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Qutub O, Alzahrani KT, Alharbi A, Saeedi M, Qutob T, Arif Y, Khallaf R, Arif K, Kamrani A, Alrasheedi A, Alharbi A, Alahmari S, Alshammari S, Abuzinadah S, Alhaddad A. Identification of the Mental Foremen Location VS The Dental Procedure: A Retrospective Study by A Cone Beam Computerized. MS 2023. [DOI: 10.54905/disssi/v27i131/e1ms2585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
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Manzoor Q, Shahab MR, Sajid A, Yaseen HM, Alqahtani FO, Malik QM, Nazir A, Arif K, Iqbal M. Eco-benign preparation of biosorbent using Momordica Charantia for the efficient removal of Cr(VI) ions from wastewater. Z PHYS CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1515/zpch-2022-0106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Environmental pollution is the major issue of 21st century. The toxic industrial effluents are crucially damaging aquatic environment, in the form of heavy metals, dyes and acids. The heavy metals are toxic, carcinogenic, non-degradable and therefore must be removed to save natural environment and human health. Batch sorption efficiency of Momordica Charantia L. stem and root (MCS and MCR) was studied for Cr(VI) metal ions removal under controlled adsorption parameters. The adsorbed and residual concentration of Cr(VI) was determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS). The adsorbent surface morphology was determined by FTIR, BET, SEM and elemental analysis by EDX. The Freundlich and Langmuir equilibrium isotherm and pseudo 1st and 2nd order kinetic models were studied to understand bio-sorption mechanism. The Freundlich isotherm and pseudo 2nd order kinetic was best fitted model for MCS and MCR bio-sorption process. The maximum Langmuir adsorption capacity (q
max) was 312.50 and 400 (mg/g) for MCS and MCR respectively. The trend of removal efficiency (%) and metal uptake (q
e) was in order as MCS > MCR. All data was statistically analyzed using mean values ± standard deviation (SD). In conclusion, MCS and MCR are suggested as excellent sorbents for the elimination of numerous contaminants from the wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qaisar Manzoor
- Department of Chemistry , The University of Lahore , Lahore , Pakistan
| | | | - Arfaa Sajid
- Department of Chemistry , The University of Lahore , Lahore , Pakistan
| | | | - Fatimah Othman Alqahtani
- Department of Chemistry , College of Science, King Faisal University , P.O. Box 380 , Al-Ahsa , 31982 , Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Arif Nazir
- Department of Chemistry , The University of Lahore , Lahore , Pakistan
| | - Khalid Arif
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics , The University of Lahore , Lahore , Pakistan
| | - Munawar Iqbal
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Science and Technology , University of Education , Lahore , Pakistan
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Khan M, Safdar R, Ishaq M, Akhtar M, Farooq U, Arif K, Rehman M, Ikram A. Experience of Cat Scratch Disease (CSD) in Rawalpindi, Pakistan – Could Physician's vigilance help in detection and case management? Int J Infect Dis 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.09.1058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Mahmood I, Raza A, Mehmood A, Ahmad N, Arif K. Evaluation of human brain hyperthermia using exergy balance equation. J Therm Biol 2020; 93:102723. [PMID: 33077133 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2020.102723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Hyperthermia is caused by disturbance in the thermoregulatory system of the human body and requires emergency treatment to prevent disability or possible mortality. To design any therapeutic device for hyperthermia, an exhaustive effort is required to establish the extremities of such thermal traumas. In this context, the authors have incorporated the human-body exergy-balance equation to compute the hyperthermia thresholds. This is a pioneer attempt to model hyperthermia states. An induced-hyperthermia technique is used to evaluate the extremities of metabolic heat generation and other dependent parameters. Moreover, a case study is also presented to calculate the parameters of prime importance i.e. exergy consumption (EC) and entropy generation rate (δSg) to provide the body's accumulative and exhaustive thermal energy maxima, respectively. Furthermore, the thresholds have been evaluated and simulated by the varying body and/or environmental conditions. The resulting states have been analysed to setup critical ranges to provide the guidelines for rehabilitation therapy. A thermal manikin has also been developed, mimicking the blood circulation in humans, to further substantiate the use of an exergy-based approach. The results indicate that the exergy-based approach is well suited to model hyperthermia at pathophysiological boundaries, contrary to existing approaches which predominantly are limited to the physiological domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imran Mahmood
- Department of Mechatronics & Control Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore, 54890, Pakistan.
