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Zhang L, Cai T, Lin X, Huang X, Bui MH, Plotnik JP, Bellin RJ, Faivre EJ, Kuruvilla VM, Lam LT, Lu X, Zha Z, Feng W, Hessler P, Uziel T, Zhang Q, Cavazos A, Han L, Ferguson DC, Mehta G, Shanmugavelandy SS, Magoc TJ, Rowe J, Goodwin NC, Dorritie KA, Boyiadzis M, Albert DH, McDaniel KF, Kati WM, Konopleva M, Shen Y. Selective Inhibition of the Second Bromodomain of BET Family Proteins Results in Robust Antitumor Activity in Preclinical Models of Acute Myeloid Leukemia. Mol Cancer Ther 2021; 20:1809-1819. [PMID: 34253595 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-21-0029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Dual bromodomain BET inhibitors that bind with similar affinities to the first and second bromodomains across BRD2, BRD3, BRD4, and BRDT have displayed modest activity as monotherapy in clinical trials. Thrombocytopenia, closely followed by symptoms characteristic of gastrointestinal toxicity, have presented as dose-limiting adverse events that may have prevented escalation to higher dose levels required for more robust efficacy. ABBV-744 is a highly selective inhibitor for the second bromodomain of the four BET family proteins. In contrast to the broad antiproliferative activities observed with dual bromodomain BET inhibitors, ABBV-744 displayed significant antiproliferative activities largely although not exclusively in cancer cell lines derived from acute myeloid leukemia and androgen receptor positive prostate cancer. Studies in acute myeloid leukemia xenograft models demonstrated antitumor efficacy for ABBV-744 that was comparable with the pan-BET inhibitor ABBV-075 but with an improved therapeutic index. Enhanced antitumor efficacy was also observed with the combination of ABBV-744 and the BCL-2 inhibitor, venetoclax compared with monotherapies of either agent alone. These results collectively support the clinical evaluation of ABBV-744 in AML (Clinical Trials.gov identifier: NCT03360006).
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- Apoptosis
- Bridged Bicyclo Compounds, Heterocyclic/pharmacology
- Cell Proliferation
- Drug Therapy, Combination
- Female
- Humans
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/metabolism
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred NOD
- Mice, SCID
- Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2/antagonists & inhibitors
- Pyridines/pharmacology
- Pyrroles/pharmacology
- Sulfonamides/pharmacology
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
- Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Zhang
- Oncology Discovery, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois
| | - Tianyu Cai
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Xiaoyu Lin
- Oncology Discovery, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois
| | - Xiaoli Huang
- Oncology Discovery, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois
| | - Mai H Bui
- Oncology Discovery, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois
| | | | | | - Emily J Faivre
- Oncology Discovery, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois
| | - Vinitha M Kuruvilla
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Lloyd T Lam
- Oncology Discovery, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois
| | - Xin Lu
- Genomic Research Center, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois
| | - Zheng Zha
- Cyteir Therapeutics, 128 Spring Street, Lexington, Massachusetts
| | - Weiguo Feng
- Genomic Research Center, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois
| | | | - Tamar Uziel
- Oncology Discovery, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois
| | - Qi Zhang
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Antonio Cavazos
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Lina Han
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | | | - Gaurav Mehta
- Oncology Discovery, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois
| | | | - Terrance J Magoc
- Cyteir Therapeutics, 128 Spring Street, Lexington, Massachusetts
| | - Jenny Rowe
- Charles River Laboratories, Wilmington, Massachusetts
| | | | - Kathleen A Dorritie
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Michael Boyiadzis
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | | | | | - Warren M Kati
- Oncology Discovery, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois
| | - Marina Konopleva
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.
| | - Yu Shen
- Oncology Discovery, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois.
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Hong RS, Mattei A, Sheikh AY, Bhardwaj RM, Bellucci MA, McDaniel KF, Pierce MO, Sun G, Li S, Wang L, Mondal S, Ji J, Borchardt TB. Novel Physics-Based Ensemble Modeling Approach That Utilizes 3D Molecular Conformation and Packing to Access Aqueous Thermodynamic Solubility: A Case Study of Orally Available Bromodomain and Extraterminal Domain Inhibitor Lead Optimization Series. J Chem Inf Model 2021; 61:1412-1426. [PMID: 33661005 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.0c01410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Drug design with patient centricity for ease of administration and pill burden requires robust understanding of the impact of chemical modifications on relevant physicochemical properties early in lead optimization. To this end, we have developed a physics-based ensemble approach to predict aqueous thermodynamic crystalline solubility, with a 2D chemical structure as the input. Predictions for the bromodomain and extraterminal domain (BET) inhibitor series show very close match (0.5 log unit) with measured thermodynamic solubility for cases with low crystal anisotropy and good match (1 log unit) for high anisotropy structures. The importance of thermodynamic solubility is clearly demonstrated by up to a 4 log unit drop in solubility compared to kinetic (amorphous) solubility in some cases and implications thereof, for instance on human dose. We have also demonstrated that incorporating predicted crystal structures in thermodynamic solubility prediction is necessary to differentiate (up to 4 log unit) between solubility of molecules within the series. Finally, our physics-based ensemble approach provides valuable structural insights into the origins of 3-D conformational landscapes, crystal polymorphism, and anisotropy that can be leveraged for both drug design and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard S Hong
- Research & Development, AbbVie Inc., 1 N Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Alessandra Mattei
- Research & Development, AbbVie Inc., 1 N Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Ahmad Y Sheikh
- Research & Development, AbbVie Inc., 1 N Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Rajni Miglani Bhardwaj
- Research & Development, AbbVie Inc., 1 N Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Michael A Bellucci
- XtalPi, Inc., 245 Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Keith F McDaniel
- Research & Development, AbbVie Inc., 1 N Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - M Olivia Pierce
- Schrödinger Inc., 120 W 45th Street, New York, New York 10036, United States
| | - Guangxu Sun
- XtalPi, Inc., 245 Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Sizhu Li
- XtalPi, Inc., 245 Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Lingle Wang
- Schrödinger Inc., 120 W 45th Street, New York, New York 10036, United States
| | - Sayan Mondal
- Schrödinger Inc., 120 W 45th Street, New York, New York 10036, United States
| | - Jianguo Ji
- Research & Development, AbbVie Inc., 1 N Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Thomas B Borchardt
- Research & Development, AbbVie Inc., 1 N Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
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3
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Sheppard GS, Wang L, Fidanze SD, Hasvold LA, Liu D, Pratt JK, Park CH, Longenecker K, Qiu W, Torrent M, Kovar PJ, Bui M, Faivre E, Huang X, Lin X, Wilcox D, Zhang L, Shen Y, Albert DH, Magoc TJ, Rajaraman G, Kati WM, McDaniel KF. Discovery of N-Ethyl-4-[2-(4-fluoro-2,6-dimethyl-phenoxy)-5-(1-hydroxy-1-methyl-ethyl)phenyl]-6-methyl-7-oxo-1 H-pyrrolo[2,3- c]pyridine-2-carboxamide (ABBV-744), a BET Bromodomain Inhibitor with Selectivity for the Second Bromodomain. J Med Chem 2020; 63:5585-5623. [PMID: 32324999 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c00628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The BET family of proteins consists of BRD2, BRD3, BRD4, and BRDt. Each protein contains two distinct bromodomains (BD1 and BD2). BET family bromodomain inhibitors under clinical development for oncology bind to each of the eight bromodomains with similar affinities. We hypothesized that it may be possible to achieve an improved therapeutic index by selectively targeting subsets of the BET bromodomains. Both BD1 and BD2 are highly conserved across family members (>70% identity), whereas BD1 and BD2 from the same protein exhibit a larger degree of divergence (∼40% identity), suggesting selectivity between BD1 and BD2 of all family members would be more straightforward to achieve. Exploiting the Asp144/His437 and Ile146/Val439 sequence differences (BRD4 BD1/BD2 numbering) allowed the identification of compound 27 demonstrating greater than 100-fold selectivity for BRD4 BD2 over BRD4 BD1. Further optimization to improve BD2 selectivity and oral bioavailability resulted in the clinical development compound 46 (ABBV-744).
