1
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Alnatah H, Yao Q, Beaumariage J, Mukherjee S, Tam MC, Wasilewski Z, West K, Baldwin K, Pfeiffer LN, Snoke DW. Coherence measurements of polaritons in thermal equilibrium reveal a power law for two-dimensional condensates. Sci Adv 2024; 10:eadk6960. [PMID: 38701210 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adk6960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
We have created a spatially homogeneous polariton condensate in thermal equilibrium, up to very high condensate fraction. Under these conditions, we have measured the coherence as a function of momentum and determined the total coherent fraction of this boson system from very low density up to density well above the condensation transition. These measurements reveal a consistent power law for the coherent fraction as a function of the total density over nearly three orders of its magnitude. The same power law is seen in numerical simulations solving the two-dimensional Gross-Pitaevskii equation for the equilibrium coherence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Alnatah
- Department of Physics, University of Pittsburgh, 3941 O'Hara Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15218, USA
| | - Qi Yao
- Department of Physics, University of Pittsburgh, 3941 O'Hara Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15218, USA
| | - Jonathan Beaumariage
- Department of Physics, University of Pittsburgh, 3941 O'Hara Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15218, USA
| | - Shouvik Mukherjee
- Joint Quantum Institute, University of Maryland and National Institute of Standards and Technology, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Man Chun Tam
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
- Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Zbigniew Wasilewski
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
- Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Ken West
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Kirk Baldwin
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Loren N Pfeiffer
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - David W Snoke
- Department of Physics, University of Pittsburgh, 3941 O'Hara Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15218, USA
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2
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Alnatah H, Comaron P, Mukherjee S, Beaumariage J, Pfeiffer LN, West K, Baldwin K, Szymańska M, Snoke DW. Critical fluctuations in a confined driven-dissipative quantum condensate. Sci Adv 2024; 10:eadi6762. [PMID: 38517958 PMCID: PMC10959404 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adi6762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/24/2024]
Abstract
Phase fluctuations determine the low-energy properties of quantum condensates. However, at the condensation threshold, both density and phase fluctuations are relevant. While strong emphasis has been given to the investigation of phase fluctuations, which dominate the physics of the quantum system away from the critical point, number fluctuations have been much less explored even in thermal equilibrium. In this work, we report experimental observation and theoretical description of fluctuations in a circularly confined nonequilibrium Bose-Einstein condensate of polaritons near the condensation threshold. We observe critical fluctuations, which combine the number fluctuations of a single-mode condensate state and competition between different states. The latter is analogous to mode hopping in photon lasers. Our theoretical analysis indicates that this phenomenon is of a quantum character, while classical noise of the pump is not sufficient to explain the experiments. The manifestation of a critical quantum state competition unlocks possibilities for the study of condensate formation while linking to practical realizations in photonic lasers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Alnatah
- Department of Physics, University of Pittsburgh, 3941 O’Hara Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15218, USA
| | - Paolo Comaron
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Shouvik Mukherjee
- Joint Quantum Institute, University of Maryland and National Institute of Standards and Technology, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Jonathan Beaumariage
- Department of Physics, University of Pittsburgh, 3941 O’Hara Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15218, USA
| | - Loren N. Pfeiffer
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Ken West
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Kirk Baldwin
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Marzena Szymańska
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - David W. Snoke
- Department of Physics, University of Pittsburgh, 3941 O’Hara Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15218, USA
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3
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Yoo HM, Korkusinski M, Miravet D, Baldwin KW, West K, Pfeiffer L, Hawrylak P, Ashoori RC. Time, momentum, and energy resolved pump-probe tunneling spectroscopy of two-dimensional electron systems. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7440. [PMID: 37978193 PMCID: PMC10656415 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43268-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Real-time probing of electrons can uncover intricate relaxation mechanisms and many-body interactions in strongly correlated materials. Here, we introduce time, momentum, and energy resolved pump-probe tunneling spectroscopy (Tr-MERTS). The method allows the injection of electrons at a particular energy and observation of their subsequent decay in energy-momentum space. Using Tr-MERTS, we visualize electronic decay processes, with lifetimes from tens of nanoseconds to tens of microseconds, in Landau levels formed in a GaAs quantum well. Although most observed features agree with simple energy-relaxation, we discovered a splitting in the nonequilibrium energy spectrum in the vicinity of a ferromagnetic state. An exact diagonalization study suggests that the splitting arises from a maximally spin-polarized state with higher energy than a conventional equilibrium skyrmion. Furthermore, we observe time-dependent relaxation of the splitting, which we attribute to single-flipped spins forming skyrmions. These results establish Tr-MERTS as a powerful tool for studying the properties of a 2DES beyond equilibrium.
