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de la Fuente AG, Dittmer M, Heesbeen EJ, de la Vega Gallardo N, White JA, Young A, McColgan T, Dashwood A, Mayne K, Cabeza-Fernández S, Falconer J, Rodriguez-Baena FJ, McMurran CE, Inayatullah M, Rawji KS, Franklin RJM, Dooley J, Liston A, Ingram RJ, Tiwari VK, Penalva R, Dombrowski Y, Fitzgerald DC. Ageing impairs the regenerative capacity of regulatory T cells in mouse central nervous system remyelination. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1870. [PMID: 38467607 PMCID: PMC10928230 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45742-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Myelin regeneration (remyelination) is essential to prevent neurodegeneration in demyelinating diseases such as Multiple Sclerosis, however, its efficiency declines with age. Regulatory T cells (Treg) recently emerged as critical players in tissue regeneration, including remyelination. However, the effect of ageing on Treg-mediated regenerative processes is poorly understood. Here, we show that expansion of aged Treg does not rescue age-associated remyelination impairment due to an intrinsically diminished capacity of aged Treg to promote oligodendrocyte differentiation and myelination in male and female mice. This decline in regenerative Treg functions can be rescued by a young environment. We identified Melanoma Cell Adhesion Molecule 1 (MCAM1) and Integrin alpha 2 (ITGA2) as candidates of Treg-mediated oligodendrocyte differentiation that decrease with age. Our findings demonstrate that ageing limits the neuroregenerative capacity of Treg, likely limiting their remyelinating therapeutic potential in aged patients, and describe two mechanisms implicated in Treg-driven remyelination that may be targetable to overcome this limitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alerie Guzman de la Fuente
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, BT9 7BL, Northern Ireland, UK.
- Institute for Health and Biomedical Sciences of Alicante (ISABIAL), Alicante, 03010, Spain.
- Instituto de Neurosciencias CSIC-UMH, San Juan de Alicante, Alicante, 03550, Spain.
| | - Marie Dittmer
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, BT9 7BL, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Elise J Heesbeen
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, BT9 7BL, Northern Ireland, UK
- Division of Pharmacology, Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Nira de la Vega Gallardo
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, BT9 7BL, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Jessica A White
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, BT9 7BL, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Andrew Young
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, BT9 7BL, Northern Ireland, UK
- Patrick G Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, BT9 7BL, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Tiree McColgan
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, BT9 7BL, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Amy Dashwood
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, CB2 1QP, Cambridge, UK
- Babraham Institute, CB22 3AT, Cambridge, UK
| | - Katie Mayne
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, BT9 7BL, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Sonia Cabeza-Fernández
- Institute for Health and Biomedical Sciences of Alicante (ISABIAL), Alicante, 03010, Spain
- Instituto de Neurosciencias CSIC-UMH, San Juan de Alicante, Alicante, 03550, Spain
| | - John Falconer
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, BT9 7BL, Northern Ireland, UK
- CRUK Beatson Institute, G61 1BD, Glasgow, UK
| | | | - Christopher E McMurran
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mohammed Inayatullah
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, 5000, Odense, Denmark
- Danish Institute for Advanced Study (DIAS), 5230, Odense, Denmark
| | - Khalil S Rawji
- Altos Labs - Cambridge Institute of Science, Granta Park, Cambridge, CB21 6GP, UK
| | - Robin J M Franklin
- Altos Labs - Cambridge Institute of Science, Granta Park, Cambridge, CB21 6GP, UK
| | - James Dooley
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, CB2 1QP, Cambridge, UK
| | - Adrian Liston
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, CB2 1QP, Cambridge, UK
| | - Rebecca J Ingram
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, BT9 7BL, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Vijay K Tiwari
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, BT9 7BL, Northern Ireland, UK
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, 5000, Odense, Denmark
- Danish Institute for Advanced Study (DIAS), 5230, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Odense University Hospital, 5000, Odense, Denmark
| | - Rosana Penalva
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, BT9 7BL, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Yvonne Dombrowski
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, BT9 7BL, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Denise C Fitzgerald
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, BT9 7BL, Northern Ireland, UK.
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Eftekhari R, Ewanchuk BW, Rawji KS, Yates RM, Noorbakhsh F, Kuipers HF, Hollenberg MD. Blockade of Proteinase-Activated Receptor 2 (PAR2) Attenuates Neuroinflammation in Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2024; 388:12-22. [PMID: 37699708 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.123.001685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Proteinase-activated receptor-2 (PAR2), which modulates inflammatory responses, is elevated in the central nervous system in multiple sclerosis (MS) and in its murine model, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). In PAR2-null mice, disease severity of EAE is markedly diminished. We therefore tested whether inhibiting PAR2 activation in vivo might be a viable strategy for the treatment of MS. Using the EAE model, we show that a PAR2 antagonist, the pepducin palmitoyl-RSSAMDENSEKKRKSAIK-amide (P2pal-18S), attenuates EAE progression by affecting immune cell function. P2pal-18S treatment markedly diminishes disease severity and reduces demyelination, as well as the infiltration of T-cells and macrophages into the central nervous system. Moreover, P2pal-18S decreases granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) production and T-cell activation in cultured splenocytes and prevents macrophage polarization in vitro. We conclude that PAR2 plays a key role in regulating neuroinflammation in EAE and that PAR2 antagonists represent promising therapeutic agents for treating MS and other neuroinflammatory diseases. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Proteinase-activated receptor-2 modulates inflammatory responses and is increased in multiple sclerosis lesions. We show that the proteinase-activated receptor-2 antagonist palmitoyl-RSSAMDENSEKKRKSAIK-amide reduces disease in the murine experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis model of multiple sclerosis by inhibiting T-cell and macrophage activation and infiltration into the central nervous system, making it a potential treatment for multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahil Eftekhari
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology (R.E., M.D.H.), Department of Medicine (R.E., M.D.H.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences (R.E., K.S.R., H.F.K.), Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (B.W.E., R.M.Y.), Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine (B.W.E., R.M.Y.), and Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy (H.F.K.), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; and Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (R.E., F.N.)
