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Bjoraker KJ, Eggerding C, Ellenberg E, Hollander S, Holmes BM, Lindstrom K, McNutt M, Miller S, Northrup H, Rogers M, Rose S, Scott M, Shim S, Wardley B, Wessenberg L, Bilder DA. Best practice recommendations for the management of anxiety during the pegvaliase journey. Mol Genet Metab 2024; 141:107737. [PMID: 38043481 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2023.107737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pegvaliase, an enzyme substitution therapy, is a treatment option for phenylketonuria (PKU). Due to the neuropathophysiology and disease burden of PKU, individuals can experience baseline anxiety unrelated to pegvaliase therapy. In addition, there are aspects of pegvaliase therapy that may be anxiety-inducing for those considering or receiving treatment. The aim of this manuscript is to present best practice recommendations for the identification and management of anxiety symptoms that can occur along the pegvaliase journey. METHODS A modified Delphi approach was used to seek consensus among a multidisciplinary panel of experts. To this end, an in-person meeting was held that was preceded by a medical specialist- and patient-specific survey to develop preliminary recommendations on ways to address anxiety along the pegvaliase journey. After the meeting, an additional survey was conducted to rank the proposed solutions and mitigation strategies from which a set of recommendations was developed. All recommendations were voted on with the aim of consensus generation, defined as achieving ≥75% agreement among experts. RESULTS The panel reached consensus on a total of 28 best practice recommendations for the management of anxiety during the pre-treatment, induction and titration, early maintenance (pre-efficacy), and late maintenance (post-efficacy) stages. The recommendations offer strategies to identify and address the most common causes of pegvaliase-related anxiety, including self-injection, side effects, the titration schedule, prescribed dietary changes, and variable time to efficacy. Overall, managing anxiety in those considering or receiving pegvaliase involves patient-centered communication, shared decision-making, and personalized treatment plans. CONCLUSIONS The best practice recommendations described herein can guide healthcare providers in proactively addressing anxiety during the different stages of pegvaliase treatment, and support providers with initiating and managing pegvaliase in individuals who may experience baseline and treatment-related anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Suzanne Hollander
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Brittany M Holmes
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Markey McNutt
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Suzanne Miller
- Program for Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Mount Sinai Health System, New York, NY, USA
| | - Hope Northrup
- Department of Pediatrics, McGovern Medical School at the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth) and Children's Memorial Hermann Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Sarah Rose
- BioMarin Pharmaceutical Inc., Novato, CA, USA.
| | - Mia Scott
- Individual with PKU, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Soo Shim
- Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | | | - Deborah A Bilder
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Utah Huntsman Mental Health Institute, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
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Burton BK, Hermida Á, Bélanger-Quintana A, Bell H, Bjoraker KJ, Christ SE, Grant ML, Harding CO, Huijbregts SCJ, Longo N, McNutt MC, Nguyen-Driver MD, Santos Pessoa AL, Rocha JC, Sacharow S, Sanchez-Valle A, Sivri HS, Vockley J, Walterfang M, Whittle S, Muntau AC. Management of early treated adolescents and young adults with phenylketonuria: Development of international consensus recommendations using a modified Delphi approach. Mol Genet Metab 2022; 137:114-126. [PMID: 36027720 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2022.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early treated patients with phenylketonuria (PKU) often become lost to follow-up from adolescence onwards due to the historical focus of PKU care on the pediatric population and lack of programs facilitating the transition to adulthood. As a result, evidence on the management of adolescents and young adults with PKU is limited. METHODS Two meetings were held with a multidisciplinary international panel of 25 experts in PKU and comorbidities frequently experienced by patients with PKU. Based on the outcomes of the first meeting, a set of statements were developed. During the second meeting, these statements were voted on for consensus generation (≥70% agreement), using a modified Delphi approach. RESULTS A total of 37 consensus recommendations were developed across five areas that were deemed important in the management of adolescents and young adults with PKU: (1) general physical health, (2) mental health and neurocognitive functioning, (3) blood Phe target range, (4) PKU-specific challenges, and (5) transition to adult care. The