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Affiliation(s)
- George S Sheppard
- Oncology Discovery, AbbVie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Le Wang
- Oncology Discovery, AbbVie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Steven D Fidanze
- Oncology Discovery, AbbVie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Lisa A Hasvold
- Oncology Discovery, AbbVie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Dachun Liu
- Oncology Discovery, AbbVie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - John K Pratt
- Oncology Discovery, AbbVie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Chang H Park
- Oncology Discovery, AbbVie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Kenton Longenecker
- Oncology Discovery, AbbVie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Wei Qiu
- Oncology Discovery, AbbVie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Maricel Torrent
- Oncology Discovery, AbbVie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Peter J Kovar
- Oncology Discovery, AbbVie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Mai Bui
- Oncology Discovery, AbbVie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Emily Faivre
- Oncology Discovery, AbbVie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Xiaoli Huang
- Oncology Discovery, AbbVie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Xiaoyu Lin
- Oncology Discovery, AbbVie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Denise Wilcox
- Oncology Discovery, AbbVie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Lu Zhang
- Oncology Discovery, AbbVie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Yu Shen
- Oncology Discovery, AbbVie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Daniel H Albert
- Oncology Discovery, AbbVie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Terrance J Magoc
- Oncology Discovery, AbbVie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Ganesh Rajaraman
- Oncology Discovery, AbbVie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Warren M Kati
- Oncology Discovery, AbbVie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Keith F McDaniel
- Oncology Discovery, AbbVie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
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Lin X, Huang X, Bellin R, Faivre E, Hessler P, Lam L, Bui MH, Wilcox D, Uziel T, Ferguson DC, Magoc TJ, Albert DH, McDaniel KF, Kati W, Shen Y. Abstract 800: ABBV-744, a first-in-class and highly selective inhibitor of the second bromodomain of BET family proteins, displays robust activities in preclinical models of acute myelogenous leukemia. Cancer Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2018-800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Many small-molecule inhibitors that target both bromodomains of the BET family proteins (pan BET inhibitors) are undergoing studies in clinical trials. Emerging data are beginning to suggest that clinical responses to these pan BET inhibitors in subsets of hematologic malignancies may be modest and short lived, perhaps due, at least in part, to tolerability issues that limit dosing levels. We hypothesized that selective inhibition of four of the eight bromodomains in BET family proteins might retain the anticancer activities in certain tumor subsets while alleviating some of the tolerability liabilities of pan BET inhibitors, thus possibly providing better therapeutic benefits. ABBV-744 is a highly selective inhibitor for the second bromodomain (BDII) of the four BET family proteins, exhibiting greater than 300-fold more potent binding affinity to the BDII bromodomain of BRD4 relative to the first bromodomain (BDI) of BRD4. In contrast to the broad antiproliferative activities observed with pan BET inhibitors, ABBV-744 only displayed significant antiproliferative activities in a limited number of cancer cell lines, including AML and androgen receptor (AR)-positive prostate cancer. Studies in AML xenograft models demonstrated antitumor efficacy for ABBV-744 that was comparable to the pan-BET inhibitor ABBV-075 but with improved tolerability. Taken together, these results suggest that ABBV-744 could be a promising second-generation BET inhibitor for AML therapy.
Affiliation: Oncology Discovery, AbbVie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Rd., North Chicago, IL 60064. Disclosures: All authors are employees of AbbVie. The design, study conduct, and financial support for this research were provided by AbbVie. AbbVie participated in the interpretation of data, review, and approval of the publication.
Citation Format: Xiaoyu Lin, Xiaoli Huang, Richard Bellin, Emily Faivre, Paul Hessler, Lloyd Lam, Mai Ha Bui, Denise Wilcox, Tamar Uziel, Debra C. Ferguson, Terrance J. Magoc, Daniel H. Albert, Keith F. McDaniel, Warren Kati, Yu Shen. ABBV-744, a first-in-class and highly selective inhibitor of the second bromodomain of BET family proteins, displays robust activities in preclinical models of acute myelogenous leukemia [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2018; 2018 Apr 14-18; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 800.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Yu Shen
- 1AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, IL
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5
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Sheppard GS, Wang L, Fidanze SD, Hasvold LA, Liu D, Pratt JK, Park CH, Bui MH, Faivre EJ, Huang X, Lin X, Wilcox DM, Shen Y, Albert DH, Magoc TJ, Rajaraman G, Kati WM, McDaniel KF. Abstract 931: Discovery of ABBV-744, a first-in-class highly BDII-selective BET bromodomain inhibitor. Cancer Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2018-931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The BET family of proteins consists of BRD2, BRD3, BRD4 and BRDT, with each of these proteins containing two distinct bromodomains (BDI and BDII). ABBV-075, like other first generation BET family bromodomain inhibitors currently under clinical development, binds to each of the 8 bromodomains with similar affinity and inhibits the proliferation of cancer cells that represent a wide range of tumor types. We hypothesized that selectively targeting specific subsets of the BET bromodomain might abolish this broad spectrum profile such that only the tumor types that are highly addicted to the subtype specific BET bromodomain-mediated transcription would remain sensitive to these selective agents. Both BDI and BDII are highly conserved across BET family members (> 70% identity), suggesting that the generation of compounds that are selective for the BDI bromodomains or the BDII bromodomains might be achievable. Structure-based design targeting the Asp144/His 437 and Ile146/Val439 sequence differences (BRD4 BDI/BDII numbering) led to the identification of structural analogs of ABBV-075 demonstrating greater than 100X selectivity for BRD4 BDII over BRD4 BDI. Further elaboration led to compounds with improved BDII-selectivity and oral bioavailability and the identification of the clinical asset ABBV-744. Disclosures: All authors are employees or former employees of AbbVie. The design, study conduct, and financial support for this research were provided by AbbVie. AbbVie participated in the interpretation of data, review, and approval of the publication.