| | - Benjamin W Ewanchuk
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology (R.E., M.D.H.), Department of Medicine (R.E., M.D.H.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences (R.E., K.S.R., H.F.K.), Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (B.W.E., R.M.Y.), Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine (B.W.E., R.M.Y.), and Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy (H.F.K.), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; and Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (R.E., F.N.)
| | - Khalil S Rawji
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology (R.E., M.D.H.), Department of Medicine (R.E., M.D.H.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences (R.E., K.S.R., H.F.K.), Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (B.W.E., R.M.Y.), Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine (B.W.E., R.M.Y.), and Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy (H.F.K.), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; and Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (R.E., F.N.)
| | - Robin M Yates
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology (R.E., M.D.H.), Department of Medicine (R.E., M.D.H.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences (R.E., K.S.R., H.F.K.), Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (B.W.E., R.M.Y.), Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine (B.W.E., R.M.Y.), and Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy (H.F.K.), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; and Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (R.E., F.N.)
| | - Farshid Noorbakhsh
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology (R.E., M.D.H.), Department of Medicine (R.E., M.D.H.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences (R.E., K.S.R., H.F.K.), Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (B.W.E., R.M.Y.), Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine (B.W.E., R.M.Y.), and Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy (H.F.K.), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; and Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (R.E., F.N.)
| | - Hedwich F Kuipers
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology (R.E., M.D.H.), Department of Medicine (R.E., M.D.H.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences (R.E., K.S.R., H.F.K.), Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (B.W.E., R.M.Y.), Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine (B.W.E., R.M.Y.), and Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy (H.F.K.), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; and Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (R.E., F.N.)
| | - Morley D Hollenberg
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology (R.E., M.D.H.), Department of Medicine (R.E., M.D.H.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences (R.E., K.S.R., H.F.K.), Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (B.W.E., R.M.Y.), Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine (B.W.E., R.M.Y.), and Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy (H.F.K.), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; and Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (R.E., F.N.)
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Yang R, Hamilton AM, Sun H, Rawji KS, Sarkar S, Mirzaei R, Pike GB, Yong VW, Dunn JF. Detecting monocyte trafficking in an animal model of glioblastoma using R 2* and quantitative susceptibility mapping. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2023; 72:733-742. [PMID: 36194288 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-022-03297-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) in glioblastoma (GBM) disease progression has received increasing attention. Recent advances have shown that TAMs can be re-programmed to exert a pro-inflammatory, anti-tumor effect to control GBMs. However, imaging methods capable of differentiating tumor progression from immunotherapy treatment effects have been lacking, making timely assessment of treatment response difficult. We showed that tracking monocytes using iron oxide nanoparticle (USPIO) with MRI can be a sensitive imaging method to detect therapy response directed at the innate immune system. METHODS We implanted syngeneic mouse glioma stem cells into C57/BL6 mice and treated the animals with either niacin (a stimulator of innate immunity) or vehicle. Animals were imaged using an anatomical MRI sequence, R2* mapping, and quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM) before and after USPIO injection. RESULTS Compared to vehicles, niacin-treated animals showed significantly higher susceptibility and R2*, representing USPIO and monocyte infiltration into the tumor. We observed a significant reduction in tumor size in the niacin-treated group 7 days later. We validated our MRI results with flow cytometry and immunofluoresence, which showed that niacin decreased pro-inflammatory Ly6C high monocytes in the blood but increased CD16/32 pro-inflammatory macrophages within the tumor, consistent with migration of these pro-inflammatory innate immune cells from the blood to the tumor. CONCLUSION MRI with USPIO injection can detect therapeutic responses of innate immune stimulating agents before changes in tumor size have occurred, providing a potential complementary imaging technique to monitor cancer immunotherapies. MANUSCRIPT HIGHLIGHT We show that iron oxide nanoparticles (USPIOs) can be used to label innate immune cells and detect the trafficking of pro-inflammatory monocytes into the glioblastoma. This preceded changes in tumor size, making it a more sensitive imaging technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runze Yang
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - A Max Hamilton
- Cumming School of Medicine, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Hongfu Sun
- Cumming School of Medicine, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
- School of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Khalil S Rawji
- Cumming School of Medicine, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Susobhan Sarkar
- Cumming School of Medicine, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Reza Mirzaei
- Cumming School of Medicine, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - G Bruce Pike
- Department of Radiology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, N.W. Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada
- Cumming School of Medicine, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - V Wee Yong
- Cumming School of Medicine, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
- Department of Oncology, Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, Canada
| | - Jeff F Dunn
- Department of Radiology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, N.W. Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada.
- Cumming School of Medicine, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada.
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada.
