Methionine secreted by tumor-associated pericytes supports cancer stem cells in clear cell renal carcinoma

Here, we identify a subset of vascular pericytes, defined by expression of platelet-derived growth factor receptor beta (PDGFR-β) and G-protein-coupled receptor 91 (GPR91), that promote tumorigenesis and tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) resistance by functioning as the primary methionine source for cancer stem cells (CSCs) in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC). Tumor-cell-derived succinate binds to GPR91 on pericyte to activate autophagy for methionine production. CSCs use methionine to create stabilizing N6-methyladenosine in ATPase-family-AAA-domain-containing 2 (ATAD2) mRNA, and the resulting ATAD2 protein complexes with SRY-box transcription factor 9 to assemble super enhancers and thereby dictate its target genes that feature prominently in CSCs. Targeting PDGFR-β+GPR91+ pericytes with specific GRP91 antagonists reduce intratumoral methionine level, eliminate CSCs, and enhance TKIs sensitivity. These results unraveled the mechanisms by which PDGFR-β+GPR91+ pericytes provide supportive niche for CSCs and could be used to develop targets for treating ccRCC.

Differences in the Surgical Outcomes of Glaucoma Surgery in Patients of African Caribbean Descent

PURPOSE

People of African Caribbean Descent (ACD) have a higher prevalence of glaucoma compared to people of European Descent (ED) and there is uncertainty if treatment outcomes are equivalent between the two groups. To assess surgical failure rates comparing ACD with ED focusing on trabeculectomy, aqueous shunt implantation, non-penetrating filtering surgery (NPFS), and minimally invasive glaucoma surgery (MIGS) by performing a systematic review in accordance with the PRISMA guidelines and to determine whether there is any evidence in to show a difference in success rates based on race.

METHODS

A systematic review of articles using the CENTRAL, Ovid MEDLINE, PubMed, EMBASE, and ClinicalTrials.gov databases was completed. Additional studies were identified by contacting clinical experts and searching bibliographies. All retrospective and prospective studies on trabeculectomy, aqueous shunt implantation, NPFS, and MIGS that included at least 20% ACD were included. Two review authors independently screened search results for eligibility and inclusion and extracted the data using pre-determined fields.

RESULTS

A total of 76 studies were identified for inclusion in the review. Glaucoma surgical outcomes in ACD appear to be poorer compared to ED overall, particularly for trabeculectomy. Data on NPFS are limited, but the studies completed thus far demonstrate surprisingly good results for ACD, particularly when compared to ED, who have significantly lower pre-operative IOPs. Evidence from studies investigating aqueous shunts does not suggest that ACD have poorer outcomes than ED. There is not enough data on MIGS to provide a significant conclusion.

CONCLUSION

In a population where trabeculectomy may no longer be the gold standard, sufficiently powered studies assessing surgical outcomes in aqueous shunts, NPFS, and MIGS are needed to guide clinicians.

2 μm passively mode-locked thulium-doped fiber lasers with Ta2AlC-deposited tapered and side-polished fibers

In this work, mode-locked thulium-doped fiber lasers operating in the 2 µm wavelength region were demonstrated using tantalum aluminum carbide (Ta2AlC)-based saturable absorbers (SAs) utilizing the evanescent wave interaction. The Ta2AlC MAX Phase was prepared by dissolving the Ta2AlC powder in isopropyl alcohol and then deposited onto three different evanescent field-based devices, which were the tapered fiber, side-polished fiber, and arc-shaped fiber. Flame-brushing and wheel-polishing techniques were used to fabricate the tapered and arc-shaped fibers, respectively, while the side-polished fiber was purchased commercially. All three SA devices generated stable mode-locked pulses at center wavelengths of 1937, 1931, and 1929 nm for the tapered, side-polished, and arc-shaped fibers. The frequency of the mode-locked pulses was 10.73 MHz for the tapered fiber, 9.58 MHz for the side-polished fiber, and 10.16 MHz for the arc-shaped fiber. The measured pulse widths were 1.678, 1.734, and 1.817 ps for each of the three SA devices. The long-term stability of the mode-locked lasers was tested for each configuration over a 2-h duration. The lasers also showed little to no fluctuations in the center wavelengths and the peak optical intensities, demonstrating a reliable, ultrafast laser system.