Citation Format: George S. Sheppard, Le Wang, Steven D. Fidanze, Lisa A. Hasvold, Dachun Liu, John K. Pratt, Chang H. Park, Mai-Ha Bui, Emily J. Faivre, Xiaoli Huang, Xiaoyu Lin, Denise M. Wilcox, Yu Shen, Daniel H. Albert, Terrance J. Magoc, Ganesh Rajaraman, Warren M. Kati, Keith F. McDaniel. Discovery of ABBV-744, a first-in-class highly BDII-selective BET bromodomain inhibitor [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2018; 2018 Apr 14-18; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 931.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Le Wang
- 1AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, IL
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Yu Shen
- 1AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, IL
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Goodwin NC, Albert DH, Davies AM, Rowe J, Feuer G, Boyiadzis M, Dorritie KA, Mancini M, Gandour-Edwards R, Kati WM, McKee MD, McDaniel KF, Frost DJ. Abstract 1150: Acute myeloid leukemia human/mouse co-clinical trial feasibility study optimized in human transgenic IL-3/GMCSF NOD/Shi- scid-IL2rγ null mice. Cancer Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2018-1150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) co-clinical modeling has been optimized with peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) collected from low volume (14 mL) patient samples to establish an algorithm for efficiently co-clinically modeling AML patients. Methods: PBMCs were ficoll gradient purified and viably cryopreserved. Intrahepatic (i.h.) inoculation of AML PBMCs in neonate NOD/Shi-scid-IL2rγnull (NOG) mice and intravenous (i.v.) inoculation in both juvenile NOG mice and juvenile human transgenic IL-3/GMCSF NOD/Shi-scid-IL2rγnull mice (NOG-EXL) were evaluated. Bone marrow (BM) aspirates, splenocytes and PBMCs from mice were evaluated by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) at 12 weeks post AML inoculation for engraftment as determined by % ratio of human CD33+ cells to total CD45+ cells (human + murine cells). Humerus bones from inoculated animals were also evaluated by human CD33 immunohistochemistry (IHC). Results: Cells from 2/6 AML patient samples (CTG-2224 and CTG-2357) successfully engrafted into neonate mice. Animals were dosed with vehicle, cytarabine, ABBV-075 (clinical trial-staged BET family bromodomain (BD) inhibitor), or ABBV-744 (a preclinical BDII selective inhibitor) and evaluated for tumor burden six weeks post drug treatment initiation. ABBV-075 and ABBV-744 treated animals had lower tumor burden in the CTG-2224 model, 17% (p<0.05) and 4% (p<0.01); respectively. Similar trends, albeit at lower engraftment (10%), were observed for both models in spleen and blood compartments. In an effort to improve engraftment efficiency NOG-EXL mice were evaluated as hosts for engraftment with a patient PBMC sample (CTG-2357) and compared with juvenile NOG mice. Efficiency in the number of mice engrafted (8/8 vs. 3/7) and the extent of BM engraftment (51% vs. 14%) following a 0.5 X 106 PBMC inoculation was improved with the NOG-EXL mice. Furthermore, a patient inoculum (CTG-2241) that had previously shown no engraftment in juvenile NOG mice exhibited a 92% take rate with 93% BM tumor burden in NOG-EXL mice. Discussion: Prior advances in AML modeling show engraftment in IL2rγnul mouse models including i.h. and i.v. inoculation of BM clinical isolates in neonate NSG mice, i.v. inoculation of leukapheresis clinical isolates in juvenile NSG and NSG-SGM3 mice, and i.v. inoculation of BM aspirates in MISTRG mice. Each approach has limitations in terms of tedious neonate mice husbandry, ease of clinical sample collection with respect to clinical patient compliance, and mouse strain availability. Here we examined the feasibility of efficiently engrafting AML regardless of mutation or clinical stage from 14 ml PBMC samples. Results showed that i.v. inoculation of AML clinical samples in juvenile NOG-EXL mice was advantageous. This research is prerequisite for conducting translational co-clinical in vivo pharmacology studies for ABBV-075.
Citation Format: Neal C. Goodwin, Daniel H. Albert, Angela M. Davies, Jenny Rowe, Gerold Feuer, Michael Boyiadzis, Kathleen A. Dorritie, Maria Mancini, Regina Gandour-Edwards, Warren M. Kati, Mark D. McKee, Keith F. McDaniel, David J. Frost. Acute myeloid leukemia human/mouse co-clinical trial feasibility study optimized in human transgenic IL-3/GMCSF NOD/Shi-scid-IL2rγnull mice [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2018; 2018 Apr 14-18; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 1150.
