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Geballa-Koukoula A, Ross G, Bosman A, Zhao Y, Zhou H, Nielen M, Rafferty K, Elliott C, Salentijn G. Best practices and current implementation of emerging smartphone-based (bio)sensors - Part 2: Development, validation, and social impact. Trends Analyt Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2023.116986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
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Ross G, Zhao Y, Bosman A, Geballa-Koukoula A, Zhou H, Elliott C, Nielen M, Rafferty K, Salentijn G. Data handling and ethics of emerging smartphone-based (bio)sensors – Part 1: Best practices and current implementation. Trends Analyt Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2022.116863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
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Koutlas IG, Anbinder AL, Alshagroud R, Rodrigues Cavalcante AS, Al Kindi M, Crenshaw MM, Sapp JC, Kondolf H, Lindhurst MJ, Dudley JN, Johnston JJ, Ryan E, Rafferty K, Ganguly A, Biesecker LG. Erratum: Orofacial overgrowth with peripheral nerve enlargement and perineuriomatous pseudo-onion bulb proliferations is part of the PIK3CA-related overgrowth spectrum. HGG Adv 2022; 3:100062. [PMID: 35051255 PMCID: PMC8756489 DOI: 10.1016/j.xhgg.2021.100062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Koutlas IG, Anbinder AL, Alshagroud R, Rodrigues Cavalcante AS, Al Kindi M, Crenshaw MM, Sapp JC, Kondolf H, Lindhurst MJ, Dudley JN, Johnston JJ, Ryan E, Rafferty K, Ganguly A, Biesecker LG. Orofacial overgrowth with peripheral nerve enlargement and perineuriomatous pseudo-onion bulb proliferations is part of the PIK3CA-related overgrowth spectrum. Human Genetics and Genomics Advances 2020; 1:100009. [PMID: 35047831 PMCID: PMC8756490 DOI: 10.1016/j.xhgg.2020.100009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Individuals with orofacial asymmetry due to mucosal overgrowths, ipsilateral bone and dental aberrations with perineurial hyperplasia and/or perineuriomatous pseudo-onion bulb proliferations, comprise a recognizable clinical entity. In this article, we describe three individuals with this clinical entity and mosaic PIK3CA variants c.3140A>G (p. His1047Arg), c.328_330delGAA (p. Glu110del), and c.1353_1364del (p.Glu453_Leu456del). We conclude that the identification of these mosaic variants in individuals with orofacial asymmetry presenting histopathologically perineurial hyperplasia and/or intraneural pseudo-onion bulb perineurial cell proliferations supports the inclusion of this clinical entity in the PIK3CA-related overgrowth spectrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis G. Koutlas
- Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Corresponding author
| | - Ana-Lia Anbinder
- São Paulo State University (Unesp), Institute of Science and Technology, São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Molly M. Crenshaw
- Medical Genomics and Metabolic Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Julie C. Sapp
- Medical Genomics and Metabolic Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Hannah Kondolf
- Medical Genomics and Metabolic Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Marjorie J. Lindhurst
- Medical Genomics and Metabolic Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jeffrey N. Dudley
- Medical Genomics and Metabolic Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jennifer J. Johnston
- Medical Genomics and Metabolic Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Elyse Ryan
- Genetic Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Keith Rafferty
- Genetic Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Arupa Ganguly
- Genetic Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Leslie G. Biesecker
- Medical Genomics and Metabolic Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Tsagkaris A, Nelis J, Ross G, Jafari S, Guercetti J, Kopper K, Zhao Y, Rafferty K, Salvador J, Migliorelli D, Salentijn G, Campbell K, Marco M, Elliot C, Nielen M, Pulkrabova J, Hajslova J. Critical assessment of recent trends related to screening and confirmatory analytical methods for selected food contaminants and allergens. Trends Analyt Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2019.115688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Lalonde E, Ebrahimzadeh J, Rafferty K, Richards-Yutz J, Grant R, Toorens E, Marie Rosado J, Schindewolf E, Ganguly T, Kalish JM, Deardorff MA, Ganguly A. Molecular diagnosis of somatic overgrowth conditions: A single-center experience. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2019; 7:e536. [PMID: 30761771 PMCID: PMC6418364 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Revised: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 12/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Somatic overgrowth conditions, including Proteus syndrome, Sturge–Weber syndrome, and PIK3CA‐related overgrowth spectrum, are caused by post‐zygotic pathogenic variants, result in segmental mosaicism, and give rise to neural, cutaneous and/or lipomatous overgrowth. These variants occur in growth‐promoting pathways leading to cellular proliferation and expansion of tissues that arise from the affected cellular lineage. Methods We report on 80 serial patients evaluated for somatic overgrowth conditions in a diagnostic laboratory setting, including three prenatal patients. In total, 166 tissues from these 80 patients were subjected to targeted sequencing of an 8‐gene panel capturing 10.2 kb of sequence containing known pathogenic variants associated with somatic overgrowth