A 96-well microplate bioreactor platform supporting individual dual perfusion and high-throughput assessment of simple or biofabricated 3D tissue models

Traditional 2D monolayer cell cultures and submillimeter 3D tissue construct cultures used widely in tissue engineering are limited in their ability to extrapolate experimental data to predict in vivo responses due to their simplistic organization and lack of stimuli. The rise of biofabrication and bioreactor technologies has sought to address this through the development of techniques to spatially organize components of a tissue construct, and devices to supply these tissue constructs with an increasingly in vivo-like environment. Current bioreactors supporting both parenchymal and barrier tissue constructs in interconnected systems for body-on-a-chip platforms have chosen to emphasize study throughput or system/tissue complexity. Here, we report a platform to address this disparity in throughput and both system complexity (by supporting multiple in situ assessment methods) and tissue complexity (by adopting a construct-agnostic format). We introduce an ANSI/SLAS-compliant microplate and docking station fabricated via stereolithography (SLA), or precision machining, to provide up to 96 samples (Ø6 × 10 mm) with two individually-addressable fluid circuits (192 total), loading access, and inspection window for imaging during perfusion. Biofabricated ovarian cancer models were developed to demonstrate the in situ assessment capabilities via microscopy and a perfused resazurin-based metabolic activity assay. In situ microscopy highlighted flexibility of the sample housing to accommodate a range of sample geometries. Utility for drug screening was demonstrated by exposing the ovarian cancer models to an anticancer drug (doxorubicin) and generating the dose-response curve in situ, while achieving an assay quality similar to static wellplate culture. The potential for quantitative analysis of temporal tissue development and screening studies was confirmed by imaging soft- (gelatin) and hard-tissue (calcium chloride) analogs inside the bioreactor via spectral computed tomography (CT) scanning. As a proof-of-concept for particle tracing studies, flowing microparticles were visualized to inform the design of hydrogel constructs. Finally, the ability for mechanistic yet high-throughput screening was demonstrated in a vascular coculture model adopting endothelial and mesenchymal stem cells (HUVEC-MSC), encapsulated in gelatin-norbornene (gel-NOR) hydrogel cast into SLA-printed well inserts. This study illustrates the potential of a scalable dual perfusion bioreactor platform for parenchymal and barrier tissue constructs to support a broad range of multi-organ-on-a-chip applications.

Engineering of a complex bone tissue model with endothelialised channels and capillary-like networks

In engineering of tissue analogues, upscaling to clinically-relevant sized constructs remains a significant challenge. The successful integration of a vascular network throughout the engineered tissue is anticipated to overcome the lack of nutrient and oxygen supply to residing cells. This work aimed at developing a multiscale bone-tissue-specific vascularisation strategy. Engineering pre-vascularised bone leads to biological and fabrication dilemmas. To fabricate channels endowed with an endothelium and suitable for osteogenesis, rather stiff materials are preferable, while capillarisation requires soft matrices. To overcome this challenge, gelatine-methacryloyl hydrogels were tailored by changing the degree of functionalisation to allow for cell spreading within the hydrogel, while still enabling endothelialisation on the hydrogel surface. An additional challenge was the combination of the multiple required cell-types within one biomaterial, sharing the same culture medium. Consequently, a new medium composition was investigated that simultaneously allowed for endothelialisation, capillarisation and osteogenesis. Integrated multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells, which give rise to pericyte-like and osteogenic cells, and endothelial-colony-forming cells (ECFCs) which form capillaries and endothelium, were used. Based on the aforementioned optimisation, a construct of 8 × 8 × 3 mm, with a central channel of 600 µm in diameter, was engineered. In this construct, ECFCs covered the channel with endothelium and osteogenic cells resided in the hydrogel, adjacent to self-assembled capillary-like networks. This study showed the promise of engineering complex tissue constructs by means of human primary cells, paving the way for scaling-up and finally overcoming the challenge of engineering vascularised tissues.

Automated 3D bioassembly of micro-tissues for biofabrication of hybrid tissue engineered constructs

Bottom-up biofabrication approaches combining micro-tissue fabrication techniques with extrusion-based 3D printing of thermoplastic polymer scaffolds are emerging strategies in tissue engineering. These biofabrication strategies support native self-assembly mechanisms observed in developmental stages of tissue or organoid growth as well as promoting cell-cell interactions and cell differentiation capacity. Few technologies have been developed to automate the precise assembly of micro-tissues or tissue modules into structural scaffolds. We describe an automated 3D bioassembly platform capable of fabricating simple hybrid constructs via a two-step bottom-up bioassembly strategy, as well as complex hybrid hierarchical constructs via a multistep bottom-up bioassembly strategy. The bioassembly system consisted of a fluidic-based singularisation and injection module incorporated into a commercial 3D bioprinter. The singularisation module delivers individual micro-tissues to an injection module, for insertion into precise locations within a 3D plotted scaffold. To demonstrate applicability for cartilage tissue engineering, human chondrocytes were isolated and micro-tissues of 1 mm diameter were generated utilising a high throughput 96-well plate format. Micro-tissues were singularised with an efficiency of 96.0 ± 5.1%. There was no significant difference in size, shape or viability of micro-tissues before and after automated singularisation and injection. A layer-by-layer approach or aforementioned bottom-up bioassembly strategy was employed to fabricate a bilayered construct by alternatively 3D plotting a thermoplastic (PEGT/PBT) polymer scaffold and inserting pre-differentiated chondrogenic micro-tissues or cell-laden gelatin-based (GelMA) hydrogel micro-spheres, both formed via high-throughput fabrication techniques. No significant difference in viability between the construct assembled utilising the automated bioassembly system and manually assembled construct was observed. Bioassembly of pre-differentiated micro-tissues as well as chondrocyte-laden hydrogel micro-spheres demonstrated the flexibility of the platform while supporting tissue fusion, long-term cell viability, and deposition of cartilage-specific extracellular matrix proteins. This technology provides an automated and scalable pathway for bioassembly of both simple and complex 3D tissue constructs of clinically relevant shape and size, with demonstrated capability to facilitate direct spatial organisation and hierarchical 3D assembly of micro-tissue modules, ranging from biomaterial free cell pellets to cell-laden hydrogel formulations.