consensus recommendations reflect the personal opinions and experiences from the participating experts supported with evidence when available. Overall, clinicians managing adolescents and young adults with PKU should be aware of the wide variety of PKU-associated comorbidities, initiating screening at an early age. In addition, management of adolescents/young adults should be a joint effort between the patient, clinical center, and parents/caregivers supporting adolescents with gradually gaining independent control of their disease during the transition to adulthood. CONCLUSIONS A multidisciplinary international group of experts used a modified Delphi approach to develop a set of consensus recommendations with the aim of providing guidance and offering tools to clinics to aid with supporting adolescents and young adults with PKU.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara K Burton
- Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital and Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - Álvaro Hermida
- Clinical University Hospital of Santiago de Compostela, University of Santiago de Compostela, CIBERER, MetabERN, Institute of Clinical Research of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | | | - Heather Bell
- Fred A. Litwin Family Centre in Genetic Medicine, University Health Network and Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Shawn E Christ
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Mitzie L Grant
- Department of Psychiatry, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Cary O Harding
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | | | - Nicola Longo
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Markey C McNutt
- McDermott Center for Human Growth and Development, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Mina D Nguyen-Driver
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - André L Santos Pessoa
- Pediatric Neurology Service, Albert Sabin Children's Hospital, University of Ceará State, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Júlio César Rocha
- Nutrition and Metabolism, NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Portugal; Neuropsychiatry Unit, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Stephanie Sacharow
- CINTESIS-Center for Health Technology and Services Research, NOVA Medical School, Lisboa, Portugal; Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Amarilis Sanchez-Valle
- Reference Centre of Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Centro Hospitalar Universitário de Lisboa Central, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - H Serap Sivri
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jerry Vockley
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mark Walterfang
- Department of Pediatrics, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA; Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; University Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sarah Whittle
- Hacettepe University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Section of Pediatric Metabolism, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ania C Muntau
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Persike de Oliveira DS, Bjoraker KJ. Serendipitous discovery of phenylketonuria in Iraq - How to identify and treat? Mol Genet Metab Rep 2021; 27:100737. [PMID: 34136353 PMCID: PMC8178673 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgmr.2021.100737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Hogan MJ, Stephens K, Smith E, Jalazo ER, Hendriksz CJ, Edwards LJ, Bjoraker KJ. Toileting Abilities Survey as a surrogate outcome measure for cognitive function: Findings from neuronopathic mucopolysaccharidosis II patients treated with idursulfase and intrathecal idursulfase. Mol Genet Metab Rep 2020; 25:100669. [PMID: 33101985 PMCID: PMC7578548 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgmr.2020.100669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
An outcome measure of toileting skills, the Toileting Abilities Survey or TAS, with sensitivity to detect change in a neurodegenerative disorder such as MPS II, was developed. The TAS was used in a research study of patients (n = 86) with the neuronopathic form of MPS II to measure treatment benefit of intrathecal idursulfase. Treatment with idursulfase and intrathecal idursulfase is associated with significantly higher individual and overall toileting skills versus treatment with idursulfase alone.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Erin Smith
- Backpack Health, a Konica Minolta Service, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Elizabeth R Jalazo
- Division of Genetics and Metabolism, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Christian J Hendriksz
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health at the Steve Biko Academic Unit, University of Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Lloyd J Edwards
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