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Hidaka K, Kimura T, Sankaranarayanan R, Wang J, McDaniel KF, Kempf DJ, Kameoka M, Adachi M, Kuroki R, Nguyen JT, Hayashi Y, Kiso Y. Identification of Highly Potent Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type-1 Protease Inhibitors against Lopinavir and Darunavir Resistant Viruses from Allophenylnorstatine-Based Peptidomimetics with P2 Tetrahydrofuranylglycine. J Med Chem 2018; 61:5138-5153. [PMID: 29852069 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b01709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of drug-resistant HIV from a widespread antiviral chemotherapy targeting HIV protease in the past decades is unavoidable and provides a challenge to develop alternative inhibitors. We synthesized a series of allophenylnorstatine-based peptidomimetics with various P3, P2, and P2́ moieties. The derivatives with P2 tetrahydrofuranylglycine (Thfg) were found to be potent against wild type HIV-1 protease and the virus, leading to a highly potent compound 21f (KNI-1657) against lopinavir/ritonavir- or darunavir-resistant strains. Co-crystal structures of 21f and the wild-type protease revealed numerous key hydrogen bonding interactions with Thfg. These results suggest that the strategy to design allophenylnorstatine-based peptidomimetics combined with Thfg residue would be promising for generating candidates to overcome multidrug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koushi Hidaka
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Kobe Gakuin University , Kobe 650-8586 , Japan
| | - Tooru Kimura
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry , Kyoto Pharmaceutical University , Kyoto 607-8412 , Japan
| | - Rajesh Sankaranarayanan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry , Kyoto Pharmaceutical University , Kyoto 607-8412 , Japan
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry , Kyoto Pharmaceutical University , Kyoto 607-8412 , Japan
| | - Keith F McDaniel
- Global Pharmaceutical Research and Development , AbbVie , North Chicago , Illinois 60064 , United States
| | - Dale J Kempf
- Global Pharmaceutical Research and Development , AbbVie , North Chicago , Illinois 60064 , United States
| | - Masanori Kameoka
- Department of International Health , Kobe University Graduate School of Health Sciences , Kobe 654-0142 , Japan
| | - Motoyasu Adachi
- Quantum Beam Science Drectorate , National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology , Tokai , Ibaraki 319-1106 , Japan
| | - Ryota Kuroki
- Quantum Beam Science Center , Japan Atomic Energy Agency , Tokai , Ibaraki 319-1195 , Japan
| | - Jeffrey-Tri Nguyen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry , Kyoto Pharmaceutical University , Kyoto 607-8412 , Japan
| | - Yoshio Hayashi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry , Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences , Tokyo 192-0392 , Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Kiso
- Laboratory of Peptide Sciences , Nagahama Institute of Bio-Science and Technology , Nagahama 526-0829 , Japan
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Fidanze SD, Liu D, Mantei RA, Hasvold LA, Pratt JK, Sheppard GS, Wang L, Holms JH, Dai Y, Aguirre A, Bogdan A, Dietrich JD, Marjanovic J, Park CH, Hutchins CW, Lin X, Bui MH, Huang X, Wilcox D, Li L, Wang R, Kovar P, Magoc TJ, Rajaraman G, Albert DH, Shen Y, Kati WM, McDaniel KF. Discovery and optimization of novel constrained pyrrolopyridone BET family inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2018; 28:1804-1810. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2018.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Revised: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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9
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Ng TI, Tripathi R, Reisch T, Lu L, Middleton T, Hopkins TA, Pithawalla R, Irvin M, Dekhtyar T, Krishnan P, Schnell G, Beyer J, McDaniel KF, Ma J, Wang G, Jiang LJ, Or YS, Kempf D, Pilot-Matias T, Collins C. In Vitro Antiviral Activity and Resistance Profile of the Next-Generation Hepatitis C Virus NS3/4A Protease Inhibitor Glecaprevir. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2018; 62:e01620-17. [PMID: 29084747 PMCID: PMC5740381 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01620-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Glecaprevir (formerly ABT-493) is a novel hepatitis C virus (HCV) NS3/4A protease inhibitor (PI) with pangenotypic activity. It inhibited the enzymatic activity of purified NS3/4A proteases from HCV genotypes 1 to 6 in vitro (half-maximal [50%] inhibitory concentration = 3.5 to 11.3 nM) and the replication of stable HCV subgenomic replicons containing proteases from genotypes 1 to 6 (50% effective concentration [EC50] = 0.21 to 4.6 nM). Glecaprevir had a median EC50 of 0.30 nM (range, 0.05 to 3.8 nM) for HCV replicons containing proteases from 40 samples from patients infected with HCV genotypes 1 to 5. Importantly, glecaprevir was active against the protease from genotype 3, the most-difficult-to-treat HCV genotype, in both enzymatic and replicon assays demonstrating comparable activity against the other HCV genotypes. In drug-resistant colony selection studies, glecaprevir generally selected substitutions at NS3 amino acid position A156 in replicons containing proteases from genotypes 1a, 1b, 2a, 2b, 3a, and 4a and substitutions at position D/Q168 in replicons containing proteases from genotypes 3a, 5a, and 6a. Although the substitutions A156T and A156V in NS3 of genotype 1 reduced susceptibility to glecaprevir, replicons with these substitutions demonstrated a low replication efficiency in vitro Glecaprevir is active against HCV with most of the common NS3 amino acid substitutions that are associated with reduced susceptibility to other currently approved HCV PIs, including those at positions 155 and 168. Combination of glecaprevir with HCV inhibitors with other mechanisms of action resulted in additive or synergistic antiviral activity. In summary, glecaprevir is a next-generation HCV PI with potent pangenotypic activity and a high barrier to the development of resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jill Beyer
- AbbVie, Inc., North Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | | | - Jun Ma
- Enanta Pharmaceuticals Inc., Watertown, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Guoqiang Wang
- Enanta Pharmaceuticals Inc., Watertown, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Li-Juan Jiang
- Enanta Pharmaceuticals Inc., Watertown, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Yat Sun Or
- Enanta Pharmaceuticals Inc., Watertown, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Dale Kempf
- AbbVie, Inc., North Chicago, Illinois, USA
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10
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McDaniel KF, Wang L, Soltwedel T, Fidanze SD, Hasvold LA, Liu D, Mantei RA, Pratt JK, Sheppard GS, Bui MH, Faivre EJ, Huang X, Li L, Lin X, Wang R, Warder SE, Wilcox D, Albert DH, Magoc TJ, Rajaraman G, Park CH, Hutchins CW, Shen JJ, Edalji RP, Sun CC, Martin R, Gao W, Wong S, Fang G, Elmore SW, Shen Y, Kati WM. Discovery of N-(4-(2,4-Difluorophenoxy)-3-(6-methyl-7-oxo-6,7-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-c]pyridin-4-yl)phenyl)ethanesulfonamide (ABBV-075/Mivebresib), a Potent and Orally Available Bromodomain and Extraterminal Domain (BET) Family Bromodomain Inhibitor. J Med Chem 2017; 60:8369-8384. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b00746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Keith F. McDaniel
- Oncology Discovery, AbbVie Inc., 1 North
Waukegan Rd., North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Le Wang
- Oncology Discovery, AbbVie Inc., 1 North
Waukegan Rd., North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Todd Soltwedel