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Affiliation(s)
- H M Yoo
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - M Korkusinski
- Emerging Technologies Division, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - D Miravet
- Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - K W Baldwin
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA
| | - K West
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA
| | - L Pfeiffer
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA
| | - P Hawrylak
- Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - R C Ashoori
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
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4
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James J, Robinson C, Mason C, Richards C, West K, Morgan B. Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on a post-mortem CT service for adult non-suspicious death. Clin Radiol 2023; 78:822-831. [PMID: 37827592 DOI: 10.1016/j.crad.2023.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the post-mortem computed tomography (PMCT) service was expanded from three to seven cases per day to help mortuary services and avoid invasive autopsy. Additional targeted angiography and pulmonary ventilation procedures were stopped and triage rules relaxed to allow more indications to be scanned, including those requiring toxicology. A service evaluation was performed for the first 3-months of the COVID-19 pandemic compared to the equivalent period the previous year to study the impact of these changes. It was found that, despite the increase in deaths regionally, coronial referrals remained about 100 per month, a reduction in referral rate. The number undergoing PMCT rose from 28% to 74% of cases. Turnaround time remained the same. For cases triaged to PMCT, the need for subsequent autopsy increased from 7.9% to 15.8%. No significant changes were seen in diagnosis rates, including cardiac or respiratory. There was an increase in patients with coronary death without severe coronary calcification who underwent autopsy after PMCT. These may have been diagnosed by targeted coronary angiography. Fifty-three cases requiring toxicology/biochemistry had PMCT, with 38 having PMCT only. In 8/11 (72.7%) cases with normal PMCT and toxicology as the key diagnostic test, autopsy was performed prior to results. This suggests the pathology team were reluctant to risk an "unascertained" outcome. This study shows that it is possible to increase PMCT services by widening referral criteria and by limiting the use of enhanced imaging techniques, without significantly changing diagnosis rates of key diseases; however, selectively restarting targeted angiography may help avoid autopsy in some cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- J James
- Imaging Department, University Hospitals of Leicester, Leicester Royal Infirmary, Leicester LE2 7LX, UK
| | - C Robinson
- Imaging Department, University Hospitals of Leicester, Leicester Royal Infirmary, Leicester LE2 7LX, UK
| | - C Mason
- The Coroner's Court, Town Hall, Town Hall Square, Leicester, UK
| | - C Richards
- Histopathology Department, University Hospitals of Leicester, Leicester Royal Infirmary, Leicester LE2 7LX, UK
| | - K West
- Histopathology Department, University Hospitals of Leicester, Leicester Royal Infirmary, Leicester LE2 7LX, UK
| | - B Morgan
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Leicester, Radiology Department, Leicester Royal Infirmary, Infirmary Square, Leicester LE2 7LX, UK.
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5
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Hnatovsky C, Mihailov S, Hilke M, Pfeiffer L, West K, Studenikin S. An Optical Technique to Produce Embedded Quantum Structures in Semiconductors. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2023; 13:nano13101622. [PMID: 37242039 DOI: 10.3390/nano13101622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 04/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The performance of a semiconductor quantum-electronic device ultimately depends on the quality of the semiconductor materials it is made of and on how well the device is isolated from electrostatic fluctuations caused by unavoidable surface charges and other sources of electric noise. Current technology to fabricate quantum semiconductor devices relies on surface gates which impose strong limitations on the maximum distance from the surface where the confining electrostatic potentials can be engineered. Surface gates also introduce strain fields which cause imperfections in the semiconductor crystal structure. Another way to create confining electrostatic potentials inside semiconductors is by means of light and photosensitive dopants. Light can be structured in the form of perfectly parallel sheets of high and low intensity which can penetrate deep into a semiconductor and, importantly, light does not deteriorate the quality of the semiconductor crystal. In this work, we employ these important properties of structured light to form metastable states of photo-sensitive impurities inside a GaAs/AlGaAs quantum well structure in order to create persistent periodic electrostatic potentials at large predetermined distances from the sample surface. The amplitude of the light-induced potential is controlled by gradually increasing the light fluence at the sample surface and simultaneously measuring the amplitude of Weiss commensurability oscillations in the magnetoresistivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyril Hnatovsky
- Emerging Technologies Division, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Stephen Mihailov
- Emerging Technologies Division, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Michael Hilke
- Department of Physics, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2T8, Canada
| | - Loren Pfeiffer
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Ken West
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Sergei Studenikin
- Emerging Technologies Division, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada
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Biegańska D, Pieczarka M, Estrecho E, Steger M, Snoke DW, West K, Pfeiffer LN, Syperek M, Truscott AG, Ostrovskaya EA. Collective Excitations of Exciton-Polariton Condensates in a Synthetic Gauge Field. Phys Rev Lett 2021; 127:185301. [PMID: 34767383 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.127.185301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Collective (elementary) excitations of quantum bosonic condensates, including condensates of exciton polaritons in semiconductor microcavities, are a sensitive probe of interparticle interactions. In anisotropic microcavities with momentum-dependent transverse-electric-transverse-magnetic splitting of the optical modes, the excitations' dispersions are predicted to be strongly anisotropic, which is a consequence of the synthetic magnetic gauge field of the cavity, as well as the interplay between different interaction strengths for polaritons in the singlet and triplet spin configurations. Here, by directly measuring the dispersion of the collective excitations in a high-density optically trapped exciton-polariton condensate, we observe excellent agreement with the theoretical predictions for spinor polariton excitations. We extract the interaction constants for polaritons of the same and opposite spin and map out the characteristic spin textures in an interacting spinor condensate of exciton polaritons.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Biegańska
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Future Low-Energy Electronics Technologies and Nonlinear Physics Centre, Research School of Physics, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
- Department of Experimental Physics, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland
| | - M Pieczarka
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Future Low-Energy Electronics Technologies and Nonlinear Physics Centre, Research School of Physics, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
- Department of Experimental Physics, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland
| | - E Estrecho
