initial biopsy samples (rho=-0.775, p<0.01) and those obtained after chemotherapy (rho=-0.687, p<0.01). Moreover, Cox multivariate regression identified the survivin expression levels in both biopsy and post-chemotherapy samples as independent predictors of survival. We conclude that survivin levels in both initial biopsy and post-chemotherapy samples are useful prognostic indicators.

A Novel Cyclophane Compound, CPPy, Facilitates NGF-Induced TrkA Signal Transduction and Induces Cell Differentiation in Neuroblastoma

Neuroblastoma (NB) often causes spontaneously regression, and can mature to ganglioneuroma. The form with the most favorable prognosis expresses high levels of TrkA, a high-affinity receptor for nerve growth factor (NGF), whereas advanced NB and associated cell lines have abnormalities in the NGF/TrkA signaling pathway. A novel cyclophane, cyclophane pyridine (CPPy), was designed to conserve the tyrosine phosphorylation of TrkA, thereby enhancing NGF/TrkA signal transduction. We investigated whether this compound improved NGF-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of the Y490 domain of TrkA and conserved the expression of an early gene (c-fos) in human NB cell lines (IMR-32 and NB-39). As determined by Western blotting, TrkA (Y490) phosphorylation was enhanced by the combination of CPPy (10(-8) M) and NGF (100 ng/ml) compared with NGF alone. CPPy also conserved NGF-induced c-fos mRNA expression. Moreover, CPPy induced the morphological differentiation of NB cells, leading to expression of the neuronal marker gene GAP-43. These data suggest that CPPy can induce the differentiation of NB cell lines by facilitating NGF-induced TrkA/Ras/MAPK signal transduction, and may therefore be an effective therapeutic agent for NB.

Cooperative effects of adenoviral vector-mediated interleukin 12 gene therapy with radiotherapy in a preclinical model of metastatic prostate cancer

We investigated the potential benefits of combining adenoviral vector mediated in situ interleukin-12 (AdmIL-12) gene therapy with radiation therapy (XRT) to enhance therapeutic efficacy. In a metastatic mouse prostate cancer cell line, 178-2 BMA, AdmIL-12+XRT demonstrated enhanced therapeutic activities in vitro as determined by clonogenic survival, apoptosis, and mIL-12 levels. At the molecular level, increased expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha mRNA was specific for the combined therapy. In a subcutaneous 178-2 BMA in vivo model, the combination of AdmIL-12+XRT produced statistically significant tumor growth suppression compared to control vector Adbetagal, Adbetagal XRT, or AdmIL-12 as monotherapy. In addition, significant prolongation of survival was demonstrated for the combination of AdmIL-12+XRT. The combination of AdmIL-12+XRT significantly suppressed both spontaneous and pre-established lung metastases, and led to a prolonged elevation of serum IL-12 and significantly increased natural killer (NK) activities. Importantly, in vivo depletion of NK cells resulted in significant attenuation of the antimetastatic activities of AdmIL-12 alone or AdmIL-12+XRT. These combined effects suggest that AdIL-12 gene therapy together with radiotherapy may achieve maximal tumor control (both local and systemic) in selected prostate cancer patients via radio-gene therapy induced local cytotoxicity and local and systemic antitumor immunity.

Anti-inflammatory activities of the triterpene acids from the resin of Boswellia carteri

Boswellic acids are the main well-known active components of the resin of Boswellia carteri (Burseraceae) and these are still dealing with the ethnomedicinal use for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and other inflammatory diseases. Although several studies have already been reported on the pharmacological properties, especially on the anti-inflammatory activity, of Boswellia carteri resin and boswellic acids, the ethnomedicinal importance of Boswellia carteri and its components, boswellic acids, prompted us to undertake detailed investigation on the constituents of the resin and their anti-inflammatory activity. Fifteen triterpene acids, viz., seven of the beta-boswellic acids (ursane-type) (1-7), two of the alpha-boswellic acids (oleanane-type) (8, 9), two of the lupeolic acids (lupane-type) (10, 11), and four of the tirucallane-type (12-14, 16), along with two cembrane-type diterpenes (17, 18), were isolated and identified from the methanol extract of the resin of Boswellia carteri. Upon evaluation of 17 compounds, 1-14 and 16-18, and compound 15, semi-synthesized from 14 by acetylation, for their inhibitory activity against 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA)-induced inflammation (1 microg/ear) in mice, all of the compounds, except for 18, exhibited marked anti-inflammatory activity with a 50% inhibitory dose (ID(50)) of 0.05-0.49 mg/ear.