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Chu PY, Huang HW, Boonchan M, Tyan YC, Louis KL, Lee KM, Motomura K, Ke LY. Mass Spectrometry-Based System for Identifying and Typing Norovirus Major Capsid Protein VP1. Viruses 2021; 13:v13112332. [PMID: 34835138 PMCID: PMC8624548 DOI: 10.3390/v13112332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Norovirus-associated diseases are the most common foodborne illnesses worldwide. Polymerase chain reaction-based methods are the primary diagnostics for clinical samples; however, the high mutation rate of norovirus makes viral amplification and genotyping challenging. Technological advances in mass spectrometry (MS) make it a promising tool for identifying disease markers. Besides, the superior sensitivity of MS and proteomic approaches may enable the detection of all variants. Thus, this study aimed to establish an MS-based system for identifying and typing norovirus. We constructed three plasmids containing the major capsid protein VP1 of the norovirus GII.4 2006b, 2006a, and 2009a strains to produce virus-like particles for use as standards. Digested peptide signals were collected using a nano-flow ultra-performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (nano-UPLC/MSE) system, and analyzed by ProteinLynx Global SERVER and TREE-PUZZLE software. Results revealed that the LC/MSE system had an excellent coverage rate: the system detected more than 94% of amino acids of 3.61 femtomole norovirus VP1 structural protein. In the likelihood-mapping analysis, the proportions of unresolved quartets were 2.9% and 4.9% in the VP1 and S domains, respectively, which is superior to the 15.1% unresolved quartets in current PCR-based methodology. In summary, the use of LC/MSE may efficiently monitor genotypes, and sensitively detect structural and functional mutations of noroviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Yu Chu
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Health Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; (P.-Y.C.); (K.L.L.)
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan;
| | - Hui-Wen Huang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan;
| | - Michittra Boonchan
- Thailand-Japan Research Collaboration Center on Emerging and Re-emerging Infections, Nonthaburi 11004, Thailand;
| | - Yu-Chang Tyan
- Department of Medical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan;
| | - Kevin Leroy Louis
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Health Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; (P.-Y.C.); (K.L.L.)
| | - Kun-Mu Lee
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan;
| | - Kazushi Motomura
- Thailand-Japan Research Collaboration Center on Emerging and Re-emerging Infections, Nonthaburi 11004, Thailand;
- Division of Public Health, Osaka Institute of Public Health, Osaka 543-0026, Japan
- Correspondence: (K.M.); (L.-Y.K.); Tel.: +81-669721321 (K.M.); +886-73121101 (ext. 2297) (L.-Y.K.)
| | - Liang-Yin Ke
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Health Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; (P.-Y.C.); (K.L.L.)
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan;
- Center for Lipid Biosciences, Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (K.M.); (L.-Y.K.); Tel.: +81-669721321 (K.M.); +886-73121101 (ext. 2297) (L.-Y.K.)
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