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Future Low-Energy Electronics Technologies and Nonlinear Physics Centre, Research School of Physics, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - M Steger
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA
| | - D W Snoke
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA
| | - K West
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | - L N Pfeiffer
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | - M Syperek
- Department of Experimental Physics, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland
| | - A G Truscott
- Laser Physics Centre, Research School of Physics, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - E A Ostrovskaya
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Future Low-Energy Electronics Technologies and Nonlinear Physics Centre, Research School of Physics, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
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7
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Demir A, Staley N, Aronson S, Tomarken S, West K, Baldwin K, Pfeiffer L, Ashoori R. Correlated Double-Electron Additions at the Edge of a Two-Dimensional Electronic System. Phys Rev Lett 2021; 126:256802. [PMID: 34241499 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.126.256802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We create laterally large and low-disorder GaAs quantum-well-based quantum dots that act as small two-dimensional electron systems. We monitor tunneling of single electrons to the dots by means of capacitance measurements and identify single-electron capacitance peaks in the addition spectrum from occupancies of one up to thousands of electrons. The data show two remarkable phenomena in the Landau level filling factor range ν=2 to ν=5 in selective probing of the edge states of the dot: (i) Coulomb blockade peaks arise from the entrance of two electrons rather than one; (ii) at and near ν=5/2 and at fixed gate voltage, these double-height peaks appear uniformly in a magnetic field with a flux periodicity of h/2e, but they group into pairs at other filling factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmet Demir
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Neal Staley
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Samuel Aronson
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Spencer Tomarken
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Ken West
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | - Kirk Baldwin
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | - Loren Pfeiffer
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | - Raymond Ashoori
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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8
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Suárez-Forero DG, Riminucci F, Ardizzone V, Karpowicz N, Maggiolini E, Macorini G, Lerario G, Todisco F, De Giorgi M, Dominici L, Ballarini D, Gigli G, Lanotte AS, West K, Baldwin K, Pfeiffer L, Sanvitto D. Enhancement of Parametric Effects in Polariton Waveguides Induced by Dipolar Interactions. Phys Rev Lett 2021; 126:137401. [PMID: 33861133 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.126.137401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Exciton-polaritons are hybrid light-matter excitations arising from the nonperturbative coupling of a photonic mode and an excitonic resonance. Behaving as interacting photons, they show optical third-order nonlinearities providing effects such as optical parametric oscillation or amplification. It has been suggested that polariton-polariton interactions can be greatly enhanced by inducing aligned electric dipoles in their excitonic part. However, direct evidence of a true particle-particle interaction, such as superfluidity or parametric scattering, is still missing. In this Letter, we demonstrate that dipolar interactions can be used to enhance parametric effects such as self-phase modulation in waveguide polaritons. By quantifying these optical nonlinearities, we provide a reliable experimental measurement of the direct dipolar enhancement of polariton-polariton interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- D G Suárez-Forero
- CNR NANOTEC, Institute of Nanotechnology, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università del Salento, Strada Provinciale Lecce-Monteroni, Campus Ecotekne, Lecce 73100, Italy
| | - F Riminucci
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università del Salento, Strada Provinciale Lecce-Monteroni, Campus Ecotekne, Lecce 73100, Italy
- Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, One Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - V Ardizzone
- CNR NANOTEC, Institute of Nanotechnology, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - N Karpowicz
- CNR NANOTEC, Institute of Nanotechnology, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - E Maggiolini
- CNR NANOTEC, Institute of Nanotechnology, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - G Macorini
- CNR NANOTEC, Institute of Nanotechnology, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - G Lerario
- CNR NANOTEC, Institute of Nanotechnology, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - F Todisco
- CNR NANOTEC, Institute of Nanotechnology, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - M De Giorgi
- CNR NANOTEC, Institute of Nanotechnology, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - L Dominici
- CNR NANOTEC, Institute of Nanotechnology, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - D Ballarini
- CNR NANOTEC, Institute of Nanotechnology, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - G Gigli
- CNR NANOTEC, Institute of Nanotechnology, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - A S Lanotte
- CNR NANOTEC, Institute of Nanotechnology, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
- INFN, Sezione di Lecce, Via per Monteroni, Lecce 73100, Italy
| | - K West
- PRISM, Princeton Institute for the Science and Technology of Materials, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, USA
| | - K Baldwin
- PRISM, Princeton Institute for the Science and Technology of Materials, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, USA
| | - L Pfeiffer
- PRISM, Princeton Institute for the Science and Technology of Materials, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, USA
| | - D Sanvitto
- CNR NANOTEC, Institute of Nanotechnology, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
- INFN, Sezione di Lecce, Via per Monteroni, Lecce 73100, Italy
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9
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Ferguson L, Ho B, Weir J, Francis N, West K, Rathbone B, Larkin J, Heelan K. Extensive mucocutaneous, oesophageal and otic lichen planus secondary to nivolumab therapy. Skin Health Dis 2021; 1:e8. [PMID: 35664814 PMCID: PMC9060137 DOI: 10.1002/ski2.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
We report a 73-year-old female with metastatic renal cell carcinoma who developed a widespread lichenoid reaction following nivolumab treatment. The timeline of the reaction strongly correlated with the nivolumab treatment and subsequent cessation. Our patient had cutaneous, mucosal, otic, ophthalmic and oesophageal involvement, demonstrating the potentially extensive nature of lichenoid reactions to anti-programmed cell death receptor-1 (anti-PD1) therapies. Although lichenoid reactions to anti-PD1 therapies are now well recognized, there have been no previous reports of otic or oesophageal involvement in the literature. Although cutaneous lichenoid reactions do not tend to be severe or treatment limiting, more widespread systemic lichenoid reactions are challenging to manage, particularly in the context of malignancy. This very unusual case highlights the importance of considering involvement beyond the skin in all lichenoid skin reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - B. Ho
- Dermatology DepartmentSt George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation TrustLondonUK
| | - J. Weir
- Department of HistopathologyImperial College Healthcare NHS TrustLondonUK
| | - N. Francis
- Department of HistopathologyImperial College Healthcare NHS TrustLondonUK
| | - K. West
- Histopathology DepartmentLeicester Royal InfirmaryLeicesterUK