conditions. Deep next‐generation sequencing was performed with the IonTorrent PGM platform at an average depth typically >5,000×. Results Likely pathogenic or pathogenic variants were identified in 36 individuals and variants of unknown significance in four. The overall molecular diagnostic yield was 45% but was highly influenced by both submitted tissue type and phenotype. In the prenatal setting, two patients had pathogenic variants identified in cultured amniocytes but in a third patient, the pathogenic variant was only present in post‐natal tissues. Finally, expanding the test to include full gene sequencing of PIK3CA in contrast to targeted sequencing identified likely pathogenic variants in 3 of 7 patients that tested negative on the original panel. Conclusion Next‐generation sequencing has enabled sensitive detection of somatic pathogenic variants associated with overgrowth conditions. However, as the pathogenic variant allele frequency varies by tissue type within an individual, submission of affected tissue(s) greatly increases the chances of a molecular diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Lalonde
- Genetic Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Jessica Ebrahimzadeh
- Genetic Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Keith Rafferty
- Genetic Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Jennifer Richards-Yutz
- Genetic Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Richard Grant
- Genetic Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Erik Toorens
- Penn Genomic Analysis Core, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Jennifer Marie Rosado
- Penn Genomic Analysis Core, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Erica Schindewolf
- Center for Fetal Diagnosis and Treatment, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Tapan Ganguly
- Penn Genomic Analysis Core, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Jennifer M Kalish
- Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Matthew A Deardorff
- Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Arupa Ganguly
- Genetic Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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Nelis JLD, Tsagkaris AS, Zhao Y, Lou-Franco J, Nolan P, Zhou H, Cao C, Rafferty K, Hajslova J, Elliott CT, Campbell K. The end user sensor tree: An end-user friendly sensor database. Biosens Bioelectron 2019; 130:245-253. [PMID: 30769289 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2019.01.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Revised: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Detailed knowledge regarding sensor based technologies for the detection of food contamination often remains concealed within scientific journals or divided between numerous commercial kits which prevents optimal connectivity between companies and end-users. To overcome this barrier The End user Sensor Tree (TEST) has been developed. TEST is a comprehensive, interactive platform including over 900 sensor based methods, retrieved from the scientific literature and commercial market, for aquatic-toxins, mycotoxins, pesticides and microorganism detection. Key analytical parameters are recorded in excel files while a novel classification system is used which provides, tailor-made, experts' feedback using an online decision tree and database introduced here. Additionally, a critical comparison of reviewed sensors is presented alongside a global perspective on research pioneers and commercially available products. The lack of commercial uptake of the academically popular electrochemical and nanomaterial based sensors, as well as multiplexing platforms became very apparent and reasons for this anomaly are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L D Nelis
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University, David Keir Building, Stranmillis Road, Belfast BT9 5AG, UK
| | - A S Tsagkaris
- Department of Food Analysis and Nutrition, Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague 6 - Dejvice, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Y Zhao
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University, David Keir Building, Stranmillis Road, Belfast BT9 5AG, UK; School of Electronics, Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Queen's University Belfast, Stranmillis Road, Belfast, UK
| | - J Lou-Franco
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University, David Keir Building, Stranmillis Road, Belfast BT9 5AG, UK
| | - P Nolan
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University, David Keir Building, Stranmillis Road, Belfast BT9 5AG, UK
| | - H Zhou
- School of Electronics, Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Queen's University Belfast, Stranmillis Road, Belfast, UK; Department of Informatics, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK
| | - C Cao
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University, David Keir Building, Stranmillis Road, Belfast BT9 5AG, UK
| | - K Rafferty
- School of Electronics, Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Queen's University Belfast, Stranmillis Road, Belfast, UK
| | - J Hajslova
- Department of Food Analysis and Nutrition, Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague 6 - Dejvice, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - C T Elliott
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University, David Keir Building, Stranmillis Road, Belfast BT9 5AG, UK
| | - K Campbell
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University, David Keir Building, Stranmillis Road, Belfast BT9 5AG, UK.