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Rawji KS, Neumann B, Franklin RJM. Glial aging and its impact on central nervous system myelin regeneration. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2023; 1519:34-45. [PMID: 36398864 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Aging is a major risk factor for several neurodegenerative diseases and is associated with cognitive decline. In addition to affecting neuronal function, the aging process significantly affects the functional phenotype of the glial cell compartment, comprising oligodendrocyte lineage cells, astrocytes, and microglia. These changes result in a more inflammatory microenvironment, resulting in a condition that is favorable for neuron and synapse loss. In addition to facilitating neurodegeneration, the aging glial cell population has negative implications for central nervous system remyelination, a regenerative process that is of particular importance to the chronic demyelinating disease multiple sclerosis. This review will discuss the changes that occur with aging in the three main glial populations and provide an overview of the studies documenting the impact these changes have on remyelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalil S Rawji
- Altos Labs, Cambridge Institute of Science, Cambridge, UK
| | - Björn Neumann
- Altos Labs, Cambridge Institute of Science, Cambridge, UK
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Rawji KS, Kaushik DK. Editorial: Age-Related Neuroimmunology of Degeneration and Repair. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:742620. [PMID: 34489687 PMCID: PMC8417568 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.742620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Khalil S Rawji
- Wellcome - MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Campus, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Deepak K Kaushik
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Division of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada
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Pridham G, Hossain S, Rawji KS, Zhang Y. A metric learning method for estimating myelin content based on T2-weighted MRI from a de- and re-myelination model of multiple sclerosis. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0249460. [PMID: 33819278 PMCID: PMC8021181 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0249460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Myelin plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of neurological disorders but is difficult to characterize in vivo using standard analysis methods. Our goal was to develop a novel analytical framework for estimating myelin content using T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) based on a de- and re-myelination model of multiple sclerosis. We examined 18 mice with lysolecithin induced demyelination and spontaneous remyelination in the ventral white matter of thoracic spinal cord. Cohorts of 6 mice underwent 9.4T MRI at days 7 (peak demyelination), 14 (ongoing recovery), and 28 (near complete recovery), as well as histological analysis of myelin and the associated cellularity at corresponding timepoints. Our MRI framework took an unsupervised learning approach, including tissue segmentation using a Gaussian Markov random field (GMRF), and myelin and cellularity feature estimation based on the Mahalanobis distance. For comparison, we also investigated 2 regression-based supervised learning approaches, one using our GMRF results, and another using a freely available generalized additive model (GAM). Results showed that GMRF segmentation was 73.2% accurate, and our unsupervised learning method achieved a correlation coefficient of 0.67 (top quartile: 0.78) with histological myelin, similar to 0.70 (top quartile: 0.78) obtained using supervised analyses. Further, the area under the receiver operator characteristic curve of our unsupervised myelin feature (0.883, 95% CI: 0.874–0.891) was significantly better than any of the supervised models in detecting white matter myelin as compared to histology. Collectively, metric learning using standard MRI may prove to be a new alternative method for estimating myelin content, which ultimately can improve our disease monitoring ability in a clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glen Pridham
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Shahnewaz Hossain
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Khalil S. Rawji
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Yunyan Zhang
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Radiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Zia S, Rawji KS, Michaels NJ, Burr M, Kerr BJ, Healy LM, Plemel JR. Microglia Diversity in Health and Multiple Sclerosis. Front Immunol 2020; 11:588021. [PMID: 33240276 PMCID: PMC7677361 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.588021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by multiple focal lesions, ongoing demyelination and, for most people, a lack of remyelination. MS lesions are enriched with monocyte-derived macrophages and brain-resident microglia that, together, are likely responsible for much of the immune-mediated neurotoxicity. However, microglia and macrophage also have documented neuroprotective and regenerative roles, suggesting a potential diversity in their functions. Linked with microglial functional diversity, they take on diverse phenotypes developmentally, regionally and across disease conditions. Advances in technologies such as single-cell RNA sequencing and mass cytometry of immune cells has led to dramatic developments in understanding the phenotypic changes of microglia and macrophages. This review highlights the origins of microglia, their heterogeneity throughout normal ageing and their contribution to pathology and repair, with a specific focus on autoimmunity and MS. As phenotype dictates function, the emerging heterogeneity of microglia and macrophage populations in MS offers new insights into the potential immune mechanisms that result in inflammation and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sameera Zia
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Khalil S Rawji
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Campus, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Nathan J Michaels
- Ministry of Health, British Columbia Government, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Mena Burr
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Bradley J Kerr
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Department of Anesthesiology & Pain Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Luke M Healy
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Jason R Plemel
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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Rawji KS, Gonzalez Martinez GA, Sharma A, Franklin RJ. The Role of Astrocytes in Remyelination. Trends Neurosci 2020; 43:596-607. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2020.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Pu A, Mishra MK, Dong Y, Ghorbanigazar S, Stephenson EL, Rawji KS, Silva C, Kitagawa H, Sawcer S, Yong VW. The glycosyltransferase EXTL2 promotes proteoglycan deposition and injurious neuroinflammation following demyelination. J Neuroinflammation 2020; 17:220. [PMID: 32703234 PMCID: PMC7379813 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-020-01895-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs) are potent inhibitors of axonal regrowth and remyelination. More recently, they have also been highlighted as a modulator of macrophage infiltration into the central nervous system in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, an inflammatory model of multiple sclerosis. Methods We interrogated results from single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) lying in or close to genes regulating CSPG metabolism in the summary results from two publicly available systematic studies of multiple sclerosis (MS) genetics. A demyelinating injury model in the spinal cord of exostosin-like 2 deficient (EXTL2-/-) mice was used to investigate the effects of dysregulation of EXTL2 on remyelination. Cell cultures of bone marrow-derived macrophages and primary oligodendrocyte precursor cells and neurons were supplemented with purified CSPGs or conditioned media to assess potential mechanisms of action. Results The strongest evidence for genetic association was seen for SNPs mapping to the region containing the glycosyltransferase exostosin-like 2 (EXTL2), an enzyme that normally suppresses CSPG biosynthesis. Six of these SNPs showed genome-wide significant evidence for association in one of the studies with concordant and nominally significant effects in the second study. We then went on to show that a demyelinating injury to the spinal cord of EXTL2−/− mice resulted in excessive deposition of CSPGs in the lesion area. EXTL2−/− mice had exacerbated axonal damage and myelin disruption relative to wild-type mice, and increased representation of microglia/macrophages within lesions. In tissue culture, activated bone marrow-derived macrophages from EXTL2−/− mice overproduce tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). Conclusions These results emphasize CSPGs as a prominent modulator of neuroinflammation and they highlight CSPGs accumulating in lesions in promoting axonal injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annie Pu
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences and the Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, T2N 4 N1, Calgary, Canada
| | - Manoj K Mishra
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences and the Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, T2N 4 N1, Calgary, Canada
| | - Yifei Dong
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences and the Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, T2N 4 N1, Calgary, Canada
| | - Samira Ghorbanigazar
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences and the Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, T2N 4 N1, Calgary, Canada
| | - Erin L Stephenson
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences and the Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, T2N 4 N1, Calgary, Canada
| | - Khalil S Rawji
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences and the Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, T2N 4 N1, Calgary, Canada
| | - Claudia Silva
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences and the Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, T2N 4 N1, Calgary, Canada
| | | | | | - V Wee Yong
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences and the Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, T2N 4 N1, Calgary, Canada. .,University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive, Calgary, Alberta, T3A 4X9, Canada.