Exploration of Biomarkers for Amoxicillin/Clavulanate-Induced Liver Injury: Multi-Omics Approaches

To explore potential biomarkers for amoxicillin/clavulanate‐induced liver injury (AC‐DILI), we conducted a clinical trial in 32 healthy subjects based on multi‐omics approaches. Every subject was administered amoxicillin/clavulanate for 14 days. The liver‐specific microRNA‐122 (miR‐122) level increased prior to and correlated well with the observed alanine aminotransferase (ALT) level increase. This result indicates its potential as a sensitive early marker for AC‐DILI. We also identified urinary metabolites, such as azelaic acid and 7‐methylxanthine, with levels that significantly differed among the groups classified by ALT elevation level on day 8 after drug administration (P < 0.05). Lymphocyte proliferation in response to the drug was also observed. These findings demonstrate sequential changes in the process of AC‐DILI, including metabolic changes, increased miR‐122 level, increased liver enzyme activity, and enhanced lymphocyte proliferation after drug administration. In conclusion, this study provides potential biomarkers for AC‐DILI based on currently known mechanisms using comprehensive multi‐omics approaches.

Antiepileptic-induced Psychosis as a Possible Predictor of Post-temporal Lobectomy Alternative Psychosis

We present a patient with topiramate-induced psychosis who developed alternative psychosis following temporal lobectomy. The number of surgical candidates for temporal lobectomy is increasing as is the frequency of psychiatric co-morbidities. Preoperative planning should take account of these psychiatric co-morbidities. In particular, precautions should be taken when antiepileptic drug-induced psychosis occurs, as this could predict the occurrence of alternative psychosis following lobectomy.

Anti N-Methyl-D-Aspartate receptor encephalitis: An under-recognised cause of encephalitis

Anti-N-Methyl-D-Aspartate receptor (NMDAR) encephalitis is an immune mediated condition with characteristic clinical presentation. We report the first case from Borneo, Sabah and the use of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) in treating recalcitrant psychiatrist symptoms associated with this condition.

Estimation of pork quality traits using exsanguination blood and postmortem muscle metabolites

The current study was designed to estimate the pork quality traits using metabolites from exsanguination blood and postmortem muscle simultaneously under the Korean standard pre- and post-slaughter conditions. A total of 111 Yorkshire (pure breed and castrated male) pigs were evaluated under the Korean standard conditions. Measurements were taken of the levels of blood glucose and lactate at exsanguination, and muscle glycogen and lactate content at 45 min and 24 h postmortem. Certain pork quality traits were also evaluated. Correlation analysis and multiple regression analysis including stepwise regression were performed. Exsanguination blood glucose and lactate levels were positively correlated with each other, negatively related to postmortem muscle glycogen content and positively associated with postmortem muscle lactate content. A rapid and extended postmortem glycolysis was associated with high levels of blood glucose and lactate, with high muscle lactate content, and with low muscle glycogen content during postmortem. In addition, these were also correlated with paler meat color and reduced water holding capacity. The results of multiple regression analyses also showed that metabolites in exsanguination blood and postmortem muscle explained variations in pork quality traits. Especially, levels of blood glucose and lactate and content of muscle glycogen at early postmortem were significantly associated with an elevated early glycolytic rate. Furthermore, muscle lactate content at 24 h postmortem alone accounted for a considerable portion of the variation in pork quality traits. Based on these results, the current study confirmed that the main factor influencing pork quality traits is the ultimate lactate content in muscle via postmortem glycolysis, and that levels of blood glucose and lactate at exsanguination and contents of muscle glycogen and lactate at postmortem can explain a large portion of the variation in pork quality even under the standard slaughter conditions.