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Machutta CA, Kollmann CS, Lind KE, Bai X, Chan PF, Huang J, Ballell L, Belyanskaya S, Besra GS, Barros-Aguirre D, Bates RH, Centrella PA, Chang SS, Chai J, Choudhry AE, Coffin A, Davie CP, Deng H, Deng J, Ding Y, Dodson JW, Fosbenner DT, Gao EN, Graham TL, Graybill TL, Ingraham K, Johnson WP, King BW, Kwiatkowski CR, Lelièvre J, Li Y, Liu X, Lu Q, Lehr R, Mendoza-Losana A, Martin J, McCloskey L, McCormick P, O'Keefe HP, O'Keeffe T, Pao C, Phelps CB, Qi H, Rafferty K, Scavello GS, Steiginga MS, Sundersingh FS, Sweitzer SM, Szewczuk LM, Taylor A, Fern Toh M, Wang J, Wang M, Wilkins DJ, Xia B, Yao G, Zhang J, Zhou J, Donahue CP, Messer JA, Holmes D, Arico-Muendel CC, Pope AJ, Gross JW, Evindar G. Author Correction: Prioritizing multiple therapeutic targets in parallel using automated DNA-encoded library screening. Nat Commun 2018; 9:16227. [PMID: 30004092 PMCID: PMC6054520 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms16227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
This corrects the article DOI: 10.1038/ncomms16081.
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Baum KG, Schmidt E, Rafferty K, Krol A, Helguera M. Evaluation of novel genetic algorithm generated schemes for positron emission tomography (PET)/magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) image fusion. J Digit Imaging 2012; 24:1031-43. [PMID: 21479733 DOI: 10.1007/s10278-011-9382-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The use and benefits of a multimodality approach in the context of breast cancer imaging are discussed. Fusion techniques that allow multiple images to be viewed simultaneously are discussed. Many of these fusion techniques rely on the use of color tables. A genetic algorithm that generates color tables that have desired properties such as satisfying the order principle, the rows, and columns principle, have perceivable uniformity and have maximum contrast is introduced. The generated 2D color tables can be used for displaying fused datasets. The advantage the proposed method has over other techniques is the ability to consider a much larger set of possible color tables, ensuring that the best one is found. We asked radiologists to perform a set of tasks reading fused PET/MRI breast images obtained using eight different fusion techniques. This preliminary study clearly demonstrates the need and benefit of a joint display by estimating the inaccuracies incurred when using a side-by-side display. The study suggests that the color tables generated by the genetic algorithm are good choices for fusing MR and PET images. It is interesting to note that popular techniques such as the Fire/Gray and techniques based on the HSV color space, which are prevalent in the literature and clinical practice, appear to give poorer performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- K G Baum
- Chester F. Carlson Center for Imaging Science, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY 14623, USA
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Armas LAG, Rafferty K, Hospattankar A, Abrams SA, Heaney RP. Chronic dietary fiber supplementation with wheat dextrin does not inhibit calcium and magnesium absorption in premenopausal and postmenopausal women. J Int Med Res 2012; 39:1824-33. [PMID: 22117983 DOI: 10.1177/147323001103900525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This placebo-controlled, randomized, crossover clinical study examined the effect of chronic wheat dextrin intake on calcium and magnesium absorption. Forty premenopausal and post menopausal women (mean ± SD age 49.9 ± 9.8 years) consumed wheat dextrin or placebo (15 g/day) for 2 weeks prior to (45)calcium ((45)Ca) and (26)magnesium ((26)Mg) absorption testing. After a standardized breakfast, serial blood and urine samples were obtained. The mean ± SD area under the curve from 0 to 9 h for (45)Ca specific activity was 0.81 ± 0.21 for wheat dextrin and 0.82 ± 0.22 for placebo, showing that wheat dextrin had no effect on calcium absorption. The mean ± SD percentage excess of (26)Mg/(24)Mg was 7.8% ± 2.1% for wheat dextrin and 7.9% ± 2.6% for placebo, showing that wheat dextrin had no effect on magnesium absorption. In conclusion, chronic wheat dextrin consumption did not inhibit calcium or magnesium absorption from the gastrointestinal tract in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A G Armas
- Osteoporosis Research Center, Creighton University, 601 North 30th Street, Suite 4820, Omaha, NE 68131, USA.