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Rawji KS, Young AMH, Ghosh T, Michaels NJ, Mirzaei R, Kappen J, Kolehmainen KL, Alaeiilkhchi N, Lozinski B, Mishra MK, Pu A, Tang W, Zein S, Kaushik DK, Keough MB, Plemel JR, Calvert F, Knights AJ, Gaffney DJ, Tetzlaff W, Franklin RJM, Yong VW. Niacin-mediated rejuvenation of macrophage/microglia enhances remyelination of the aging central nervous system. Acta Neuropathol 2020; 139:893-909. [PMID: 32030468 PMCID: PMC7181452 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-020-02129-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Revised: 01/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Remyelination following CNS demyelination restores rapid signal propagation and protects axons; however, its efficiency declines with increasing age. Both intrinsic changes in the oligodendrocyte progenitor cell population and extrinsic factors in the lesion microenvironment of older subjects contribute to this decline. Microglia and monocyte-derived macrophages are critical for successful remyelination, releasing growth factors and clearing inhibitory myelin debris. Several studies have implicated delayed recruitment of macrophages/microglia into lesions as a key contributor to the decline in remyelination observed in older subjects. Here we show that the decreased expression of the scavenger receptor CD36 of aging mouse microglia and human microglia in culture underlies their reduced phagocytic activity. Overexpression of CD36 in cultured microglia rescues the deficit in phagocytosis of myelin debris. By screening for clinically approved agents that stimulate macrophages/microglia, we have found that niacin (vitamin B3) upregulates CD36 expression and enhances myelin phagocytosis by microglia in culture. This increase in myelin phagocytosis is mediated through the niacin receptor (hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 2). Genetic fate mapping and multiphoton live imaging show that systemic treatment of 9-12-month-old demyelinated mice with therapeutically relevant doses of niacin promotes myelin debris clearance in lesions by both peripherally derived macrophages and microglia. This is accompanied by enhancement of oligodendrocyte progenitor cell numbers and by improved remyelination in the treated mice. Niacin represents a safe and translationally amenable regenerative therapy for chronic demyelinating diseases such as multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalil S Rawji
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Adam M H Young
- Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Tanay Ghosh
- Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Nathan J Michaels
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Reza Mirzaei
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Janson Kappen
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | | | | | - Brian Lozinski
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Manoj K Mishra
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Annie Pu
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Weiwen Tang
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Salma Zein
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Deepak K Kaushik
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | | | | | - Fiona Calvert
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | | | | | | | - Robin J M Franklin
- Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - V Wee Yong
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada.
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11
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Sarkar S, Li Y, Mirzaei R, Rawji KS, Poon CC, Wang J, Kumar M, Bose P, Yong VW. Demeclocycline Reduces the Growth of Human Brain Tumor-Initiating Cells: Direct Activity and Through Monocytes. Front Immunol 2020; 11:272. [PMID: 32153581 PMCID: PMC7047330 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Myeloid cells that infiltrate into brain tumors are deactivated or exploited by the tumor cells. We previously demonstrated that compromised microglia, monocytes, and macrophages in malignant gliomas could be reactivated by amphotericin-B to contain the growth of brain tumorinitiating cells (BTICs). We identified meclocycline as another activator of microglia, so we sought to test whether its better-tolerated derivative, demeclocycline, also stimulates monocytes to restrict BTIC growth. Monocytes were selected for study as they would be exposed to demeclocycline in the circulation prior to entry into brain tumors to become macrophages. We found that demeclocycline increased the activity of monocytes in culture, as determined by tumor necrosis factor-α production and chemotactic capacity. The conditioned medium of demeclocycline-stimulated monocytes attenuated the growth of BTICs generated from human glioblastoma resections, as evaluated using neurosphere and alamarBlue assays, and cell counts. Demeclocycline also had direct effects in reducing BTIC growth. A global gene expression screen identified several genes, such as DNA damage inducible transcript 4, frizzled class receptor 5 and reactive oxygen species modulator 1, as potential regulators of demeclocycline-mediated BTIC growth reduction. Amongst several tetracycline derivatives, only demeclocycline directly reduced BTIC growth. In summary, we have identified demeclocycline as a novel inhibitor of the growth of BTICs, through direct effect and through indirect stimulation of monocytes. Demeclocycline is a candidate to reactivate compromised immune cells to improve the prognosis of patients with gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susobhan Sarkar
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, The Hotchkiss Brain Institute and the Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Department of Oncology, The Hotchkiss Brain Institute and the Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Yibo Li
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, The Hotchkiss Brain Institute and the Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Department of Oncology, The Hotchkiss Brain Institute and the Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Reza Mirzaei
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, The Hotchkiss Brain Institute and the Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Department of Oncology, The Hotchkiss Brain Institute and the Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Khalil S Rawji
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, The Hotchkiss Brain Institute and the Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Department of Oncology, The Hotchkiss Brain Institute and the Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Candice C Poon
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, The Hotchkiss Brain Institute and the Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Department of Oncology, The Hotchkiss Brain Institute and the Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Jianxiong Wang
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, The Hotchkiss Brain Institute and the Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Department of Oncology, The Hotchkiss Brain Institute and the Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Mehul Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Hotchkiss Brain Institute and the Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Department of Surgery, The Hotchkiss Brain Institute and the Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Pinaki Bose
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Hotchkiss Brain Institute and the Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Department of Surgery, The Hotchkiss Brain Institute and the Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - V Wee Yong
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, The Hotchkiss Brain Institute and the Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Department of Oncology, The Hotchkiss Brain Institute and the Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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12
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Plemel JR, Stratton JA, Michaels NJ, Rawji KS, Zhang E, Sinha S, Baaklini CS, Dong Y, Ho M, Thorburn K, Friedman TN, Jawad S, Silva C, Caprariello AV, Hoghooghi V, Yue J, Jaffer A, Lee K, Kerr BJ, Midha R, Stys PK, Biernaskie J, Yong VW. Microglia response following acute demyelination is heterogeneous and limits infiltrating macrophage dispersion. Sci Adv 2020; 6:eaay6324. [PMID: 31998844 PMCID: PMC6962036 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aay6324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Microglia and infiltrating macrophages are thought to orchestrate the central nervous system (CNS) response to injury; however, the similarities between these cells make it challenging to distinguish their relative contributions. We genetically labeled microglia and CNS-associated macrophages to distinguish them from infiltrating macrophages. Using single-cell RNA sequencing, we describe multiple microglia activation states, one of which was enriched for interferon associated signaling. Although blood-derived macrophages acutely infiltrated the demyelinated lesion, microglia progressively monopolized the lesion environment where they surrounded infiltrating macrophages. In the microglia-devoid sciatic nerve, the infiltrating macrophage response was sustained. In the CNS, the preferential proliferation of microglia and sparse microglia death contributed to microglia dominating the lesion. Microglia ablation reversed the spatial restriction of macrophages with the demyelinated spinal cord, highlighting an unrealized macrophages-microglia interaction. The restriction of peripheral inflammation by microglia may be a previously unidentified mechanism by which the CNS maintains its "immune privileged" status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason R. Plemel
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute and Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Corresponding author. (J.R.P.); (J.B.); (V.W.Y.)