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Bjoraker KJ, Swanson MA, Coughlin CR, Christodoulou J, Tan ES, Fergeson M, Dyack S, Ahmad A, Friederich MW, Spector EB, Creadon-Swindell G, Hodge MA, Gaughan S, Burns C, Van Hove JLK. Neurodevelopmental Outcome and Treatment Efficacy of Benzoate and Dextromethorphan in Siblings with Attenuated Nonketotic Hyperglycinemia. J Pediatr 2016; 170:234-9. [PMID: 26749113 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2015.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Revised: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the impact of sodium benzoate and dextromethorphan treatment on patients with the attenuated form of nonketotic hyperglycinemia. STUDY DESIGN Families were recruited with 2 siblings both affected with attenuated nonketotic hyperglycinemia. Genetic mutations were expressed to identify residual activity. The outcome on developmental progress and seizures was compared between the first child diagnosed and treated late with the second child diagnosed at birth and treated aggressively from the newborn period using dextromethorphan and benzoate at dosing sufficient to normalize plasma glycine levels. Both siblings were evaluated with similar standardized neurodevelopmental measures. RESULTS In each sibling set, the second sibling treated from the neonatal period achieved earlier and more developmental milestones, and had a higher developmental quotient. In 3 of the 4 sibling pairs, the younger sibling had no seizures whereas the first child had a seizure disorder. The adaptive behavior subdomains of socialization and daily living skills improved more than motor skills and communication. CONCLUSIONS Early treatment with dextromethorphan and sodium benzoate sufficient to normalize plasma glycine levels is effective at improving outcome if used in children with attenuated disease with mutations providing residual activity and when started from the neonatal period.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - John Christodoulou
- Western Sydney Genetics Program, Children's Hospital at Westmead, and Disciplines of Pediatrics and Child Health and Genetic Medicine, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ee S Tan
- Western Sydney Genetics Program, Children's Hospital at Westmead, and Disciplines of Pediatrics and Child Health and Genetic Medicine, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Mark Fergeson
- Department of Pediatrics, Oklahoma University, Oklahoma City, OK
| | - Sarah Dyack
- Department of Pediatrics, Dalhousie University, IWK Health Centre, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Ayesha Ahmad
- Division of Pediatric Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | | | | | | | - M Antoinette Hodge
- Child Development Unit, Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Sommer Gaughan
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO
| | - Casey Burns
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO
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Kunin-Batson AS, Shapiro EG, Rudser KD, Lavery CA, Bjoraker KJ, Jones SA, Wynn RF, Vellodi A, Tolar J, Orchard PJ, Wraith JE. Long-Term Cognitive and Functional Outcomes in Children with Mucopolysaccharidosis (MPS)-IH (Hurler Syndrome) Treated with Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation. JIMD Rep 2016; 29:95-102. [PMID: 26825088 DOI: 10.1007/8904_2015_521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Revised: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The long-term cognitive and functional outcomes of children with mucopolysaccharidosis type I (MPS-IH) post-hematopoietic cell transplant (HCT) are not well documented, and the role of genetic and treatment factors in these outcomes has yet to be defined. In this multi-site, international study, we (1) characterize the cognitive and functional status of 47 individuals (ages 2-25, mean of 10.6 years) with MPS-IH who are 1-24 years post HCT (mean = 9 years) and (2) examine contributions of genotype, transplant characteristics, and sociodemographic factors to cognitive ability, adaptive behavior, and quality of life. The overall cognitive ability of our sample was mildly impaired, more than two standard deviations below general population norms. Parent reported adaptive behaviors (i.e., communication, daily living, and motor skills) were similarly impaired with a relative strength in socialization. Quality of life, as reported by parents, fell more than two standard deviations below population norms for physical functioning; however, psychosocial quality of life (emotional well-being) approximated population norms. In linear regression analysis, adjusted for demographic and treatment factors, mutation severity was associated with lower cognitive ability (p = 0.005) and adaptive functioning (p = 0.004), but not parent ratings of children's quality of life. Older age at HCT was associated with poorer physical quality of life (p = 0.002); lower socioeconomic status (p = 0.028) and unrelated bone marrow HCT (p = 0.010) were associated with poorer psychosocial quality of life. Implications for screening and early intervention for children at risk for poorer cognitive and functional outcomes are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Kunin-Batson
- HealthPartners Institute for Education and Research, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55414, USA
| | - E G Shapiro
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55414, USA.