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Rafferty K, Bowler M, Pohlschmidt M, Rogers M, Turner C, Lochmüller H. P97 New patient registries for Myotonic dystrophy and Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy in the United Kingdom. Neuromuscul Disord 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/s0960-8966(12)70105-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Guglieri M, Herr B, McColl E, Eagle M, Pandya S, McDermott M, Tawil R, Martens W, Annis C, Hirtz D, Kirschner J, Korinthenberg R, Hart K, Brown M, Rafferty K, Griggs R, Bushby K. P3.52 FOR-DMD: double-blind randomized trial to optimize steroid regime in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD). Neuromuscul Disord 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2010.07.194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of reduced masticatory function on midline suture growth and morphology in growing pigs. SETTING AND SAMPLE POPULATION The sample was 20 pigs separated into two dietary groups and raised at the Department of Anthropology, Harvard University. Midline suture specimens were analyzed at the Department of Orthodontics, University of Washington. MATERIALS AND METHODS Ten farm pigs and 10 minipigs, all male, were randomly assigned to hard (n = 9) and soft-diet (n = 11) groups. Fluorochromic mineral labels were administered to document bone apposition, and the animals were killed after 12 weeks. Undecalcified sections of the interfrontal, interparietal, internasal, and intermaxillary sutures were evaluated for bone quantity and sutural thickness, interdigitation ratio and growth rate. RESULTS Soft-diet pigs were characterized by a slower rate of weight gain and less bone than their hard-diet counterparts. Even after correction for weight gain, soft-diet pigs had reduced suture growth rate and thickness. However, no difference in interdigitation ratio was detected between dietary groups. CONCLUSIONS Restriction to a soft diet reduces midline suture growth and bone apposition in the growing pig.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K Burn
- Department of Orthodontics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
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Yeh K, Popowics T, Rafferty K, Herring S, Egbert M. The effects of tooth extraction on alveolar bone biomechanics in the miniature pig, Sus scrofa. Arch Oral Biol 2010; 55:663-9. [PMID: 20580345 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2010.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2010] [Revised: 05/21/2010] [Accepted: 05/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study investigated the role of occlusion in the development of biomechanical properties of alveolar bone in the miniature pig, Sus scrofa. The hypothesis tested was that the tissues supporting an occluding tooth would show greater stiffness and less strain than that of a non-occluding tooth. DESIGN Maxillary teeth opposing the erupting lower first molar (M(1)) were extracted on one side. Occlusion developed on the contralateral side. Serially administered fluorochrome labels tracked bone mineralisation apposition rate (MAR). A terminal experiment measured in vivo buccal alveolar bone strain on occluding and non-occluding sides during mastication. Ex vivo alveolar strains during occlusal loading were subsequently measured using a materials testing machine (MTS/Sintech). Whole specimen stiffness and principal strains were calculated. RESULTS MAR tended to be higher on the extraction side during occlusion. In vivo buccal shear strains were higher in the alveolar bone of the occluding side vs. the extraction side (mean of 471 microvarepsilon vs. 281 microvarepsilon, respectively; p=0.04); however, ex vivo shear strains showed no significant differences between sides. Stiffness differed between extraction and occlusion side specimens, significantly so in the low load range (344 vs. 668 MPa, respectively; p=0.04). CONCLUSIONS Greater in vivo shear strains may indicate more forceful chews on the occluding side, whereas the similarity in ex vivo bone strain magnitude suggests a similarity in alveolar bone structure and occlusal load transmission regardless of occlusal status. The big overall change in specimen stiffness that was observed was likely attributable to differences in the periodontal ligament rather than alveolar bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Yeh
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, United States
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Abstract