- Oncology Discovery, AbbVie Inc., 1 North
Waukegan Rd., North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Steven D. Fidanze
- Oncology Discovery, AbbVie Inc., 1 North
Waukegan Rd., North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Lisa A. Hasvold
- Oncology Discovery, AbbVie Inc., 1 North
Waukegan Rd., North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Dachun Liu
- Oncology Discovery, AbbVie Inc., 1 North
Waukegan Rd., North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Robert A. Mantei
- Oncology Discovery, AbbVie Inc., 1 North
Waukegan Rd., North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - John K. Pratt
- Oncology Discovery, AbbVie Inc., 1 North
Waukegan Rd., North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - George S. Sheppard
- Oncology Discovery, AbbVie Inc., 1 North
Waukegan Rd., North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Mai H. Bui
- Oncology Discovery, AbbVie Inc., 1 North
Waukegan Rd., North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Emily J. Faivre
- Oncology Discovery, AbbVie Inc., 1 North
Waukegan Rd., North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Xiaoli Huang
- Oncology Discovery, AbbVie Inc., 1 North
Waukegan Rd., North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Leiming Li
- Oncology Discovery, AbbVie Inc., 1 North
Waukegan Rd., North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Xiaoyu Lin
- Oncology Discovery, AbbVie Inc., 1 North
Waukegan Rd., North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Rongqi Wang
- Oncology Discovery, AbbVie Inc., 1 North
Waukegan Rd., North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Scott E. Warder
- Oncology Discovery, AbbVie Inc., 1 North
Waukegan Rd., North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Denise Wilcox
- Oncology Discovery, AbbVie Inc., 1 North
Waukegan Rd., North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Daniel H. Albert
- Oncology Discovery, AbbVie Inc., 1 North
Waukegan Rd., North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Terrance J. Magoc
- Oncology Discovery, AbbVie Inc., 1 North
Waukegan Rd., North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Ganesh Rajaraman
- Oncology Discovery, AbbVie Inc., 1 North
Waukegan Rd., North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Chang H. Park
- Oncology Discovery, AbbVie Inc., 1 North
Waukegan Rd., North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Charles W. Hutchins
- Oncology Discovery, AbbVie Inc., 1 North
Waukegan Rd., North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Jianwei J. Shen
- Oncology Discovery, AbbVie Inc., 1 North
Waukegan Rd., North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Rohinton P. Edalji
- Oncology Discovery, AbbVie Inc., 1 North
Waukegan Rd., North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Chaohong C. Sun
- Oncology Discovery, AbbVie Inc., 1 North
Waukegan Rd., North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Ruth Martin
- Oncology Discovery, AbbVie Inc., 1 North
Waukegan Rd., North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Wenqing Gao
- Oncology Discovery, AbbVie Inc., 1 North
Waukegan Rd., North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Shekman Wong
- Oncology Discovery, AbbVie Inc., 1 North
Waukegan Rd., North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Guowei Fang
- Oncology Discovery, AbbVie Inc., 1 North
Waukegan Rd., North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Steven W. Elmore
- Oncology Discovery, AbbVie Inc., 1 North
Waukegan Rd., North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Yu Shen
- Oncology Discovery, AbbVie Inc., 1 North
Waukegan Rd., North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Warren M. Kati
- Oncology Discovery, AbbVie Inc., 1 North
Waukegan Rd., North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
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11
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Hasvold LA, Sheppard GS, Wang L, Fidanze SD, Liu D, Pratt JK, Mantei RA, Wada CK, Hubbard R, Shen Y, Lin X, Huang X, Warder SE, Wilcox D, Li L, Buchanan FG, Smithee L, Albert DH, Magoc TJ, Park CH, Petros AM, Panchal SC, Sun C, Kovar P, Soni NB, Elmore SW, Kati WM, McDaniel KF. Methylpyrrole inhibitors of BET bromodomains. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017; 27:2225-2233. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.02.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Revised: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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12
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Wang L, Pratt JK, Soltwedel T, Sheppard GS, Fidanze SD, Liu D, Hasvold LA, Mantei RA, Holms JH, McClellan WJ, Wendt MD, Wada C, Frey R, Hansen TM, Hubbard R, Park CH, Li L, Magoc TJ, Albert DH, Lin X, Warder SE, Kovar P, Huang X, Wilcox D, Wang R, Rajaraman G, Petros AM, Hutchins CW, Panchal SC, Sun C, Elmore SW, Shen Y, Kati WM, McDaniel KF. Fragment-Based, Structure-Enabled Discovery of Novel Pyridones and Pyridone Macrocycles as Potent Bromodomain and Extra-Terminal Domain (BET) Family Bromodomain Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2017; 60:3828-3850. [PMID: 28368119 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b00017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Members of the BET family of bromodomain containing proteins have been identified as potential targets for blocking proliferation in a variety of cancer cell lines. A two-dimensional NMR fragment screen for binders to the bromodomains of BRD4 identified a phenylpyridazinone fragment with a weak binding affinity (1, Ki = 160 μM). SAR investigation of fragment 1, aided by X-ray structure-based design, enabled the synthesis of potent pyridone and macrocyclic pyridone inhibitors exhibiting single digit nanomolar potency in both biochemical and cell based assays. Advanced analogs in these series exhibited high oral exposures in rodent PK studies and demonstrated significant tumor growth inhibition efficacy in mouse flank xenograft models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Wang
- AbbVie Inc. , 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - John K Pratt
- AbbVie Inc. , 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Todd Soltwedel
- AbbVie Inc. , 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - George S Sheppard
- AbbVie Inc. , 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Steven D Fidanze
- AbbVie Inc. , 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Dachun Liu
- AbbVie Inc. , 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Lisa A Hasvold
- AbbVie Inc. , 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Robert A Mantei
- AbbVie Inc. , 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - James H Holms
- AbbVie Inc. , 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - William J McClellan
- AbbVie Inc. , 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Michael D Wendt
- AbbVie Inc. , 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Carol Wada
- AbbVie Inc. , 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Robin Frey
- AbbVie Inc. , 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - T Matthew Hansen
- AbbVie Inc. , 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Robert Hubbard
- AbbVie Inc. , 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Chang H Park
- AbbVie Inc. , 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Leiming Li
- AbbVie Inc. , 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Terrance J Magoc
- AbbVie Inc. , 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Daniel H Albert
- AbbVie Inc. , 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Xiaoyu Lin
- AbbVie Inc. , 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Scott E Warder
- AbbVie Inc. , 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Peter Kovar