| | - Ali Raza
- Department of Mechatronics & Control Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore, 54890, Pakistan
| | - Aamir Mehmood
- Department of Mechanical, Mechatronics and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore, FSD Campus, 38000, Pakistan.
| | - Nasir Ahmad
- Department of Mechanical, Mechatronics and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore, FSD Campus, 38000, Pakistan.
| | - Khalid Arif
- Department of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Massey University, Auckland, 0632, New Zealand.
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Sharif S, Zaman QU, Hassan F, Javaid S, Arif K, Mansha MZ, Ehsan N, Nazir S, Gul R, Iqbal M, Nazir A. Coagulation of Metallic Pollutants from Wastewater Using a Variety of Coagulants Based on Metal Binding Interaction Studies. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.1515/zpch-2019-1532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
In this study, different organic (moringa and neem leaf powder) and inorganic (alum) coagulants were used for the wastewater treatment. Results revealed that all the coagulants at various doses significantly affected the pH, electrical conductivity (EC) and turbidity of wastewater. The maximum decrease in all the attributes was observed when 10 g of coagulants were used. Similarly, maximum adsorption potential was observed in case of moringa leaf powder. Maximum decrease in all physiochemical attributes such as pH (13%), EC (65%), turbidity (75%), total dissolved solids (TDS; 51%), total suspended solids (TSS; 48%), total hardness (TH; 29%), chloride contents (66%) and phosphate contents (44%) was observed. Regarding the heavy metals, maximum decrease for Cadmium (Cd; 96%), Lead (Pb; 88%), Arsenic (As; 23%), Iron (Fe; 90%), Manganese (Mn; 96%) and Zinc (Zn; 48%) was observed in same treatment. The decreasing order in terms of their adsorption potential for coagulants was moringa leaf powder > Alum > neem leaf powder. However, the maximum effect of coagulants was observed in case of textile wastewater as compared to the hospital wastewater. Based on the analyses, it is concluded that the moringa leaf powder has maximum adsorption potential for the remediation of wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saba Sharif
- Department of Environmental Sciences , The University of Lahore , Lahore , Pakistan
| | - Qamar uz Zaman
- Department of Environmental Sciences , The University of Lahore , Lahore , Pakistan
| | - Faiza Hassan
- Department of Chemistry , The University of Lahore , Lahore , Pakistan
| | - Sana Javaid
- Department of Environmental Sciences , The University of Lahore , Lahore , Pakistan
| | - Khalid Arif
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics , The University of Lahore , Lahore , Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Zeeshan Mansha
- College of Agriculture, Bahauddin Zakariya University , Bahadur Sub Campus, Layyah , Pakistan
| | - Nusrat Ehsan
- Department of Environmental Sciences , The University of Lahore , Lahore , Pakistan
| | - Saba Nazir
- Department of Environmental Sciences , The University of Lahore , Lahore , Pakistan
| | - Rehman Gul
- Soil and Water Testing Laboratory for Research , Lahore , Pakistan
| | - Munawar Iqbal
- Department of Chemistry , The University of Lahore , Lahore , Pakistan
| | - Arif Nazir
- Department of Chemistry , The University of Lahore , Lahore , Pakistan
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Raborn J, Patel A, Varma R, Arif K, Ertel N, Salei A, Aal AA, Gunn A. 04:21 PM Abstract No. 42 Utilization of an automated phone call reminder system for an ambulatory interventional radiology clinic: a quality improvement initiative. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jvir.2018.12.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
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Abstract
There is an accumulation of evidence that shows a significant role of cancer stem cells in tumor initiation, proliferation, relapse, and metastasis. Nanog is the most important core transcription marker of stem cells, known by its role in maintaining pluripotency, proliferation, and differentiation. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the role of Nanog in breast cancer cell tamoxifen resistance and its implications in breast cancer treatment. In this study, the expression of the three core transcription markers Nanog, Oct3/4, and Sox2 were quantitatively evaluated using flow cytometry. Then, small interfering RNA (siRNA) against human Nanog was transfected into tamoxifen-resistant breast cancer cells via Lipofectamine 2000. Nanog gene expression in the cells was detected using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The change in cell proliferation was evaluated using the tetrazolium bromide method. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to detect apoptosis of the transfected cells alone and in combination with 4-hydroxytamoxifen. The results showed a high level expression of Nanog, Oct3/4, and Sox2 in MDA-MB-231 and MCF7/tamoxifen resistant cells compared with MCF7/wild-type. siRNA-mediated Nanog gene silencing can efficiently inhibit cell proliferation and induce apoptosis of tamoxifen-resistant breast cancer cells. This study provides a basis for further study of the role of Nanog in developing resistance to tamoxifen, its implication in breast cancer management, and as a new strategy to enhance response to endocrine therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid Arif