Despite more than 20 y of awareness of the importance of calcium to health, U.S. calcium intakes remain suboptimal. Fortification of foods with shortfall nutrients is probably the optimal strategy for dealing with widespread nutrient deficiencies, as it has the best chance of reaching the population segments most at risk, as contrasted with attempts at changing individuals' food choices or relying on voluntary supplement taking. Given the wide array of potential calcium fortificants and fortification levels, there is not much to guide manufacturers interested in improving the nutritional value of their products. In this review, we assemble the calcium salts/complexes that have been used or proposed for use as fortificants and describe certain of their measured characteristics that relate to incorporation into foods, particularly what is known of their absorbability. The calcium salts most commonly used as supplements or fortificants exhibit similar absorbability when tested in pure chemical form. Choice of salt will depend mainly upon cost, compatability with the manufacturing process, and consumer acceptability. However, interaction with food, tablet, or beverage matrices can degrade intrinsic absorbability substantially. As a consequence, each product must be explicitly tested to establish the degree to which its calcium is available to consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Rafferty
- Creighton Univ., Osteoporosis Research Center, 601 N. 30th St., Suite 4820, Omaha, NE 68131, USA.
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Hill DJ, Murch SH, Rafferty K, Wallis P, Green CJ. The efficacy of amino acid-based formulas in relieving the symptoms of cow's milk allergy: a systematic review. Clin Exp Allergy 2007; 37:808-22. [PMID: 17517094 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2007.02724.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this systematic review was to evaluate the efficacy of amino acid-based formulas (AAF) in patients with cow's milk allergy (CMA). Studies were identified using electronic databases and bibliography searches. Subjects eligible for inclusion were patients of any age with CMA or symptoms suggestive of it. Comparisons of interest were AAF vs. extensively hydrolysed formula (eHF), AAF vs. soy-based formula (SF) and AAF vs. cow's milk or cow's milk-based formula. Outcomes of interest were gastrointestinal (GI), dermatological, respiratory and behavioural symptoms as well as growth. A total of 20 studies [three head-to-head randomized controlled trials (RCTs), three cross-over challenge RCTs, seven clinical trials (CTs) and seven case reports (CRs)] were included in the review. In infants with confirmed or suspected CMA, the use of an AAF was shown to be safe and efficacious. Findings from RCT comparisons of AAF with eHF showed that both formulas are equally efficacious at relieving the symptoms of CMA in confirmed or suspected cases. However, infants in specific subgroups (e.g. non-IgE mediated food-induced gastro-enterocolitis-proctitis syndromes with failure to thrive, severe atopic eczema, or with symptoms during exclusive breastfeeding) were more likely overall to benefit from AAF, as intolerance to eHF may occur. In such cases, symptoms persisting despite eHF feeding usually remit on AAF, and catch-up growth may be seen. Meta-analysis of the findings was not possible due to lack of homogenous reporting of outcomes in the original trials. This systematic review shows clinical benefit from use of AAF in both symptoms and growth in infants and children with CMA who fail to tolerate eHF. Further studies are required to determine the relative medical or economic value of initial treatment with AAF in infants at high risk of eHF intolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Hill
- Department of Allergy, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Intake of carbonated beverages has been associated with increased fracture risk in observational studies. The usual explanation given is that one or more of the beverage constituents increase urinary calcium. OBJECTIVE We assessed the short-term effects on urinary calcium excretion of carbonated beverages of various compositions. DESIGN An incomplete random block design was used to study 20-40-y-old women who customarily consumed > or =680 mL carbonated beverages daily. Four carbonated beverages were tested: 2 with caffeine and 2 without. Two contained phosphoric acid as the acidulant and 2 contained citric acid. The study included one neutral control (water) and one positive control (skim or chocolate milk). Serving size was 567 mL for the carbonated beverages and water and 340 mL for the milks. Beverages were consumed with a light breakfast after an overnight fast; no other foods were ingested until urine collection was complete. pH, titratable and total acidity, sodium, creatinine, and calcium were measured in 2-h (morning) fasting and 5-h postbeverage urine specimens. RESULTS Relative to water, urinary calcium rose significantly only with the milks and the 2 caffeine-containing beverages. The excess calciuria was approximately 0.25 mmol, about the same as previously reported for caffeine alone. Phosphoric acid without caffeine produced no excess calciuria; nor did it augment the calciuria of caffeine. CONCLUSIONS The excess calciuria associated with consumption of carbonated beverages is confined to caffeinated beverages. Acidulant type has no acute effect. Because the caffeine effect is known to be compensated for by reduced calciuria later in the day, we conclude that the net effect of carbonated beverage constituents on calcium economy is negligible. The skeletal effects of carbonated beverage consumption are likely due primarily to milk displacement.