- AbbVie Inc. , 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Xiaoli Huang
- AbbVie Inc. , 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Denise Wilcox
- AbbVie Inc. , 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Rongqi Wang
- AbbVie Inc. , 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Ganesh Rajaraman
- AbbVie Inc. , 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Andrew M Petros
- AbbVie Inc. , 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Charles W Hutchins
- AbbVie Inc. , 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Sanjay C Panchal
- AbbVie Inc. , 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Chaohong Sun
- AbbVie Inc. , 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Steven W Elmore
- AbbVie Inc. , 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Yu Shen
- AbbVie Inc. , 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Warren M Kati
- AbbVie Inc. , 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Keith F McDaniel
- AbbVie Inc. , 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
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13
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Bui MH, Lin X, Albert DH, Li L, Lam LT, Faivre EJ, Warder SE, Huang X, Wilcox D, Donawho CK, Sheppard GS, Wang L, Fidanze S, Pratt JK, Liu D, Hasvold L, Uziel T, Lu X, Kohlhapp F, Fang G, Elmore SW, Rosenberg SH, McDaniel KF, Kati WM, Shen Y. Preclinical Characterization of BET Family Bromodomain Inhibitor ABBV-075 Suggests Combination Therapeutic Strategies. Cancer Res 2017; 77:2976-2989. [PMID: 28416490 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-16-1793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Revised: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
ABBV-075 is a potent and selective BET family bromodomain inhibitor that recently entered phase I clinical trials. Comprehensive preclinical characterization of ABBV-075 demonstrated broad activity across cell lines and tumor models, representing a variety of hematologic malignancies and solid tumor indications. In most cancer cell lines derived from solid tumors, ABBV-075 triggers prominent G1 cell-cycle arrest without extensive apoptosis. In this study, we show that ABBV-075 efficiently triggers apoptosis in acute myeloid leukemia (AML), non-Hodgkin lymphoma, and multiple myeloma cells. Apoptosis induced by ABBV-075 was mediated in part by modulation of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway, exhibiting synergy with the BCL-2 inhibitor venetoclax in preclinical models of AML. In germinal center diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, BCL-2 levels or venetoclax sensitivity predicted the apoptotic response to ABBV-075 treatment. In vivo combination studies uncovered surprising benefits of low doses of ABBV-075 coupled with bortezomib and azacitidine treatment, despite the lack of in vitro synergy between ABBV-075 and these agents. The in vitro/in vivo activities of ABBV-075 described here may serve as a useful reference to guide the development of ABBV-075 and other BET family inhibitors for cancer therapy. Cancer Res; 77(11); 2976-89. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mai H Bui
- Oncology Discovery, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois
| | - Xiaoyu Lin
- Oncology Discovery, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois
| | | | - Leiming Li
- Oncology Discovery, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois
| | - Lloyd T Lam
- Oncology Discovery, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois
| | - Emily J Faivre
- Oncology Discovery, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois
| | - Scott E Warder
- Oncology Discovery, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois
| | - Xiaoli Huang
- Oncology Discovery, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois
| | - Denise Wilcox
- Oncology Discovery, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois
| | | | | | - Le Wang
- Oncology Discovery, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois
| | - Steve Fidanze
- Oncology Discovery, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois
| | - John K Pratt
- Oncology Discovery, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois
| | - Dachun Liu
- Oncology Discovery, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois
| | - Lisa Hasvold
- Oncology Discovery, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois
| | - Tamar Uziel
- Oncology Discovery, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois
| | - Xin Lu
- Oncology Discovery, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois
| | - Fred Kohlhapp
- Oncology Discovery, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois
| | - Guowei Fang
- Oncology Discovery, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois
| | | | | | | | - Warren M Kati
- Oncology Discovery, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois
| | - Yu Shen
- Oncology Discovery, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois.
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14
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Lin X, Huang X, Uziel T, Hessler P, Albert DH, Roberts-Rapp LA, McDaniel KF, Kati WM, Shen Y. HEXIM1 as a Robust Pharmacodynamic Marker for Monitoring Target Engagement of BET Family Bromodomain Inhibitors in Tumors and Surrogate Tissues. Mol Cancer Ther 2016; 16:388-396. [PMID: 27903752 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-16-0475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Revised: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
An increasing number of BET family protein inhibitors have recently entered clinical trials. It has been reported that attempts of monitoring target engagement of the BET bromodomain inhibitor OTX015 using literature-described putative pharmacodynamic markers, such as c-Myc, BRD2, etc., failed to detect pharmacodynamic marker responses in AML patients treated at active dose and those with clinical responses. Here, we report the identification and characterization of HEXIM1 and other genes as robust pharmacodynamic markers for BET inhibitors. Global gene expression profiling studies were carried out using cancer cells and surrogate tissues, such as whole blood and skin, to identify genes that are modulated by BET family proteins. Candidate markers were further characterized for concentration- and time-dependent responses to the BET inhibitor ABBV-075 in vitro and in vivo HEXIM1 was found to be the only gene that exhibited robust and consistent modulation by BET inhibitors across multiple cancer indications and surrogate tissues. Markers such as SERPINI1, ZCCHC24, and ZMYND8 were modulated by ABBV-075 and other BET inhibitors across cancer cell lines and xenograft tumors but not in blood and skin. Significant downregulation of c-Myc, a well-publicized target of BET inhibitors, was largely restricted to hematologic cancer cell lines. Incorporating well-characterized pharmacodynamic markers, such as HEXIM1 and other genes described here, can provide a better understanding of potential efficacy and toxicity associated with inhibiting BET family proteins and informs early clinical decisions on BET inhibitor development programs. Mol Cancer Ther; 16(2); 388-96. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Lin
- Oncology Discovery, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois.
| | - Xiaoli Huang
- Oncology Discovery, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois
| | - Tamar Uziel
- Oncology Discovery, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois
| | - Paul Hessler
- Oncology Discovery, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois
| | | | | | | | - Warren M Kati
- Oncology Discovery, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois
| | - Yu Shen
- Oncology Discovery, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois.