- School of Life Sciences, University of Lincoln, Brayford Pool, UK
| | - Issam Hussain
- School of Life Sciences, University of Lincoln, Brayford Pool, UK
| | - Carol Rea
- School of Life Sciences, University of Lincoln, Brayford Pool, UK
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Arif K, Ejaj A, Maroof A, Azmat AK, Arun C, Fatima N, Gatoo MA, Owais M. Protective effect of liposomal formulation of tuftsin (a naturally occurring tetrapeptide) against cyclophosphamide-induced genotoxicity and oxidative stress in mice. Indian J Biochem Biophys 2009; 46:45-52. [PMID: 19374253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Tuftsin, a naturally occurring tetrapeptide with a sequence Thr-Lys-Pro-Arg was evaluated for its in vivo protective effect against cyclophosphamide-induced genotoxicity and oxidative stress in Swiss albino mice. The anticancer drug cyclophosphamide (CP) was administered intra-peritonially to induce mutagenic effect. The drug treatment caused significant increase in chromosomal aberrations, formation of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes (MNPCE's), as well as oxidative stress and decrease in lipid peroxidation in liver of the animals. The pretreatment with tuftsin abolished such effects in dose-dependent manner and also increased mitotic index in the experimental animals. Results of the present study validated chemo-preventive properties of tuftsin against CP-induced chromosomal mutations and cellular injury of liver by oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Arif
- Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202 002, India
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Ahmad N, Arif K, Faisal SM, Neyaz MK, Tayyab S, Owais M. PLGA-microsphere mediated clearance of bilirubin in temporarily hyperbilirubinemic rats: An alternate strategy for the treatment of experimental jaundice. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2006; 1760:227-32. [PMID: 16388906 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2005.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2005] [Revised: 11/14/2005] [Accepted: 11/16/2005] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, we have demonstrated the suitability of microspheres in removal of plasma bilirubin from systemic circulation of hyperbilirubinemic rats. Poly (lactide co-glycolide) microspheres (PLGA microspheres) have been shown to bind with bilirubin in both a concentration and time dependent manner. The binding affinity of bilirubin to microspheres was enhanced when rat serum albumin (RSA) was loaded into the microspheres. On evaluating the potential of microspheres in elimination of bilirubin from the systemic circulation, RSA bearing microspheres were found to be competent in both removing bilirubin from the systemic circulation and controlling elevated plasma levels of liver function enzymes in temporarily hyperbilirubinemic rats. On the basis of results of the present study, we suggest that microsphere-based delivery system may help in development of safe, effective and alternate strategy for the treatment of hyperbilirubinemic conditions in model animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Ahmad
- Inter-Disciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Aligarh Muslim University, India
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Abstract
Severe nursing shortage adds to the high mortality of low birthweight babies in developing countries. To study the efficacy of maternal nursing care we conducted a prospective matched case-control study. Outcome was compared in low birthweight babies nursed by mothers (mothers' group, n = 151, cases), versus professional nurses (nurses' group, n = 211, controls). Irrespective of condition on admission, weight gain was significantly higher (p < 0.001) and overall mortality rate significantly lower (p < 0.001) in the mothers' group. Mortality was also lower in the mothers' group for babies with pathological jaundice, skin/umbilical sepsis, and no disease except low birthweight (p < 0.001). Intercurrent diarrhoea, aspiration pneumonia, and septicaemia did not differ. Training mothers to nurse their low birthweight babies can significantly reduce mortality rates and decrease workload on nurses. Policy formulation using this approach can save costs in developing countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Arif
- National Institute of Child Health, Karachi, Pakistan.