| | - B. Rathbone
- Gastroenterology DepartmentLeicester Royal InfirmaryLeicesterUK
| | - J. Larkin
- Royal Marsden Hospital NHS TrustLondonUK
| | - K. Heelan
- Royal Marsden Hospital NHS TrustLondonUK
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10
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Estrecho E, Pieczarka M, Wurdack M, Steger M, West K, Pfeiffer LN, Snoke DW, Truscott AG, Ostrovskaya EA. Low-Energy Collective Oscillations and Bogoliubov Sound in an Exciton-Polariton Condensate. Phys Rev Lett 2021; 126:075301. [PMID: 33666453 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.126.075301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We report the observation of low-energy, low-momenta collective oscillations of an exciton-polariton condensate in a round "box" trap. The oscillations are dominated by the dipole and breathing modes, and the ratio of the frequencies of the two modes is consistent with that of a weakly interacting two-dimensional trapped Bose gas. The speed of sound extracted from the dipole oscillation frequency is smaller than the Bogoliubov sound, which can be partly explained by the influence of the incoherent reservoir. These results pave the way for understanding the effects of reservoir, dissipation, energy relaxation, and finite temperature on the superfluid properties of exciton-polariton condensates and other two-dimensional open-dissipative quantum fluids.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Estrecho
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Future Low-Energy Electronics Technologies & Nonlinear Physics Centre, Research School of Physics, The Australian National University, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia
| | - M Pieczarka
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Future Low-Energy Electronics Technologies & Nonlinear Physics Centre, Research School of Physics, The Australian National University, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia
| | - M Wurdack
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Future Low-Energy Electronics Technologies & Nonlinear Physics Centre, Research School of Physics, The Australian National University, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia
| | - M Steger
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA
| | - K West
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | - L N Pfeiffer
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | - D W Snoke
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA
| | - A G Truscott
- Laser Physics Centre, Research School of Physics, The Australian National University, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia
| | - E A Ostrovskaya
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Future Low-Energy Electronics Technologies & Nonlinear Physics Centre, Research School of Physics, The Australian National University, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia
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11
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West K, Ward R, Latty D, Wang T, Cross S, Gebski V, Stuart K. OC-0112: Patient-Specific Heart Constraint lowers mean heart dose for patients receiving breast RT. Radiother Oncol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-8140(21)00138-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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12
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Driehuys B, Mata J, Hartwig M, Aragaki-Nakahodo A, West K, Emami K, Wadehra N, Cleveland Z, Walkup L, Woods J, Dusek A, Mugler J, Shim Y. Randomized Phase III Trial Assessing Regional Lung Function for Lung Transplant by Hyperpolarized 129Xenon Gas MRI. Imaging 2020. [DOI: 10.1183/13993003.congress-2020.2084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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13
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Shim Y, Mata J, Hartwig M, Aragaki-Nakahodo A, West K, Emami K, Wadehra N, Cleveland Z, Walkup L, Woods J, Dusek A, Mugler J, Driehuys B. Randomized Phase III Trial Assessing Regional Lung Function for Thoracic Resection by Hyperpolarized 129Xenon Gas MRI. Imaging 2020. [DOI: 10.1183/13993003.congress-2020.2080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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14
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Friess B, Dmitriev IA, Umansky V, Pfeiffer L, West K, von Klitzing K, Smet JH. Acoustoelectric Study of Microwave-Induced Current Domains. Phys Rev Lett 2020; 124:117601. [PMID: 32242726 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.124.117601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Surface acoustic waves (SAW) have been utilized to investigate the properties of a two-dimensional electron system subjected to a perpendicular magnetic field and monochromatic microwave radiation in the regime where the so-called microwave-induced zero-resistance states form. Contrary to conventional magnetotransport in Hall bar and van der Pauw geometries, the collimated SAW beam probes only the bulk of the electronic system exposed to this wave. Clear signatures appear in the SAW propagation velocity, corroborating that neither contacts nor sample edges are a root source for their emergence. By virtue of the directional nature of this probing method and with the assistance of theoretical modeling, we were able to demonstrate that the SAW response depends on the angle between its propagation vector and the orientation of domains that spontaneously form when zero-resistance is observed in transport. This confirms in unprecedented manner the formation of an inhomogeneous phase under these nonequilibrium conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Friess
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstrasse 1, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - I A Dmitriev
- Department of Physics, University of Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
- Ioffe Physical Technical Institute, 194021 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - V Umansky
- Braun Centre for Semiconductor Research, Department of Condensed Matter Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - L Pfeiffer
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | - K West
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | - K von Klitzing
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstrasse 1, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - J H Smet
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstrasse 1, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany
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Yanof J, West K, Al-Nimer S, Hanlon A, Weunski C, Gadodia G, Martin C. Abstract No. 480 Real-time, fused holographic visualization for performing percutaneous thermal ablation of solid liver tumors: preliminary feasibility evaluation. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jvir.2019.12.541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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Gadodia G, Yanof J, West K, Al-Nimer S, Hanlon A, Weunski C, Martin C. 4:03 PM Abstract No. 297 True three-dimensional holographic visualization for performance of percutaneous thermal ablation of solid liver tumors: an update on in-human evaluation. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jvir.2019.12.348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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Farr K, West K, Yeghiaian-Alvandi R, Farlow D, Stensmyr R, Chicco A, Hau E. PO-0999 Functional Avoidance planning allows for lung dose reduction in radiotherapy of lung cancer. Radiother Oncol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-8140(19)31419-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Nguyen H, Butow P, Dhillon H, Morris L, Brown A, West K, Sundaresan P. OC-0198 Using PROs and PROMs in routine head and neck cancer care: what do RTs perceive as barriers? Radiother Oncol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-8140(19)30618-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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19