| | - Jo Anne Stratton
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute and Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Nathan J. Michaels
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute and Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Khalil S. Rawji
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute and Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Eric Zhang
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute and Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Sarthak Sinha
- Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Charbel S. Baaklini
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Yifei Dong
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute and Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Madelene Ho
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Kevin Thorburn
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Timothy N. Friedman
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Sana Jawad
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute and Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Claudia Silva
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute and Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Andrew V. Caprariello
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute and Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Vahid Hoghooghi
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute and Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Julie Yue
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Arzina Jaffer
- Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Kelly Lee
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Bradley J. Kerr
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Raj Midha
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute and Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Peter K. Stys
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute and Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jeff Biernaskie
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute and Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Corresponding author. (J.R.P.); (J.B.); (V.W.Y.)
| | - V. Wee Yong
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute and Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Corresponding author. (J.R.P.); (J.B.); (V.W.Y.)
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13
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Neumann B, Baror R, Zhao C, Segel M, Dietmann S, Rawji KS, Foerster S, McClain CR, Chalut K, van Wijngaarden P, Franklin RJM. Metformin Restores CNS Remyelination Capacity by Rejuvenating Aged Stem Cells. Cell Stem Cell 2019; 25:473-485.e8. [PMID: 31585093 PMCID: PMC6863391 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2019.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Revised: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The age-related failure to produce oligodendrocytes from oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) is associated with irreversible neurodegeneration in multiple sclerosis (MS). Consequently, regenerative approaches have significant potential for treating chronic demyelinating diseases. Here, we show that the differentiation potential of adult rodent OPCs decreases with age. Aged OPCs become unresponsive to pro-differentiation signals, suggesting intrinsic constraints on therapeutic approaches aimed at enhancing OPC differentiation. This decline in functional capacity is associated with hallmarks of cellular aging, including decreased metabolic function and increased DNA damage. Fasting or treatment with metformin can reverse these changes and restore the regenerative capacity of aged OPCs, improving remyelination in aged animals following focal demyelination. Aged OPCs treated with metformin regain responsiveness to pro-differentiation signals, suggesting synergistic effects of rejuvenation and pro-differentiation therapies. These findings provide insight into aging-associated remyelination failure and suggest therapeutic interventions for reversing such declines in chronic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Björn Neumann
- Wellcome - MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0AW, UK
| | - Roey Baror
- Wellcome - MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0AW, UK
| | - Chao Zhao
- Wellcome - MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0AW, UK
| | - Michael Segel
- Wellcome - MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0AW, UK
| | - Sabine Dietmann
- Wellcome - MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0AW, UK
| | - Khalil S Rawji
- Wellcome - MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0AW, UK
| | - Sarah Foerster
- Wellcome - MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0AW, UK
| | - Crystal R McClain
- Wellcome - MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0AW, UK
| | - Kevin Chalut
- Wellcome - MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0AW, UK; Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Peter van Wijngaarden
- Wellcome - MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0AW, UK; Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Robin J M Franklin
- Wellcome - MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0AW, UK.
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14
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Baaklini CS, Rawji KS, Duncan GJ, Ho MFS, Plemel JR. Central Nervous System Remyelination: Roles of Glia and Innate Immune Cells. Front Mol Neurosci 2019; 12:225. [PMID: 31616249 PMCID: PMC6764409 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2019.00225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
In diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS), inflammation can injure the myelin sheath that surrounds axons, a process known as demyelination. The spontaneous regeneration of myelin, called remyelination, is associated with restoration of function and prevention of axonal degeneration. Boosting remyelination with therapeutic intervention is a promising new approach that is currently being tested in several clinical trials. The endogenous regulation of remyelination is highly dependent on the immune response. In this review article, we highlight the cell biology of remyelination and its regulation by innate immune cells. For the purpose of this review, we discuss the roles of microglia, and also astrocytes and oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) as they are being increasingly recognized to have immune cell functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charbel S Baaklini
- Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Khalil S Rawji
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council, Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Greg J Duncan
- Department of Neurology, Jungers Center for Neurosciences Research, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Madelene F S Ho
- Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Jason R Plemel
- Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council, Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Department of Neurology, Jungers Center for Neurosciences Research, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States
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15
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Kaushik DK, Bhattacharya A, Mirzaei R, Rawji KS, Ahn Y, Rho JM, Yong VW. Enhanced glycolytic metabolism supports transmigration of brain-infiltrating macrophages in multiple sclerosis. J Clin Invest 2019; 129:3277-3292. [PMID: 31112527 DOI: 10.1172/jci124012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The migration of leukocytes into the CNS drives the neuropathology of multiple sclerosis (MS). This penetration likely utilizes energy resources that remain to be defined. Using the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model of MS, we determined that macrophages within the perivascular cuff of post-capillary venules are highly glycolytic as manifested by strong expression of lactate dehydrogenase A (LDHA) that converts pyruvate to lactate. These macrophages expressed prominent levels of monocarboxylate transporter-4 (MCT-4) specialized in secreting lactate from glycolytic cells. The functional relevance of glycolysis was confirmed by siRNA-mediated knockdown of LDHA and MCT-4, which decreased lactate secretion and macrophage transmigration. MCT-4 was in turn regulated by EMMPRIN (CD147) as determined through co-expression/co-immunoprecipitation studies, and siRNA-mediated EMMPRIN silencing. The functional relevance of MCT-4/EMMPRIN interaction was affirmed by lower macrophage transmigration in culture using the MCT-4 inhibitor, α-cyano-4-hydroxy-cinnamic acid (CHCA), a cinnamon derivative. CHCA also reduced leukocyte infiltration and the clinical severity of EAE. Relevance to MS was corroborated by the strong expression of MCT-4, EMMPRIN and LDHA in perivascular macrophages in MS brains. These results detail the metabolism of macrophages for transmigration from perivascular cuffs into the CNS parenchyma and identifies CHCA and diet as potential modulators of neuro-inflammation in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Reza Mirzaei