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Mirza FH, Arif K. Acute alcohol intoxication: prevalence, recognition and medicolegal importance. J PAK MED ASSOC 1999; 49:220-1. [PMID: 10646324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To highlight the clinical criteria of persons who are accused of being under the intoxicating effect of alcohol brought to medicolegal officer by the police. METHODS Included cases of alcohol intoxication reported to the medicolegal sections of three major government hospitals of Karachi i.e., Jinnah Post Graduate Medical Centre, Civil Hospital and Abbasi Shaheed Hospital, Karachi, during the period January to December 1996. RESULTS During one year of study, 338 persons were brought from police stations all over Karachi to the medicolegal sections of the above three hospitals. Out of these, 260 persons were disposed off by the medicolegal officers by use of their clinical judgement, 78 persons were suspected to be under the effect of alcohol intoxication and were referred to the chemical examiner where urine and blood analysis for alcohol was positive in 40 and negative in 38 cases. Only one fatal case of alcohol intoxication was reported to the chemical examiner and the viscera sent for examination were positive for alcohol. CONCLUSION The incidence of the positive cases of alcohol intoxication on laboratory analysis was 11.8% while negative results were obtained in 11.2% cases, out of 23% cases referred to the chemical examiner, indicating that the bulk of cases i.e. 76.9% were disposed off on clinical criteria only which is a crude method of assessment of cases of acute alcohol intoxication.
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Affiliation(s)
- F H Mirza
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Sindh Medical College, Karachi
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Arif K, Bhutta ZA. Risk factors and spectrum of neonatal jaundice in a birth cohort in Karachi. Indian Pediatr 1999; 36:487-93. [PMID: 10728039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- K Arif
- Department of Pediatrics, The Aga Khan University, Karachi
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Mirza FH, Arif K, Makhdoom PA. Two years' study of pattern and frequency of fatal injuries. J PAK MED ASSOC 1998; 48:313-4. [PMID: 10087755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- F H Mirza
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Sindh Medical College, Karachi
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Arif MA, Qureshi AH, Jafarey SN, Alam SE, Arif K. Maternal sociocultural status: a novel assessment of risk for the birth of small for gestational age, low birth weight infants. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 1998; 24:215-22. [PMID: 9714993 DOI: 10.1111/j.1447-0756.1998.tb00078.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We assessed the significance of material sociocultural status within the family as a risk factor for low birth weight-small for gestational age (LBW-SGA) births using a novel scoring system and also isolated related medical risk factors. METHODS A prospective matched pairs case control study of 396 LBW-SGA infants (cases) and 396 term, appropriate for gestational age infants (controls) was set up. RESULTS Low maternal sociocultural status (p = 0.02) was significantly associated with LBW-SGA births as were nonregistration for antenatal care (p = 0.001), maternal weight at delivery < 50 kg (p < 0.0001), antepartum hemorrhage/preeclampsia (p < 0.01), primigravidity and previous small baby (p <0001). Other risk factors included birth interval < 24 m (p < 0.001) and poor maternal or paternal education (p < 0.05). Conditional logistic regression identified maternal weight at delivery < 50 kg (OR 4.8, 95% C.I. 3.0-7.6), lack of antenatal care (OR 2.0, 95% C.I. 1.4-2.9), antepartum hemorrhage/preeclampsia (OR 4.3, 95% C.I. 1.7-10.8) and previous small baby (OR 4.3, 95% C.I. 2.1-8.9) as independent risk factors. CONCLUSIONS Low sociocultural status of the mother within the family is significantly associated with having a LBW-SGA baby. Further studies are warranted to study this risk factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Arif
