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Hu R, Fan KY, Pandey P, Hu Z, Yau O, Teng M, Wang P, Li T, Ashraf M, Singla R. Insights from teaching artificial intelligence to medical students in Canada. Commun Med (Lond) 2022; 2:63. [PMID: 35668847 PMCID: PMC9166802 DOI: 10.1038/s43856-022-00125-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical artificial intelligence (AI) applications are rapidly developing but existing medical school curricula provide limited teaching covering this area. Here we describe an AI training curriculum we developed and delivered to Canadian medical undergraduates and provide recommendations for future training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricky Hu
- School of Medicine, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON Canada
- School of Biomedical Engineering, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC Canada
| | - Kevin Y. Fan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Prashant Pandey
- School of Biomedical Engineering, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC Canada
| | - Zoe Hu
- School of Medicine, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON Canada
| | - Olivia Yau
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC Canada
| | - Minnie Teng
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC Canada
| | - Patrick Wang
- School of Medicine, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON Canada
| | - Toni Li
- School of Medicine, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON Canada
| | - Mishal Ashraf
- School of Biomedical Engineering, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC Canada
| | - Rohit Singla
- School of Medicine, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON Canada
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC Canada
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Fan KY, Hu R, Singla R. Introductory machine learning for medical students: A pilot. Med Educ 2020; 54:1042-1043. [PMID: 32862464 DOI: 10.1111/medu.14318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Y Fan
- Medical Doctorate Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Ricky Hu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Rohit Singla
- MD/PhD Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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Pender A, Titmuss E, Pleasance ED, Fan KY, Pearson H, Brown SD, Grisdale CJ, Topham JT, Shen Y, Bonakdar M, Taylor GA, Williamson LM, Mungall KL, Chuah E, Mungall AJ, Moore RA, Lavoie JM, Yip S, Lim H, Renouf DJ, Sun S, Holt RA, Jones SJM, Marra MA, Laskin J. Genome and Transcriptome Biomarkers of Response to Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Advanced Solid Tumors. Clin Cancer Res 2020; 27:202-212. [PMID: 33020056 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-20-1163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) have revolutionized the treatment of solid tumors with dramatic and durable responses seen across multiple tumor types. However, identifying patients who will respond to these drugs remains challenging, particularly in the context of advanced and previously treated cancers. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We characterized fresh tumor biopsies from a heterogeneous pan-cancer cohort of 98 patients with metastatic predominantly pretreated disease through the Personalized OncoGenomics program at BC Cancer (Vancouver, Canada) using whole genome and transcriptome analysis (WGTA). Baseline characteristics and follow-up data were collected retrospectively. RESULTS We found that tumor mutation burden, independent of mismatch repair status, was the most predictive marker of time to progression (P = 0.007), but immune-related CD8+ T-cell and M1-M2 macrophage ratio scores were more predictive for overall survival (OS; P = 0.0014 and 0.0012, respectively). While CD274 [programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1)] gene expression is comparable with protein levels detected by IHC, we did not observe a clinical benefit for patients with this marker. We demonstrate that a combination of markers based on WGTA provides the best stratification of patients (P = 0.00071, OS), and also present a case study of possible acquired resistance to pembrolizumab in a patient with non-small cell lung cancer. CONCLUSIONS Interpreting the tumor-immune interface to predict ICI efficacy remains challenging. WGTA allows for identification of multiple biomarkers simultaneously that in combination may help to identify responders, particularly in the context of a heterogeneous population of advanced and previously treated cancers, thus precluding tumor type-specific testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Pender
- Department of Medical Oncology, BC Cancer, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Emma Titmuss
- Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Erin D Pleasance
- Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Kevin Y Fan
- Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Hillary Pearson
- Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Scott D Brown
- Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Cameron J Grisdale
- Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | - Yaoqing Shen
- Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Melika Bonakdar
- Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Gregory A Taylor
- Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Laura M Williamson
- Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Karen L Mungall
- Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Eric Chuah
- Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Andrew J Mungall
- Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Richard A Moore
- Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jean-Michel Lavoie
- Department of Medical Oncology, BC Cancer, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Stephen Yip
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Howard Lim
- Department of Medical Oncology, BC Cancer, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Daniel J Renouf
- Department of Medical Oncology, BC Cancer, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Pancreas Centre BC, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Sophie Sun
- Department of Medical Oncology, BC Cancer, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Robert A Holt
- Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Steven J M Jones
- Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Marco A Marra
- Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Janessa Laskin
- Department of Medical Oncology, BC Cancer, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
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Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated the efficacy and safety of outpatient cardiac catheterization on stable patients at low risk. We present our experience with four French catheters in 104 patients (72 male, 32 female, mean age 51 years old) with coronary angiography done as an outpatient procedure. No heparin was given during the procedure. After initial hemostasis had been attained, the patients returned to day center with vital signs monitored regularly. Patients were allowed ambulation after 4 hours' bed rest and were discharged the same afternoon. Normal coronary angiogram study was found in 76% of the study population. Single-vessel disease, double-vessel disease, triple-vessel disease, and left-main disease were found in 12%, 9.6%, 2%, and 1%, respectively. Nearly all of the patients demonstrated normal ventricular contraction (99%). Average procedural time was 20.2 +/- 4.4 minutes. Average hemostatic time was 8.4 +/- 3.1 minutes. No mortality directly attributed to the catheterization occurred in our study population. Moreover, there were no myocardial infarction, acute pulmonary edema, severe allergic reaction, and cerebrovascular accident. Femoral puncture site complication was only limited to superficial skin bruise. Quality of the cineangiogram was good in majority of the patients. Therefore, this study demonstrates that outpatient cardiac catheterization using four French Judkins catheter is a safe and cost-effective procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Lee
- Cardiac Medical Unit, Grantham Hospital, Hong Kong
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Zhu Q, Fan KY, Ma HW, Qiao LX, Wu YL, Wu Y. Radical-Mediated Diastereoselective Construction of a Chiral Synthon for Synthesis of Dolabellanes. Org Lett 1999; 1:757-9. [PMID: 16118879 DOI: 10.1021/ol990733s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
[reaction: see text] A useful trans-substituted multifunctional cyclopentane with a chiral quaternary center was selectively synthesized by free radical Michael addition to the (Z)-propionate or -malonate derivatives. The stereoselectivity could be reversed by changing the configuration of the double bond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-organic & Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 354 Fenglin Road, Shanghai 200032, China
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