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute.,Department of Clinical Neurosciences
| | - Khalil S Rawji
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute.,Department of Clinical Neurosciences
| | - Younghee Ahn
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute.,Department of Pediatrics, and
| | - Jong M Rho
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute.,Department of Pediatrics, and.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - V Wee Yong
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute.,Department of Clinical Neurosciences
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16
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Yong HYF, Rawji KS, Ghorbani S, Xue M, Yong VW. The benefits of neuroinflammation for the repair of the injured central nervous system. Cell Mol Immunol 2019; 16:540-546. [PMID: 30874626 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-019-0223-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammation of the nervous system (neuroinflammation) is now recognized as a hallmark of virtually all neurological disorders. In neuroinflammatory conditions such as multiple sclerosis, there is prominent infiltration and a long-lasting representation of various leukocyte subsets in the central nervous system (CNS) parenchyma. Even in classic neurodegenerative disorders, where such immense inflammatory infiltrates are absent, there is still evidence of activated CNS-intrinsic microglia. The consequences of excessive and uncontrolled neuroinflammation are injury and death to neural elements, which manifest as a heterogeneous set of neurological symptoms. However, it is now readily acknowledged, due to instructive studies from the peripheral nervous system and a large body of CNS literature, that aspects of the neuroinflammatory response can be beneficial for CNS outcomes. The recognized benefits of inflammation to the CNS include the preservation of CNS constituents (neuroprotection), the proliferation and maturation of various neural precursor populations, axonal regeneration, and the reformation of myelin on denuded axons. Herein, we highlight the benefits of neuroinflammation in fostering CNS recovery after neural injury using examples from multiple sclerosis, traumatic spinal cord injury, stroke, and Alzheimer's disease. We focus on CNS regenerative responses, such as neurogenesis, axonal regeneration, and remyelination, and discuss the mechanisms by which neuroinflammation is pro-regenerative for the CNS. Finally, we highlight treatment strategies that harness the benefits of neuroinflammation for CNS regenerative responses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Mengzhou Xue
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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17
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Sarkar S, Poon CC, Mirzaei R, Rawji KS, Hader W, Bose P, Kelly J, Dunn JF, Yong VW. Microglia induces Gas1 expression in human brain tumor-initiating cells to reduce tumorigenecity. Sci Rep 2018; 8:15286. [PMID: 30327548 PMCID: PMC6191418 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-33306-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
We reported previously that microglia decreased the growth of human brain tumor-initiating cells (BTICs). Through microarray analyses of BTICs exposed in vitro to microglia, we found the induction of several genes ascribed to have roles in cell cycle arrest, reduced cell proliferation and differentiation. Herein, we tested the hypothesis that one of these genes, growth arrest specific 1 (Gas1), is a novel growth reduction factor that is induced in BTICs by microglia. We found that microglia increased the expression of Gas1 transcript and protein in glioblastoma patient-derived BTIC lines. Using neurosphere assay we show that RNAi-induced reduction of Gas1 expression in BTICs blunted the microglia-mediated BTIC growth reduction. The role of Gas1 in mediating BTIC growth arrest was further validated using orthotopic brain xenografts in mice. When microglia-induced Gas1-expressing BTIC cells (mGas1-BTICs) were implanted intra-cranially in mice, tumor growth was markedly decreased; this was mirrored in the remarkable increase in survival of mGas1-BT025 and mGas1-BT048 implanted mice, compared to mice implanted with non-microglia-exposed BTIC cells. In conclusion, this study has identified Gas1 as a novel factor and mechanism through which microglia arrest the growth of BTICs for anti-tumor property.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susobhan Sarkar
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute and the Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada.,Department of Oncology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute and the Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Candice C Poon
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute and the Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada.,Department of Oncology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute and the Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Reza Mirzaei
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute and the Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada.,Department of Oncology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute and the Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Khalil S Rawji
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute and the Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada.,Department of Oncology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute and the Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Walter Hader
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute and the Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Pinaki Bose
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute and the Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada.,Department of Surgery, Hotchkiss Brain Institute and the Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - John Kelly
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute and the Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Jeffrey F Dunn
- Department of Radiology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute and the Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - V Wee Yong
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute and the Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada. .,Department of Oncology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute and the Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada.
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Luo T, Oladosu O, Rawji KS, Zhai P, Pridham G, Hossain S, Zhang Y. Characterizing Structural Changes With Devolving Remyelination Following Experimental Demyelination Using High Angular Resolution Diffusion MRI and Texture Analysis. J Magn Reson Imaging 2018; 49:1750-1759. [PMID: 30230112 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.26328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Revised: 08/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Changes in myelin integrity are associated with the pathophysiology of many neurological diseases, including multiple sclerosis. However, noninvasive measurement of myelin injury and repair remains challenging. Advanced MRI techniques including diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), neurite orientation dispersion and density index (NODDI), and texture analysis have shown promise in quantifying subtle abnormalities in white matter structure. PURPOSE To determine whether and how these advanced imaging methods help understand remyelination changes after demyelination using a mouse model. STUDY TYPE Prospective, longitudinal. ANIMAL MODEL Demyelination was induced in the thoracic spinal cord of 21 mice using the chemical toxin lysolecithin. FIELD STRENGTH/SEQUENCES 9.4T ASSESSMENT: Imaging was done at day 7 (demyelination) and days 14 to 35 (ongoing remyelination) postsurgery, followed by histology. Image analysis focused on both lesions and peri-lesional areas where remyelination began. In histology, we quantified the complexity of tissue alignment using angular entropy, in addition to staining area. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS Two-way analysis of variance was performed for assessing differences between tissue types and across timepoints, followed by post-hoc analysis to correct for multiple comparisons (P < 0.05). RESULTS All diffusion and texture parameters were worse in lesions than the control tissue (P < 0.05) except orientation dispersion index (ODI) and neurite density index (NDI) over late remyelination. Longitudinally, ODI decreased and NDI increased persistently in both lesions and peri-lesion regions (P < 0.05). Fractional anisotropy showed a mild decrease at day 35 after increase, when lesion texture heterogeneity showed a trend to decrease (P > 0.05). Both lesion size and angular entropy decreased over time, and no change in any measure in the control tissue. DATA CONCLUSION Diffusion and MRI texture metrics may provide compensatory information on myelin repair and ODI and NDI could be sensitive measures of evolving remyelination, deserving further validation. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 1 Technical Efficacy: Stage 1 J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2019;49:1750-1759.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Luo