- Neonatology Department, National Institute of Child Health, Karachi, Pakistan
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Arif K, Ali SA, Amanullah S, Siddiqui I, Khan JA, Nayani P. Physician compliance with national tuberculosis treatment guidelines: a university hospital study. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 1998; 2:225-30. [PMID: 9526195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
SETTING The Aga Khan University Hospital, in Karachi, Pakistan, is a 650-bed university teaching hospital. OBJECTIVES There is little data from Pakistan on the awareness and application of the World Health Organization (WHO)'s tuberculosis treatment guidelines among physicians. This study evaluates physician compliance with these guidelines. DESIGN A questionnaire to measure physician compliance was developed, pilot tested and standardised. Case records of all patients hospitalized with tuberculosis were reviewed (January-December 1995, n = 229), and were classified into WHO Category 1 (n = 191), Category 2 (n = 9) and Category 3 (n = 29). RESULTS A total of 53 (23%) patients had a diagnostic bacteriological sputum smear examination, of which 38% were smear positive and 47% culture positive. Of 25 cerebrospinal fluid cultures 12% were positive. No sputum smear tests were conducted during treatment. Of 58 patients in Category 1 who completed therapy 74% received a 2-month intensive phase consisting of HRZE (isoniazid, rifampicin, pyrazinamide, ethambutol) (n = 43), while 41% received a 6 month continuation phase with HE (n = 24). Over 70% patients were lost to follow up, more than half of these during the intensive phase. CONCLUSION Our study reflects poor awareness of the WHO guidelines and low compliance among physicians, and a high loss to follow-up. Efforts are needed to create physician awareness about the WHO guidelines and their use. This study can be used to assess the effectiveness of any future physician education and to identify areas of weakness in health care.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Arif
- Department of Medicine, Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan
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Zuberi NF, Arif K, Khan FM, Pal JA. A comparison of severe pre-eclampsia/eclampsia in patients with and without HELLP syndrome. J PAK MED ASSOC 1998; 48:29-32. [PMID: 9610088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The relationship of Haemolysis, Elevated Liver Enzymes and Low Platelets (HELLP) syndrome with maternal and perinatal health and its presentation in Pakistani population is not known. PURPOSE To determine the mode of presentation along with maternal and perinatal outcome of patients with HELLP syndrome. METHODS Case records of patients with severe hypertension in pregnancy who delivered between January 1, 1989 and December 31, 1994 at The Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi. Out of 120 cases of severe pre-eclampsia/eclampsia, there were 36 cases of HELLP syndrome (Group-A). These were then compared with cases without HELLP syndrome (Group B) for their mode of presentation along with maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality. RESULTS The overall incidence of HELLP syndrome was 0.4%. In the antepartum factors; unbooked status (66% vs 30%; p < 0.05), diastolic B.P. > 120 mmHg (61% vs 16%; p < 0.05) DIC (13% vs 2%; p = 0.03), seizures (40% vs 16%, p = 0.01) and ARF (11% vs 1%, p = 0.07) were significantly raised. In the intrapartum factors there were no significant differences between the two groups in mode of delivery and complications of delivery. Neonatal outcomes did not differ significantly in the two groups. CONCLUSIONS Women with severe hypertension in pregnancy manifesting with HELLP syndrome show a significantly greater frequency of developing DIC, seizures and acute renal failure. Therefore, their care necessitates intensive monitoring to preclude development of these complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- N F Zuberi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi
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