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Gadodia G, Martin C, Yanof J, Al-Nimer S, Chapman A, Hanlon A, Weunski C, West K. Abstract No. 506 Holographic visualization for performance of percutaneous ablation of solid liver tumors: from development, to bench testing, to first-in-human evaluation. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jvir.2018.12.587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
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20
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Hanifin J, Lockley S, Cecil K, West K, Jablonski M, Warfield B, James M, Ayers M, Byrne B, Gerner E, Pineda C, Rollag M, Brainard G. Randomized trial of polychromatic blue-enriched light for circadian phase shifting, melatonin suppression, and alerting responses. Physiol Behav 2019; 198:57-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2018.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Revised: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Peace S, West K, Fernandez-Arioitia M. COLLABORATIVE FORMS OF HOUSING IN LATER: EUROPEAN PERSPECTIVE. Innov Aging 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/geroni/igy023.559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - K West
- Head of Sociology and Policy
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22
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West K, Wrobel B, Coatsworth A, Pallotta S. PALLIATIVE CARE FOR THE HOMELESS: A SCOPING REVIEW. Innov Aging 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/geroni/igy023.1956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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23
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Tchanque-Fossuo C, Dahle S, West K, Isseroff R. 1426 Beta adrenergic antagonist for the healing of chronic diabetic foot ulcers. J Invest Dermatol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2018.03.1444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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24
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Gao T, Li G, Estrecho E, Liew TCH, Comber-Todd D, Nalitov A, Steger M, West K, Pfeiffer L, Snoke DW, Kavokin AV, Truscott AG, Ostrovskaya EA. Chiral Modes at Exceptional Points in Exciton-Polariton Quantum Fluids. Phys Rev Lett 2018; 120:065301. [PMID: 29481285 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.120.065301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate the generation of chiral modes-vortex flows with fixed handedness in exciton-polariton quantum fluids. The chiral modes arise in the vicinity of exceptional points (non-Hermitian spectral degeneracies) in an optically induced resonator for exciton polaritons. In particular, a vortex is generated by driving two dipole modes of the non-Hermitian ring resonator into degeneracy. Transition through the exceptional point in the space of the system's parameters is enabled by precise manipulation of real and imaginary parts of the closed-wall potential forming the resonator. As the system is driven to the vicinity of the exceptional point, we observe the formation of a vortex state with a fixed orbital angular momentum (topological charge). This method can be extended to generate higher-order orbital angular momentum states through coalescence of multiple non-Hermitian spectral degeneracies. Our Letter demonstrates the possibility of exploiting nontrivial and counterintuitive properties of waves near exceptional points in macroscopic quantum systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Gao
- Nonlinear Physics Centre, Research School of Physics and Engineering, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - G Li
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southampton, SO17 1BJ Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - E Estrecho
- Nonlinear Physics Centre, Research School of Physics and Engineering, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Future Low-Energy Electronics Technologies
| | - T C H Liew
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore 637371
| | - D Comber-Todd
- Nonlinear Physics Centre, Research School of Physics and Engineering, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - A Nalitov
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southampton, SO17 1BJ Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - M Steger
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA
| | - K West
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | - L Pfeiffer
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | - D W Snoke
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA
| | - A V Kavokin
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southampton, SO17 1BJ Southampton, United Kingdom
- SPIN-CNR, Viale del Politecnico 1, I-00133 Rome, Italy
- Spin Optics Laboratory, St-Petersburg State University, 1 Ulianovskaya St., St-Petersburg 198504, Russia
| | - A G Truscott
- Laser Physics Centre, Research School of Physics and Engineering, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - E A Ostrovskaya
- Nonlinear Physics Centre, Research School of Physics and Engineering, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Future Low-Energy Electronics Technologies
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Michel AE, Cohen AS, West K, Johnston MR, Kat PW. Large African Lakes as natural laboratories for evolution: Examples from the endemic gastropod fauna of Lake Tanganyika. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/05384680.1992.11904012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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26
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Fuller-Thomson E, West K. FLOURISHING DESPITE A CANCER DIAGNOSIS: FINDINGS FROM A NATIONALLY REPRESENTATIVE STUDY. Innov Aging 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/geroni/igx004.1158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - K. West
- Social Work, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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27
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Dawson G, West K, Niruban A, May H. 18IS THERE A NEED FOR ‘SPECIALISTS’ TO BECOME ‘GENERALISTS’? A SURVEY COMPARING HOSPITAL OUTCOMES IN OLDER PATIENTS AGED OVER 75 YEARS WHO ARE MANAGED BY GENERAL PHYSICIANS VERSUS THOSE AGED OVER 80 YEARS MANAGED BY OLDER PEOPLE'S MEDICINE PHYSICIANS (OPM). Age Ageing 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/ageing/afx055.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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28
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West K, Coburn N, Beldham-Collins R, Tiver K, Stuart K, Gebski V. EP-1147: Radiation induced oesophagitis in breast cancer patients. Radiother Oncol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-8140(17)31583-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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29
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Sun Y, Wen P, Yoon Y, Liu G, Steger M, Pfeiffer LN, West K, Snoke DW, Nelson KA. Erratum: Bose-Einstein Condensation of Long-Lifetime Polaritons in Thermal Equilibrium [Phys. Rev. Lett. 118, 016602 (2017)]. Phys Rev Lett 2017; 118:149901. [PMID: 28430509 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.118.149901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This corrects the article DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.118.016602.
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30
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Steger M, Fluegel B, Alberi K, Snoke DW, Pfeiffer LN, West K, Mascarenhas A. Ultra-low threshold polariton condensation. Opt Lett 2017; 42:1165-1168. [PMID: 28295074 DOI: 10.1364/ol.42.001165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate the condensation of microcavity polaritons with a very sharp threshold occurring at a two orders of magnitude pump intensity lower than previous demonstrations of condensation. The long cavity lifetime and trapping and pumping geometries are crucial to the realization of this low threshold. Polariton condensation, or "polariton lasing" has long been proposed as a promising source of coherent light at a lower threshold than traditional lasing, and these results indicate some considerations for optimizing designs for lower thresholds.