- Bachelor of Health Sciences Program, University of Calgary, AB, Canada
| | | | - Khalil S Rawji
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Peng Zhai
- Department of Radiology, University of Calgary, AB, Canada.,Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, AB, Canada.,Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Glen Pridham
- Department of Radiology, University of Calgary, AB, Canada.,Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, AB, Canada.,Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, AB, Canada
| | | | - Yunyan Zhang
- Department of Radiology, University of Calgary, AB, Canada.,Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, AB, Canada.,Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, AB, Canada
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19
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Mirzaei R, Sarkar S, Dzikowski L, Rawji KS, Khan L, Faissner A, Bose P, Yong VW. Brain tumor-initiating cells export tenascin-C associated with exosomes to suppress T cell activity. Oncoimmunology 2018; 7:e1478647. [PMID: 30288344 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2018.1478647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Revised: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The dismal prognosis of glioblastoma is attributed in part to the existence of stem-like brain tumor-initiating cells (BTICs) that are highly radio- and chemo-resistant. New approaches such as therapies that reprogram compromised immune cells against BTICs are needed. Effective immunotherapies in glioblastoma, however, remain elusive unless the mechanisms of immunosuppression by the tumor are better understood. Here, we describe that while the conditioned media of activated T lymphocytes reduce the growth capacity of BTICs, this growth suppression was abrogated in live co-culture of BTICs with T cells. We present evidence that BTICs produce the extracellular matrix protein tenascin-C (TNC) to inhibit T cell activity in live co-culture. In human glioblastoma brain specimens, TNC was widely deposited in the vicinity of T cells. Mechanistically, TNC inhibited T cell proliferation through interaction with α5β1 and αvβ6 integrins on T lymphocytes associated with reduced mTOR signaling. Strikingly, TNC was exported out of BTICs associated with exosomes, and TNC-depleted exosomes suppressed T cell responses to a significantly lesser extent than control. Finally, we found that circulating exosomes from glioblastoma patients contained more TNC and T cell-suppressive activity than those from control individuals. Taken together, our study establishes a novel immunosuppressive role for TNC associated with BTIC-secreted exosomes to affect local and distal T lymphocyte immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Mirzaei
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences and the Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Susobhan Sarkar
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences and the Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Lauren Dzikowski
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences and the Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Khalil S Rawji
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences and the Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Lubaba Khan
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oncology and Surgery, Ohlson Research Initiative and Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Andreas Faissner
- Department of Cell Morphology and Molecular Neurobiology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Pinaki Bose
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oncology and Surgery, Ohlson Research Initiative and Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - V Wee Yong
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences and the Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
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20
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Plemel JR, Michaels NJ, Weishaupt N, Caprariello AV, Keough MB, Rogers JA, Yukseloglu A, Lim J, Patel VV, Rawji KS, Jensen SK, Teo W, Heyne B, Whitehead SN, Stys PK, Yong VW. Mechanisms of lysophosphatidylcholine-induced demyelination: A primary lipid disrupting myelinopathy. Glia 2017; 66:327-347. [PMID: 29068088 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Revised: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
For decades lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC, lysolecithin) has been used to induce demyelination, without a clear understanding of its mechanisms. LPC is an endogenous lysophospholipid so it may cause demyelination in certain diseases. We investigated whether known receptor systems, inflammation or nonspecific lipid disruption mediates LPC-demyelination in mice. We found that LPC nonspecifically disrupted myelin lipids. LPC integrated into cellular membranes and rapidly induced cell membrane permeability; in mice, LPC injury was phenocopied by other lipid disrupting agents. Interestingly, following its injection into white matter, LPC was cleared within 24 hr but by five days there was an elevation of endogenous LPC that was not associated with damage. This elevation of LPC in the absence of injury raises the possibility that the brain has mechanisms to buffer LPC. In support, LPC injury in culture was significantly ameliorated by albumin buffering. These results shed light on the mechanisms of LPC injury and homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason R Plemel
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N4N4, Canada
| | - Nathan J Michaels
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N4N4, Canada
| | - Nina Weishaupt
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, N6A5C1, Canada
| | - Andrew V Caprariello
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N4N4, Canada
| | - Michael B Keough
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N4N4, Canada
| | - James A Rogers
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N4N4, Canada
| | - Aran Yukseloglu
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N4N4, Canada
| | - Jaehyun Lim
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N4N4, Canada
| | - Vikas V Patel
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, N6A5C1, Canada
| | - Khalil S Rawji
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N4N4, Canada
| | - Samuel K Jensen
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N4N4, Canada
| | - Wulin Teo
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N4N4, Canada
| | - Belinda Heyne
- Department of Chemistry, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N4N4, Canada
| | - Shawn N Whitehead
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, N6A5C1, Canada
| | - Peter K Stys
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N4N4, Canada
| | - V Wee Yong
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N4N4, Canada
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Abstract
White matter injury, consisting of loss of axons, myelin, and oligodendrocytes, is common in many neurological disorders and is believed to underlie several motor and sensory deficits. Remyelination is the process in which the insulative myelin sheath is restored to axons, thereby facilitating recovery from functional loss. Remyelination proceeds with oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) that differentiate into oligodendrocytes to synthesize the new myelin sheath after demyelination. This process is influenced by several factors, including trophic factors, inhibitory molecules in the lesion microenvironment, age of the subject, as well as the inflammatory response. Currently studied strategies that enhance remyelination consist of pharmacological approaches that directly induce OPC differentiation or using agents to neutralize the inhibitory microenvironment. Another strategy is to harness a reparative inflammatory response. This response, coordinated by central nervous system resident microglia and peripherally-derived infiltrating macrophages, has been shown to be important in the remyelination process. These innate immune cells perform important functions in remyelination, including the proteolysis and phagocytosis of inhibitory molecules present in the lesion microenvironment, the provision of trophic and metabolic factors to OPCs, in addition to iron handling capacity. Additionally, an initial pro-inflammatory phase followed by a regulatory/anti-inflammatory phase has been shown to be important for OPC proliferation and differentiation, respectively. This review will discuss the beneficial roles of macrophages/microglia in remyelination and discuss therapeutic strategies to obtain the optimal regenerative macrophage phenotype for enhanced remyelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalil S Rawji