| | - K D Rudser
- Division of Biostatistics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - C A Lavery
- Society for Mucopolysaccharide Disease, Buckinghamshire, UK
| | - K J Bjoraker
- Neuropsychology Consultants, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - S A Jones
- Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, Manchester, UK
| | - R F Wynn
- Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, Manchester, UK
| | - A Vellodi
- Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK
| | - J Tolar
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55414, USA
| | - P J Orchard
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55414, USA
| | - J E Wraith
- Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, Manchester, UK
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Swanson MA, Coughlin CR, Scharer GH, Szerlong HJ, Bjoraker KJ, Spector EB, Creadon-Swindell G, Mahieu V, Matthijs G, Hennermann JB, Applegarth DA, Toone JR, Tong S, Williams K, Van Hove JLK. Biochemical and molecular predictors for prognosis in nonketotic hyperglycinemia. Ann Neurol 2015; 78:606-18. [PMID: 26179960 PMCID: PMC4767401 DOI: 10.1002/ana.24485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Revised: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Objective Nonketotic hyperglycinemia is a neurometabolic disorder characterized by intellectual disability, seizures, and spasticity. Patients with attenuated nonketotic hyperglycinemia make variable developmental progress. Predictive factors have not been systematically assessed. Methods We reviewed 124 patients stratified by developmental outcome for biochemical and molecular predictive factors. Missense mutations were expressed to quantify residual activity using a new assay. Results Patients with severe nonketotic hyperglycinemia required multiple anticonvulsants, whereas patients with developmental quotient (DQ) > 30 did not require anticonvulsants. Brain malformations occurred mainly in patients with severe nonketotic hyperglycinemia (71%) but rarely in patients with attenuated nonketotic hyperglycinemia (7.5%). Neonatal presentation did not correlate with outcome, but age at onset ≥ 4 months was associated with attenuated nonketotic hyperglycinemia. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) glycine levels and CSF:plasma glycine ratio correlated inversely with DQ; CSF glycine > 230 μM indicated severe outcome and CSF:plasma glycine ratio ≤ 0.08 predicted attenuated outcome. The glycine index correlated strongly with outcome. Molecular analysis identified 99% of mutant alleles, including 96 novel mutations. Mutations near the active cleft of the P‐protein maintained stable protein levels. Presence of 1 mutation with residual activity was necessary but not sufficient for attenuated outcome; 2 such mutations conferred best outcome. Divergent outcomes for the same genotype indicate a contribution of other genetic or nongenetic factors. Interpretation Accurate prediction of outcome is possible in most patients. A combination of 4 factors available neonatally predicted 78% of severe and 49% of attenuated patients, and a score based on mutation severity predicted outcome with 70% sensitivity and 97% specificity. Ann Neurol 2015;78:606–618
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Vincent Mahieu
- Center for Human Genetics, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Gert Matthijs
- Center for Human Genetics, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Julia B Hennermann
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Derek A Applegarth
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jennifer R Toone
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Suhong Tong
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO
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Tolar J, Grewal SS, Bjoraker KJ, Whitley CB, Shapiro EG, Charnas L, Orchard PJ. Combination of enzyme replacement and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation as therapy for Hurler syndrome. Bone Marrow Transplant 2007; 41:531-5. [DOI: 10.1038/sj.bmt.1705934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Tolar J, Orchard PJ, Bjoraker KJ, Ziegler RS, Shapiro EG, Charnas L. N-acetyl-L-cysteine improves outcome of advanced cerebral adrenoleukodystrophy. Bone Marrow Transplant 2007; 39:211-5. [PMID: 17290278 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bmt.1705571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation as a treatment for childhood cerebral adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD) has historically only been successful in early disease. As ALD is associated with oxidative damage, we reasoned that adjunctive therapy with an antioxidant agent, N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC), may provide protection from rapid neurologic decline in boys with advanced cerebral disease. We report three boys with advanced ALD, whose neurologic status and brain radiographic findings were stabilized by treatment including NAC 8-11 months after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. These results contrast with previous survival data in cerebral ALD patients who had a similar degree of brain involvement, all of whom died within 1 year of stem cell infusion despite a full donor engraftment. Thus, NAC merits investigation as a therapeutic strategy for patients with advanced ALD as an intervention that could change this lethal disease to a condition amendable to treatment with hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Tolar