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Sun Y, Wen P, Yoon Y, Liu G, Steger M, Pfeiffer LN, West K, Snoke DW, Nelson KA. Bose-Einstein Condensation of Long-Lifetime Polaritons in Thermal Equilibrium. Phys Rev Lett 2017; 118:016602. [PMID: 28106443 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.118.016602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The experimental realization of Bose-Einstein condensation (BEC) with atoms and quasiparticles has triggered wide exploration of macroscopic quantum effects. Microcavity polaritons are of particular interest because quantum phenomena such as BEC and superfluidity can be observed at elevated temperatures. However, polariton lifetimes are typically too short to permit thermal equilibration. This has led to debate about whether polariton condensation is intrinsically a nonequilibrium effect. Here we report the first unambiguous observation of BEC of optically trapped polaritons in thermal equilibrium in a high-Q microcavity, evidenced by equilibrium Bose-Einstein distributions over broad ranges of polariton densities and bath temperatures. With thermal equilibrium established, we verify that polariton condensation is a phase transition with a well-defined density-temperature phase diagram. The measured phase boundary agrees well with the predictions of basic quantum gas theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongbao Sun
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Excitonics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Patrick Wen
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Excitonics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Yoseob Yoon
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Excitonics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Gangqiang Liu
- Department of Physics, University of Pittsburgh, 3941 O'Hara Street, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15218, USA
| | - Mark Steger
- Department of Physics, University of Pittsburgh, 3941 O'Hara Street, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15218, USA
| | - Loren N Pfeiffer
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | - Ken West
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | - David W Snoke
- Department of Physics, University of Pittsburgh, 3941 O'Hara Street, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15218, USA
| | - Keith A Nelson
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Excitonics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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32
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Silva B, Sánchez Muñoz C, Ballarini D, González-Tudela A, de Giorgi M, Gigli G, West K, Pfeiffer L, Del Valle E, Sanvitto D, Laussy FP. The colored Hanbury Brown-Twiss effect. Sci Rep 2016; 6:37980. [PMID: 27922021 PMCID: PMC5138626 DOI: 10.1038/srep37980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The Hanbury Brown-Twiss effect is one of the celebrated phenomenologies of modern physics that accommodates equally well classical (interferences of waves) and quantum (correlations between indistinguishable particles) interpretations. The effect was discovered in the late thirties with a basic observation of Hanbury Brown that radio-pulses from two distinct antennas generate signals on the oscilloscope that wiggle similarly to the naked eye. When Hanbury Brown and his mathematician colleague Twiss took the obvious step to propose bringing the effect in the optical range, they met with considerable opposition as single-photon interferences were deemed impossible. The Hanbury Brown-Twiss effect is nowadays universally accepted and, being so fundamental, embodies many subtleties of our understanding of the wave/particle dual nature of light. Thanks to a novel experimental technique, we report here a generalized version of the Hanbury Brown-Twiss effect to include the frequency of the detected light, or, from the particle point of view, the energy of the detected photons. Our source of light is a polariton condensate, that allows high-resolution filtering of a spectrally broad source with a high degree of coherence. In addition to the known tendencies of indistinguishable photons to arrive together on the detector, we find that photons of different colors present the opposite characteristic of avoiding each others. We postulate that fermions can be similarly brought to exhibit positive (boson-like) correlations by frequency filtering.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Silva
- CNR NANOTEC-Institute of Nanotechnology, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
- Departamento de Física Teórica de la Materia Condensada and Condensed Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - C Sánchez Muñoz
- Departamento de Física Teórica de la Materia Condensada and Condensed Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - D Ballarini
- CNR NANOTEC-Institute of Nanotechnology, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | | | - M de Giorgi
- CNR NANOTEC-Institute of Nanotechnology, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - G Gigli
- CNR NANOTEC-Institute of Nanotechnology, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - K West
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | - L Pfeiffer
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | - E Del Valle
- Departamento de Física Teórica de la Materia Condensada and Condensed Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - D Sanvitto
- CNR NANOTEC-Institute of Nanotechnology, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - F P Laussy
- Russian Quantum Center, Novaya 100, 143025 Skolkovo, Moscow Region, Russia
- Departamento de Física Teórica de la Materia Condensada and Condensed Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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Salem M, Butt H, Choke E, Moore D, West K, Robinson T, Sayers R, Naylor A, Bown M. Gene and Protein Expression of Chemokine (C-C-Motif) Ligand 19 is Upregulated in Unstable Carotid Atherosclerotic Plaques. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2016; 52:427-436. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejvs.2016.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Smith PR, Cole R, Hamilton S, West K, Morley SR, Maskell PD. Reporting Two Fatalities Associated with the Use of 4-Methylethcathinone (4-MEC) and a Review of the Literature. J Anal Toxicol 2016; 40:553-60. [DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkw061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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Abstract
Claw biopsy samples of 11 dogs with lupoid onychodystrophy were evaluated. They were stained with hematoxylin and eosin and with antibodies against CD 3 as a T-cell marker, BLA 36 and HM 57 (CD 79α) as B-cell markers, and lysozyme, Mac 387, and major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II as a marker for histiocytes using an immunoperoxidase and avidin-biotin technique. Inflammatory cells were counted in five high-power fields. The inflammatory infiltrate comprised predominantly B cells and T cells. Macrophages were typically only present in small numbers. CD 3, BLA 36, lysozyme, and MHC class II preserved significant antigenicity during formalin fixation and short decalcification for 24–48 hours, whereas CD 79α and particularly Mac 387 seemed to be more susceptible to denaturation by the decalcification process.