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Affiliation(s)
- R P Heaney
- Creighton University Osteoporosis Research Center, Omaha, NE 68131, USA.
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Abstract
Five clinical studies of calcium intake, designed with a primary skeletal end point, were reevaluated to explore associations between calcium intake and body weight. All subjects were women, clustered in three main age groups: 3rd, 5th, and 8th decades. Total sample size was 780. Four of the studies were observational; two were cross-sectional, in which body mass index was regressed against entry level calcium intake; and two were longitudinal, in which change in weight over time was regressed against calcium intake. One study was a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial of calcium supplementation, in which change in weight during the course of study was evaluated as a function of treatment status. Significant negative associations between calcium intake and weight were found for all three age groups, and the odds ratio for being overweight (body mass index, >26) was 2.25 for young women in the lower half of the calcium intakes of their respective study groups (P: < 0.02). Relative to placebo, the calcium-treated subjects in the controlled trial exhibited a significant weight loss across nearly 4 yr of observation. Estimates of the relationship indicate that a 1000-mg calcium intake difference is associated with an 8-kg difference in mean body weight and that calcium intake explains approximately 3% of the variance in body weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Davies
- Osteoporosis Research Center, Creighton University, Omaha, Nebraska 68131, USA
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Heaney RP, Dowell MS, Rafferty K, Bierman J. Bioavailability of the calcium in fortified soy imitation milk, with some observations on method. Am J Clin Nutr 2000; 71:1166-9. [PMID: 10799379 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/71.5.1166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Calcium-fortified soy milk is growing in popularity, particularly among vegetarians, but the bioavailability of its calcium was not previously known. Additionally, the validity of isotopic labeling methods for fortified liquid products had not been established. OBJECTIVES The objectives of this study were to compare the bioavailability of the calcium in fortified soy milk with that of calcium in cow milk and to evaluate the method of labeling soy milk for bioavailability testing. DESIGN A within-subject comparison of extrinsically labeled cow milk with intrinsically and extrinsically labeled soy milks was undertaken in 16 healthy men. In all tests, 300-mg Ca loads were given as a part of a light breakfast after an overnight fast. The milks were physically partitioned into liquid and solid phases to enable evaluation of tracer distribution. RESULTS Calcium from intrinsically labeled soy milk was absorbed at only 75% the efficiency of calcium from cow milk. Extrinsic labeling of soy milk did not produce uniform tracer distribution throughout the liquid and solid phases and resulted in a 50% overestimate of true absorbability. CONCLUSION Calcium-fortified soy milk does not constitute a calcium source comparable to cow milk, and extrinsic labeling of such calcium particulate suspensions does not produce the uniform tracer distribution needed for bioavailability testing. Hence, intrinsic labeling of the fortificant is required for such liquid suspensions.
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Affiliation(s)
- R P Heaney
- Osteoporosis Research Center, Creighton University, Omaha, NE 68131, USA.
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