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute and the Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Manoj K Mishra
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute and the Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - V Wee Yong
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute and the Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary Calgary, AB, Canada
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22
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Keough MB, Rogers JA, Zhang P, Jensen SK, Stephenson EL, Chen T, Hurlbert MG, Lau LW, Rawji KS, Plemel JR, Koch M, Ling CC, Yong VW. An inhibitor of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan synthesis promotes central nervous system remyelination. Nat Commun 2016; 7:11312. [PMID: 27115988 PMCID: PMC4853428 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms11312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2015] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Remyelination is the generation of new myelin sheaths after injury facilitated by processes of differentiating oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs). Although this repair phenomenon occurs in lesions of multiple sclerosis patients, many lesions fail to completely remyelinate. A number of factors have been identified that contribute to remyelination failure, including the upregulated chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs) that comprise part of the astrogliotic scar. We show that in vitro, OPCs have dramatically reduced process outgrowth in the presence of CSPGs, and a medication library that includes a number of recently reported OPC differentiation drugs failed to rescue this inhibitory phenotype on CSPGs. We introduce a novel CSPG synthesis inhibitor to reduce CSPG content and find rescued process outgrowth from OPCs in vitro and accelerated remyelination following focal demyelination in mice. Preventing CSPG deposition into the lesion microenvironment may be a useful strategy to promote repair in multiple sclerosis and other neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael B Keough
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 4N1
| | - James A Rogers
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 4N1
| | - Ping Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 1N4
| | - Samuel K Jensen
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 4N1
| | - Erin L Stephenson
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 4N1
| | - Tieyu Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 1N4
| | - Mitchel G Hurlbert
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 4N1
| | - Lorraine W Lau
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 4N1
| | - Khalil S Rawji
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 4N1
| | - Jason R Plemel
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 4N1
| | - Marcus Koch
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 4N1
| | - Chang-Chun Ling
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 1N4
| | - V Wee Yong
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 4N1
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23
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Rawji KS, Mishra MK, Michaels NJ, Rivest S, Stys PK, Yong VW. Immunosenescence of microglia and macrophages: impact on the ageing central nervous system. Brain 2016; 139:653-61. [PMID: 26912633 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awv395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Ageing of the central nervous system results in a loss of both grey and white matter, leading to cognitive decline. Additional injury to both the grey and white matter is documented in many neurological disorders with ageing, including Alzheimer's disease, traumatic brain and spinal cord injury, stroke, and multiple sclerosis. Accompanying neuronal and glial damage is an inflammatory response consisting of activated macrophages and microglia, innate immune cells demonstrated to be both beneficial and detrimental in neurological repair. This article will propose the following: (i) infiltrating macrophages age differently from central nervous system-intrinsic microglia; (ii) several mechanisms underlie the differential ageing process of these two distinct cell types; and (iii) therapeutic strategies that selectively target these diverse mechanisms may rejuvenate macrophages and microglia for repair in the ageing central nervous system. Most responses of macrophages are diminished with senescence, but activated microglia increase their expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines while diminishing chemotactic and phagocytic activities. The senescence of macrophages and microglia has a negative impact on several neurological diseases, and the mechanisms underlying their age-dependent phenotypic changes vary from extrinsic microenvironmental changes to intrinsic changes in genomic integrity. We discuss the negative effects of age on neurological diseases, examine the response of senescent macrophages and microglia in these conditions, and propose a theoretical framework of therapeutic strategies that target the different mechanisms contributing to the ageing phenotype in these two distinct cell types. Rejuvenation of ageing macrophage/microglia may preserve neurological integrity and promote regeneration in the ageing central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalil S Rawji
- 1 Hotchkiss Brain Institute and the Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Manoj K Mishra
- 1 Hotchkiss Brain Institute and the Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Nathan J Michaels
- 1 Hotchkiss Brain Institute and the Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Serge Rivest
- 2 Neuroscience Laboratory, CHU de Québec Research Centre, Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Québec City, Québec G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Peter K Stys
- 1 Hotchkiss Brain Institute and the Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - V Wee Yong
- 1 Hotchkiss Brain Institute and the Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
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24
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Rawji KS, Zhang SX, Tsai YY, Smithson LJ, Kawaja MD. Olfactory ensheathing cells of hamsters, rabbits, monkeys, and mice express α-smooth muscle actin. Brain Res 2013; 1521:31-50. [PMID: 23665391 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2013.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2012] [Revised: 04/30/2013] [Accepted: 05/02/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) are the chief glial population of the mammalian olfactory nervous system, residing in the olfactory mucosa and at the surface of the olfactory bulb. We investigated the neurochemical features of OECs in a variety of mammalian species (including adult hamsters, rabbits, monkeys, and mice, as well as fetal pigs) using three biomarkers: α-smooth muscle actin (αSMA), S100β, and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). Mucosal and bulbar OECs from all five mammalian species express S100β. Both mucosal and bulbar OECs of monkeys express αSMA, yet only bulbar OECs of hamsters and only mucosal OECs of rabbits express αSMA as well. Mucosal OECs, but not bulbar OECs, also express GFAP in hamsters and monkeys; mice, by comparison, have only a sparse population of OECs expressing GFAP. Though αSMA immunostaining is not detected in OECs of adult mice, GFAP-expressing mucosal OECs isolated from adult mice do coexpress αSMA in vitro. Moreover, mucosal OECs from adult mutant mice lacking αSMA expression display perturbed cellular morphology (i.e., fewer cytoplasmic processes extending among the hundreds of olfactory axons in the olfactory nerve fascicles and nuclei having degenerative features). In sum, these findings highlight the efficacy of αSMA and S100β as biomarkers of OECs from a variety of mammalian species. These observations provide definitive evidence that mammalian OECs express the structural protein αSMA (at various levels of detection), which appears to play a pivotal role in their ensheathment of olfactory axons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalil S Rawji
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada K7L 3N6
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