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Affiliation(s)
- R S Mueller
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA.
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36
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Abstract
The possible phases and the nanoscale particle correlations of two-dimensional interacting dipolar particles is a long-sought problem in many-body physics. Here we observe a spontaneous condensation of trapped two-dimensional dipolar excitons with internal spin degrees of freedom from an interacting gas into a high density, closely packed liquid state made mostly of dark dipoles. Another phase transition, into a bright, highly repulsive plasma, is observed at even higher excitation powers. The dark liquid state is formed below a critical temperature Tc ≈ 4.8 K, and it is manifested by a clear spontaneous spatial condensation to a smaller and denser cloud, suggesting an attractive part to the interaction which goes beyond the purely repulsive dipole-dipole forces. Contributions from quantum mechanical fluctuations are expected to be significant in this strongly correlated, long living dark liquid. This is a new example of a two-dimensional atomic-like interacting dipolar liquid, but where the coupling of light to its internal spin degrees of freedom plays a crucial role in the dynamical formation and the nature of resulting condensed dark ground state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kobi Cohen
- Racah Institute of Physics, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem , Jerusalem 9190401, Israel
| | - Yehiel Shilo
- Racah Institute of Physics, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem , Jerusalem 9190401, Israel
| | - Ken West
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Princeton University , Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Loren Pfeiffer
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Princeton University , Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Ronen Rapaport
- Racah Institute of Physics, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem , Jerusalem 9190401, Israel
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Cisneros-Montemayor AM, West K, Boiro IS, Vincent ACJ. An assessment of West African seahorses in fisheries catch and trade. J Fish Biol 2016; 88:751-759. [PMID: 26676971 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.12818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This study provides the first assessment of a heavily traded West African seahorse species, Hippocampus algiricus, and the first information on short-snouted seahorse Hippocampus hippocampus biology in Africa. A total of 219 seahorses were sampled from fisher catch in Senegal and The Gambia, with estimated height at reproductive activity for H. algiricus (161 mm) larger than mean ± S.D. catch height (150 ± 31 mm). Catch composition, height at reproductive activity and potential biases in fishery retention are discussed with regard to the current Convention on International Trade of Endangered Species (CITES) guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Cisneros-Montemayor
- Fisheries Economics Research Unit & Project Seahorse, Fisheries Centre, The University of British Columbia, 2202 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4 Canada
| | - K West
- Project Seahorse, Fisheries Centre, The University of British Columbia, 2202 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - I S Boiro
- Independent Researcher, Touba Damba, Fulladu West District, Central River Division, The Gambia
| | - A C J Vincent
- Project Seahorse, Fisheries Centre, The University of British Columbia, 2202 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
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Aslam MI, Venkatesh J, Jameson JS, West K, Pringle JH, Singh B. Identification of high-risk Dukes B colorectal cancer by microRNA expression profiling: a preliminary study. Colorectal Dis 2015; 17:578-88. [PMID: 25557290 DOI: 10.1111/codi.12886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
AIM MicroRNAs (miRNAs) from tumour tissue and common gene mutations were studied to determine whether they predict the development of metastasis in patients with Dukes B colorectal cancer. METHOD Patients who underwent curative resection for Dukes B colorectal cancer who subsequently developed distant metastatic disease at some stage in the following 5 years ('high-risk B') were compared with case-matched controls of Dukes A, Dukes B (no metastases, 'low-risk B') and Dukes C patients without any detectable metastasis at 5 years of follow-up. MiRNAs from tumour and adjacent normal tissue and common gene mutations (KRAS, BRAF, PIK3CA) in primary cancer tissue were analysed to identify prognostic tissue markers for the development of metastasis in patients with Dukes B colorectal cancer. RESULTS Expression of miR-15b and miR-135b was significantly downregulated (P < 0.001) in 'high-risk B' tumours compared with Dukes A, 'low-risk B' and C without metastasis. No significant differences were noted for mutation status and the development of metastasis. CONCLUSION The study suggests that the development of metastasis in Dukes B tumours may be predictable based on the miRNA expression of miR-15b and miR-135b. This requires further study on a much larger cohort.