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15
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Faivre EJ, Lin X, Wilcox DM, Huang X, Sarthy A, Magoc T, Albert DH, Fang G, Rosenberg SH, McDaniel KF, Kati WM, Shen Y. Abstract 3077: Potent inhibition of bromodomain-containing BET family with ABBV-075 induces robust antitumor efficacy in preclinical models of breast cancer and exhibits in vitro synergy with doxorubicin. Cancer Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2016-3077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Breast cancer diagnosisis highly prevalent in the US, with an estimated 231,840 new cases occurring in 2015. Targeted therapies, such as tamoxifen or Trastuzumab (herceptin) are available to woman whose tumors are estrogen receptor (ER) positive or HER2 positive, respectively. However, women with triple negative breast cancer or relapsed metastatic disease have limited treatment options. ABBV-075 is a novel BET family bromodomain inhibitor currently under phase I clinical investigation for a wide spectrum of cancer indications. Here we show that ABBV-075 exhibits broad anti-proliferative activity across cell lines representing ER positive, HER2+, and triple negative breast cancer. Notably, ABBV-075 induced G1 arrest and growth inhibition of breast cancer cell lines regardless of ER or RB status. This result suggests that ABBV-075 may provide therapeutic benefit to a broader patient population relative to the recently approved cdk4/6 inhibitor, palbociclib. The G1 arrest mechanism of ABBV-075 was efficacious in breast cancer xenograft studies, where significant tumor growth inhibition was observed. Additionally, ABBV-075 exhibited synergy in ER positive cell lines with doxorubicin, a TOPO2 inhibitor and DNA intercalating agent prescribed to ER positive patients refractory to hormone therapies. Intriguingly, the mechanism by which ABBV-075 and doxorubicin interact was independent of the TOP2-trapping activity of doxorubicin and instead required DNA intercalation. Together, these results demonstrate the potential of ABBV-075 as a treatment option across the different subtypes of breast cancer and in combination with doxorubicin in patients with ER positive disease
Citation Format: Emily J. Faivre, Xiaoyu Lin, Denise M. Wilcox, Xiaoli Huang, Aparna Sarthy, Terry Magoc, Daniel H. Albert, Guowei Fang, Saul H. Rosenberg, Keith F. McDaniel, Warren M. Kati, Yu Shen. Potent inhibition of bromodomain-containing BET family with ABBV-075 induces robust antitumor efficacy in preclinical models of breast cancer and exhibits in vitro synergy with doxorubicin. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr 3077.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Yu Shen
- Abbvie, Inc., North Chicago, IL
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16
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Chris Krueger A, Madigan DL, Beno DW, Betebenner DA, Carrick R, Green BE, He W, Liu D, Maring CJ, McDaniel KF, Mo H, Molla A, Motter CE, Pilot-Matias TJ, Tufano MD, Kempf DJ. Novel Hepatitis C virus replicon inhibitors: Synthesis and structure–activity relationships of fused pyrimidine derivatives. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:2212-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.01.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2011] [Revised: 01/24/2012] [Accepted: 01/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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17
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Hidaka K, Kimura T, Abdel-Rahman HM, Nguyen JT, McDaniel KF, Kohlbrenner WE, Molla A, Adachi M, Tamada T, Kuroki R, Katsuki N, Tanaka Y, Matsumoto H, Wang J, Hayashi Y, Kempf DJ, Kiso Y. Small-sized human immunodeficiency virus type-1 protease inhibitors containing allophenylnorstatine to explore the S2' pocket. J Med Chem 2009; 52:7604-17. [PMID: 19954246 DOI: 10.1021/jm9005115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A series of HIV protease inhibitor based on the allophenylnorstatine structure with various P(2)' moieties were synthesized. Among these analogues, we discovered that a small allyl group would maintain potent enzyme inhibitory activity compared to the o-methylbenzyl moiety in clinical candidate 1 (KNI-764, also known as JE-2147, AG-1776, or SM-319777). Introduction of an anilinic amino group to 2 (KNI-727) improved water-solubility and anti-HIV-1 activity. X-ray crystallographic analysis of 13k (KNI-1689) with a beta-methallyl group at P(2)' position revealed hydrophobic interactions with Ala28, Ile84, and Ile50' similar to that of 1. The presence of an additional methyl group on the allyl group in compound 13k significantly increased anti-HIV activity over 1 while providing a rational drug design for structural minimization and improving membrane permeability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koushi Hidaka
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Center for Frontier Research in Medicinal Science, 21st Century COE Program, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto 607-8412, Japan
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18
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DeGoey DA, Grampovnik DJ, Flosi WJ, Marsh KC, Wang XC, Klein LL, McDaniel KF, Liu Y, Long MA, Kati WM, Molla A, Kempf DJ. Water-Soluble Prodrugs of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Protease Inhibitors Lopinavir and Ritonavir. J Med Chem 2009; 52:2964-70. [DOI: 10.1021/jm900080g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David A. DeGoey
- Antiviral Research, Global Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Abbott Laboratories, 100 Abbott Park Road, Abbott Park, Illinois 60064
| | - David J. Grampovnik
- Antiviral Research, Global Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Abbott Laboratories, 100 Abbott Park Road, Abbott Park, Illinois 60064
| | - William J. Flosi
- Antiviral Research, Global Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Abbott Laboratories, 100 Abbott Park Road, Abbott Park, Illinois 60064
| | - Kennan C. Marsh
- Antiviral Research, Global Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Abbott Laboratories, 100 Abbott Park Road, Abbott Park, Illinois 60064
| | - Xiu C. Wang
- Antiviral Research, Global Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Abbott Laboratories, 100 Abbott Park Road, Abbott Park, Illinois 60064
| | - Larry L. Klein
- Antiviral Research, Global Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Abbott Laboratories, 100 Abbott Park Road, Abbott Park, Illinois 60064
| | - Keith F. McDaniel
- Antiviral Research, Global Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Abbott Laboratories, 100 Abbott Park Road, Abbott Park, Illinois 60064
| | - Yaya Liu
- Antiviral Research, Global Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Abbott Laboratories, 100 Abbott Park Road, Abbott Park, Illinois 60064
| | - Michelle A. Long
- Antiviral Research, Global Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Abbott Laboratories, 100 Abbott Park Road, Abbott Park, Illinois 60064
| | - Warren M. Kati
- Antiviral Research, Global Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Abbott Laboratories, 100 Abbott Park Road, Abbott Park, Illinois 60064
| | - Akhteruzzaman Molla
- Antiviral Research, Global Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Abbott Laboratories, 100 Abbott Park Road, Abbott Park, Illinois 60064
| | - Dale J. Kempf
- Antiviral Research, Global Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Abbott Laboratories, 100 Abbott Park Road, Abbott Park, Illinois 60064
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19
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Krueger AC, Xu Y, Kati WM, Kempf DJ, Maring CJ, McDaniel KF, Molla A, Montgomery D, Kohlbrenner WE. Synthesis of potent pyrrolidine influenza neuraminidase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2008; 18:1692-5. [PMID: 18242993 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.01.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2007] [Revised: 01/11/2008] [Accepted: 01/14/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of several pyrrolidine inhibitor analogs is described that possess nanomolar in vitro potencies against the neuraminidase enzymes expressed by the B/Memphis/3/89 and A/N1/PR/8/34 influenza strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Chris Krueger
- Infectious Disease Research, Global Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Abbott Laboratories, 200 Abbott Park Road, AP-52N, Abbott Park, IL 60064, USA.