- Division of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology, Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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Bjoraker KJ, Delaney K, Peters C, Krivit W, Shapiro EG. Long-term outcomes of adaptive functions for children with mucopolysaccharidosis I (Hurler syndrome) treated with hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. J Dev Behav Pediatr 2006; 27:290-6. [PMID: 16906003 DOI: 10.1097/00004703-200608000-00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Advances in medical treatment have prolonged the lives of children with Hurler syndrome or mucopolysaccharidosis I requiring increased attention to the assessment of their long-term outcomes and functional abilities. Adaptive functions are critical for understanding functional outcomes after treatment and developing focused interventions. We investigated the development of various adaptive functions in children who have had hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) for Hurler syndrome and risk factors that are associated with the development of these functions. We examined the development of 41 children who had 3 or more Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales records assessed before and after transplant. Communication, daily living skills, socialization, and motor functions were measured. While standard scores decline over time, development of skills continue with a slower than average rate compared with peers. A cross-sectional nontransplanted comparison group showed more deficits after age 2 years than the transplanted group. In contrast to cognitive ability, age at transplant was not significantly associated with ultimate adaptive level. Baseline cognitive level before HSCT and growth of cognition after HSCT were associated with adaptive functions especially for communication and daily living skills. Socialization was predicted by cumulative medical risk factors, likely due to restricted social exposure in children with complicated transplant courses. Overall, measurement of adaptive behaviors demonstrated that HSCT allows long-term slow improvement of functional outcomes for children with Hurler syndrome. Children with Hurler syndrome with good cognitive levels before HSCT and continued growth of cognition after HSCT show good adaptive functions. Although cognitive and orthopedic problems as well as medical complications limit adaptive ability, identifying these problems early allow beneficial targeted interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kendra J Bjoraker
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
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Oz G, Tkác I, Charnas LR, Choi IY, Bjoraker KJ, Shapiro EG, Gruetter R. Assessment of adrenoleukodystrophy lesions by high field MRS in non-sedated pediatric patients. Neurology 2005; 64:434-41. [PMID: 15699371 DOI: 10.1212/01.wnl.0000150906.52208.e7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early detection of white matter lesions in childhood-onset cerebral adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD) is important as hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT), currently the only effective treatment, is beneficial only if performed early in the disease course. OBJECTIVE To establish reliable biochemical markers of cerebral disease progression in patients with ALD to aid in treatment planning. METHODS The authors used proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) in combination with LCModel analysis to quantify brain metabolites in small volumes (3 to 16 mL) in the occipital and frontal white matter and the splenium of the corpus callosum of 17 unsedated patients and 26 healthy volunteers (adult n = 21, age-matched n = 5) at 4 tesla. RESULTS Absolute concentrations of 12 metabolites were reliably determined, seven of which were established as markers of lesion development. Among these, creatine and choline containing compounds were the weakest markers while N-acetylaspartate, glutamine, and lipids + lactate were the strongest. The large extent of changes in the markers enabled detection of early neurochemical changes in lesion formation prior to detection of abnormalities by conventional MRI. Concentrations of a number of metabolites were also significantly different between normal appearing white matter of patients and controls indicating biochemical alterations in the absence of cerebral disease. Neurochemical improvements following HCT were measured in six patients. CONCLUSIONS The progression of adrenoleukodystrophy, as well as effectiveness of its treatment, can be assessed with high precision using high field 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy in individual patients without the need for sedation.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Oz
- Center for MR Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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