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Affiliation(s)
- M I Aslam
- Department of Cancer Studies and Molecular Medicine, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK.,Department of Colorectal Surgery, Leicester General Hospital, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester, UK
| | - J Venkatesh
- Department of Cancer Studies and Molecular Medicine, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - J S Jameson
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Leicester General Hospital, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester, UK
| | - K West
- Department of Histopathology, Leicester Royal Infirmary, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester, UK
| | - J H Pringle
- Department of Cancer Studies and Molecular Medicine, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - B Singh
- Department of Cancer Studies and Molecular Medicine, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK.,Department of Colorectal Surgery, Leicester General Hospital, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester, UK
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Ruel‐Bergeron J, Christian P, Hurley K, Bou Monclus M, Phuka J, Wu L, Klemm R, West K. Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) and Breastfeeding Contribute to Child Stunting in Rural Malawi. FASEB J 2015. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.29.1_supplement.579.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J Ruel‐Bergeron
- Dept. of International Health Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public HealthBaltimoreMarylandUnited States
| | - P Christian
- Dept. of International Health Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public HealthBaltimoreMarylandUnited States
| | - K Hurley
- Dept. of International Health Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public HealthBaltimoreMarylandUnited States
| | - M Bou Monclus
- Dept. of International Health Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public HealthBaltimoreMarylandUnited States
| | - J Phuka
- College of Medicine Univ. of MalawiLilongweMalawi
| | - L Wu
- Dept. of International Health Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public HealthBaltimoreMarylandUnited States
| | - R Klemm
- Dept. of International Health Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public HealthBaltimoreMarylandUnited States
| | - K West
- Dept. of International Health Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public HealthBaltimoreMarylandUnited States
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Fitch C, Manohar S, Shrestha R, Klemm R, West K. Is Diversity in Agricultural Production Linked to Dietary Diversity Among Nepalese Women? FASEB J 2015. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.29.1_supplement.585.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C Fitch
- Ctr for Human Nutrition, Int'l HealthJohns Hopkins Bloomberg Sch Public HealthBaltimoreMarylandUnited States
| | - S Manohar
- Ctr for Human Nutrition, Int'l HealthJohns Hopkins Bloomberg Sch Public HealthBaltimoreMarylandUnited States
| | - R Shrestha
- Ctr for Human Nutrition, Int'l HealthJohns Hopkins Bloomberg Sch Public HealthBaltimoreMarylandUnited States
| | - R Klemm
- Ctr for Human Nutrition, Int'l HealthJohns Hopkins Bloomberg Sch Public HealthBaltimoreMarylandUnited States
| | - K West
- Ctr for Human Nutrition, Int'l HealthJohns Hopkins Bloomberg Sch Public HealthBaltimoreMarylandUnited States
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Biehl E, Manohar S, Rajbhandary R, Shrestha R, Klemm R, West K. Does Amount and Kind of Food Bought by a Household Vary by Indices of Wealth in Nepal? FASEB J 2015. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.29.1_supplement.585.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E Biehl
- Ctr Human Nutrition, Dept Int'l HealthJohns Hopkins Bloomberg Sch Public HealthBaltMDUnited States
| | - S Manohar
- Ctr Human Nutrition, Dept Int'l HealthJohns Hopkins Bloomberg Sch Public HealthBaltMDUnited States
| | - R Rajbhandary
- Ctr Human Nutrition, Dept Int'l HealthJohns Hopkins Bloomberg Sch Public HealthBaltMDUnited States
| | - R Shrestha
- Ctr Human Nutrition, Dept Int'l HealthJohns Hopkins Bloomberg Sch Public HealthBaltMDUnited States
| | - R Klemm
- Ctr Human Nutrition, Dept Int'l HealthJohns Hopkins Bloomberg Sch Public HealthBaltMDUnited States
| | - K West
- Ctr Human Nutrition, Dept Int'l HealthJohns Hopkins Bloomberg Sch Public HealthBaltMDUnited States
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Hansen CR, Sykes JR, Barber J, West K, Bromley R, Szymura K, Fisher S, Sim J, Bailey M, Chrystal D, Deshpande S, Franji I, Nielsen TB, Brink C, Thwaites DI. Multicentre knowledge sharing and planning/dose audit on flattening filter free beams for SBRT lung. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/573/1/012018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Hegi-Johnson F, Kipritidis J, Barber J, West K, Unicomb K, Bui C, Yegiaian-Alvandi R, Keall P. Can 4D-CT Ventilation Imaging Replace Technegas V-SPECT for Functionally Adaptive Radiation Therapy? First Results. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2014.05.451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Salem M, Bown M, Sayers R, West K, Moore D, Nicolaides A, Robinson T, Naylor A. Identification of Patients with a Histologically Unstable Carotid Plaque Using Ultrasonic Plaque Image Analysis. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2014; 48:118-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejvs.2014.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2014] [Accepted: 05/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Salem M, Sayers R, Bown M, West K, Moore D, Robinson T, Naylor A. Features of Unstable Carotid Plaque During and After the Hyperacute Period Following TIA/Stroke. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2013; 45:114-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejvs.2012.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2012] [Accepted: 11/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Salem M, Sayers R, Bown M, West K, Moore D, Robinson T, Naylor A. Features of Unstable Carotid Plaque During and After the Hyperacute Period Following TIA/Stroke. J Vasc Surg 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jvs.2012.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Evans-Lacko S, Malcolm E, West K, Rose D, London J, Japhet S, Little K, Henderson C, Thornicroft G. 3016 – How can we use social contact interventions to reduce stigma and discrimination against people with mental health problems? Eur Psychiatry 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/s0924-9338(13)77522-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
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Henschke N, Hulsegge G, McKay D, Chaitow J, West K, Broderick C, Singh-Grewal D. Fundamental movement skills, physical fitness, and physical activity among Australian children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis. J Sci Med Sport 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2012.11.450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Buglione-Corbett R, Pouliot K, Marty-Roix R, West K, Wang S, Lien E, Lu S. Adjuvant-dependent cytokine profiles in the context of a DNA prime-protein boost HIV-1 vaccine. Retrovirology 2012. [PMCID: PMC3441842 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-9-s2-p16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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Andress WF, Yoon H, Yeung KYM, Qin L, West K, Pfeiffer L, Ham D. Ultra-subwavelength two-dimensional plasmonic circuits. Nano Lett 2012; 12:2272-2277. [PMID: 22494364 DOI: 10.1021/nl300046g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We report electronics regime (GHz) two-dimensional (2D) plasmonic circuits, which locally and nonresonantly interface with electronics, and thus offer to electronics the benefits of their ultrasubwavelength confinement, with up to 440,000-fold mode-area reduction. By shaping the geometry of 2D plasmonic media 80 nm beneath an unpatterned metallic gate, plasmons are routed freely into various types of reflections and interferences, leading to a range of plasmonic circuits, e.g., plasmonic crystals and plasmonic-electromagnetic interferometers, offering new avenues for electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- William F Andress
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, 33 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
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