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20
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Krueger AC, Madigan DL, Green BE, Hutchinson DK, Jiang WW, Kati WM, Liu Y, Maring CJ, Masse SV, McDaniel KF, Middleton TR, Mo H, Molla A, Montgomery DA, Ng TI, Kempf DJ. Inhibitors of HCV NS5B polymerase: Synthesis and structure–activity relationships of unsymmetrical 1-hydroxy-4,4-dialkyl-3-oxo-3,4-dihydronaphthalene benzothiadiazine derivatives. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2007; 17:2289-92. [PMID: 17300933 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2007.01.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2006] [Revised: 01/15/2007] [Accepted: 01/18/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Substituted 1-hydroxy-4,4-dialkyl-3-oxo-3,4-dihydronaphthalene benzothiadiazine derivatives were investigated as inhibitors of genotype 1 HCV polymerase. Structure-activity relationship patterns for this class of compounds are discussed. It was found that the saturated alkane dialkyl units provided the most active analogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Chris Krueger
- Infectious Disease Research, Global Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, IL 60064, USA.
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21
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Krueger AC, Madigan DL, Jiang WW, Kati WM, Liu D, Liu Y, Maring CJ, Masse S, McDaniel KF, Middleton T, Mo H, Molla A, Montgomery D, Pratt JK, Rockway TW, Zhang R, Kempf DJ. Inhibitors of HCV NS5B polymerase: synthesis and structure-activity relationships of N-alkyl-4-hydroxyquinolon-3-yl-benzothiadiazine sulfamides. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2006; 16:3367-70. [PMID: 16650764 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2006.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2006] [Accepted: 04/06/2006] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Substituted N-alkyl-4-hydroxyquinolon-3-yl-benzothiadiazine sulfamides were investigated as inhibitors of genotype 1 HCV polymerase. Structure-activity relationship patterns for this class of compounds are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Chris Krueger
- Infectious Disease Research, Global Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, IL 60064, USA.
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22
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Rockway TW, Zhang R, Liu D, Betebenner DA, McDaniel KF, Pratt JK, Beno D, Montgomery D, Jiang WW, Masse S, Kati WM, Middleton T, Molla A, Maring CJ, Kempf DJ. Inhibitors of HCV NS5B polymerase: synthesis and structure-activity relationships of N-1-benzyl and N-1-[3-methylbutyl]-4-hydroxy-1,8-naphthyridon-3-yl benzothiadiazine analogs containing substituents on the aromatic ring. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2006; 16:3833-8. [PMID: 16650984 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2006.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2006] [Revised: 04/08/2006] [Accepted: 04/10/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
A series of non-nucleoside HCV NS5B polymerase inhibitors based on the N-1-benzyl or N-1-[3-methylbutyl]-4-hydroxy-1,8-naphthyridon-3-yl benzothiadiazine core substituted in the D-ring aromatic moiety have been prepared and evaluated. Aromatic substituents extending from position 7 of the D-ring exhibited excellent potency against both genotypes 1a and 1b.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd W Rockway
- Infectious Disease Research, Global Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Abbott Laboratories, 200 Abbott Park Road, Abbott Park, IL 60064-6217, USA.
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23
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Pratt JK, Donner P, McDaniel KF, Maring CJ, Kati WM, Mo H, Middleton T, Liu Y, Ng T, Xie Q, Zhang R, Montgomery D, Molla A, Kempf DJ, Kohlbrenner W. Inhibitors of HCV NS5B polymerase: synthesis and structure–activity relationships of N-1-heteroalkyl-4-hydroxyquinolon-3-yl-benzothiadiazines. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2005; 15:1577-82. [PMID: 15745800 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2005.01.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2004] [Revised: 01/26/2005] [Accepted: 01/28/2005] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
N-1-Alkylamino and N-1-alkyloxy-4-hydroxyquinolon-3-yl benzothiadiazines were synthesized and evaluated as inhibitors of genotype 1 HCV polymerase. The N-1-alkyloxy derivatives were not potent inhibitors, however N-1-alkylamino derivatives displayed comparable potency to carbon analogs. Analogs with aliphatic substituents were significantly more potent than those with benzylic substituents against genotype 1a polymerase. The most potent inhibitors contained small alkyl or carbocyclic substituents and exhibited IC50's of 50-100 and 200-400 nM against genotype 1b and 1a HCV polymerase, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- John K Pratt
- Infectious Disease Research, Global Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, IL 60064, USA.
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Hidaka K, Kimura T, Hayashi Y, McDaniel KF, Dekhtyar T, Colletti L, Kiso Y. Design and synthesis of pseudo-symmetric HIV protease inhibitors containing a novel hydroxymethylcarbonyl (HMC)-hydrazide isostere. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2003; 13:93-6. [PMID: 12467624 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(02)00848-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Pseudo-symmetric HIV-1 protease inhibitors containing a novel HMC-hydrazide isostere as the transition-state mimic were designed and synthesized. Most of the synthetic compounds with varied structures at the P and P' sites around this core unit showed potent inhibitory activity against HIV-1 protease with nanomolar K(i) values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koushi Hidaka
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Center of Frontier Reseach in Medicinal Science, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Yamashina-ku, Japan
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Rowland AT, Hohneker JA, McDaniel KF, Moore DS. Saponification of dimethyl cis-2,6-diphenyl-4-oxocyclohexane-1,1-dicarboxylate. A reinvestigation. J Org Chem 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/jo00341a024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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26
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Roell BC, McDaniel KF. Nucleophilic attack at C2 of neutral (.eta.5-pentadienyl)manganese complexes: formation of .sigma.,.eta.3-manganese complexes. J Am Chem Soc 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/ja00180a069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Harrington PJ, Hegedus LS, McDaniel KF. Palladium-catalyzed reactions in the synthesis of 3- and 4-substituted indoles. 2. Total synthesis of the N-acetyl methyl ester of (.+-.)-clavicipitic acids. J Am Chem Soc 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/ja00248a032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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28
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Roell BC, McDaniel KF, Vaughan WS, Macy TS. Nucleophilic attack on neutral tricarbonyl(.eta.5-cyclohexadienyl)manganese complexes: preparation of substituted 1,3-cyclohexadienes. Organometallics 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/om00025a037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Petrel TA, Stephan JM, McDaniel KF, McMills MC, Rheingold AL, Yap GPA. Preparation and Diazodecomposition Reaction of an alpha-Diazocarbonyl-Tethered Tricarbonyl(eta(4)-cyclohexadiene)iron Complex. J Org Chem 1996; 61:4188-4189. [PMID: 11667309 DOI: 10.1021/jo960229q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Trevor A. Petrel
- Department of Chemistry, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio 45701, and Department of Chemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716
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Taylor EC, McDaniel KF, Warner JC. Diels-Alder Reactions of Bicyclic 1,2,4-Triazines: The Conversion of Pyrimido[4,5-]-1,2,4-triazines to Pyrido[2,3-]pyrimidines (5-Deazapteridines). Tetrahedron Lett 1987. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(00)96024-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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