Neuroimaging in refractory epilepsy. Current practice and evolving trends

Identification of the epileptogenic zone is of paramount importance in refractory epilepsy as the success of surgical treatment depends on complete resection of the epileptogenic zone. Imaging plays an important role in the locating and defining anatomic epileptogenic abnormalities in patients with medically refractory epilepsy. The aim of this article is to present an overview of the current MRI sequences used in epilepsy imaging with special emphasis of lesion seen in our practices. Optimisation of epilepsy imaging protocols are addressed and current trends in functional MRI sequences including MR spectroscopy, diffusion tensor imaging and fusion MR with PET and SPECT are discussed.

A polymorphism in the porcine miR-208b is associated with microRNA biogenesis and expressions of SOX-6 and MYH7 with effects on muscle fibre characteristics and meat quality

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) encoded by the myosin heavy chain (MHC) genes are muscle-specific miRNAs (myomiRs) and regulate the expression of MHC isoforms in skeletal muscle. These miRNAs have been implicated in muscle fibre types and their characteristics by affecting the heterogeneity of myosin. In pigs, miR-208b and miR-499 are embedded in introns of MYH7 and MYH7b respectively. Here, we identified a novel single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in intron 30 of MYH7 by which porcine miR-208b is encoded. Based on the association study using a total of 487 pigs including Berkshire (n = 164), Landrace (n = 121) and Yorkshire (n = 202), the miR-208b SNP (g.17104G>A) had significant effects on the proportions of types I and IIb fibre numbers (P < 0.010) among muscle fibre characteristics and on drip loss (P = 0.012) in meat quality traits. Moreover, the SNP affected the processing of primary miR-208b into precursor miR-208b with a marginal trend towards significance (P = 0.053), thereby leading to significant changes in the levels of mature miR-208b (P = 0.009). These SNP-dependent changes in mature miR-208b levels were negatively correlated with the expression levels of its target gene, SOX-6 (P = 0.038), and positively associated with the expression levels of its host gene, MYH7 (P = 0.046). Taken together, our data suggest that the porcine miR-208b SNP differentially represses the expression of SOX-6 by regulating miRNA biogenesis, thereby affecting the expression of MYH7 and the traits of muscle fibre characteristics and meat quality.

Proton pump inhibitor use significantly increases the risk of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in 1965 patients with cirrhosis and ascites: a propensity score matched cohort study

BACKGROUND

The risk of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP) associated with proton pump inhibitor (PPI) use has been raised in cirrhotic patients with ascites. However, this is based on case-control studies, often with a small series.

AIM

To determine whether PPI use increases the risk of SBP using a large cohort.

METHODS

This retrospective cohort study included 1965 cirrhotic patients with ascites diagnosed between January 2005 and December 2009. The SBP incidence rate was compared between the PPI and non-PPI groups before and after propensity score matching to reduce the effect of selection bias and potential confounders. Multivariate analysis was conducted to confirm the association of PPI use with SBP.

RESULTS

After excluding 411 patients, 1554 were analysed. Among them, 512 patients (32.9%) were included in the PPI group. The annual SBP incidence rate was higher in the PPI group than in the non-PPI group (10.6% and 5.8%, P = 0.002) before matching. Indications for PPI use and dose of PPI were similar between patients with and without SBP. In the propensity score matched cohort (402 pairs), the SBP incidence rate was also higher in the PPI group than in the non-PPI group (10.8% vs. 6.0%, P = 0.038). Multivariate analysis revealed that PPI use (Hazard ratio 1.396; 95% confidence interval, 1.057-1.843; P = 0.019) was the independent risk factor for SBP.

CONCLUSIONS

Proton pump inhibitor use significantly increases the risk of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in cirrhotic patients with ascites. Proton pump inhibitor use should be undertaken with greater caution and appropriately in patients with cirrhosis.

Investigation of bioequivalence of a new fixed-dose combination of acarbose and metformin with the corresponding loose combination as well as the drug-drug interaction potential between both drugs in healthy adult male subjects

WHAT IS KNOWN AND OBJECTIVE

Both metformin and acarbose are recommended monotherapy and add-on therapy in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). A fixed-dose combination (FDC) of acarbose and metformin has been developed to reduce pill burden and potentially improve compliance. The current study investigated the bioequivalence of the acarbose/metformin FDC compared with the individual agents administered simultaneously (loose combination). Secondary endpoints were the safety and tolerability of the FDC and the potential for drug-drug interactions between acarbose and metformin.

METHODS

A single-centre, randomized, open-label, four-period crossover study was conducted in healthy male Korean subjects aged 18-45 years. Following one-period balanced Williams design, participants were randomized to receive four single oral treatments on different study days separated by ≥7 days' washout. Treatments were as follows: (i) acarbose/metformin 50/500 mg FDC (test); (ii) acarbose 50 mg and metformin 500 mg as loose combination (reference); (iii) acarbose 50 mg; and (iv) metformin 500 mg. Serial blood samples were taken for glucose and insulin levels for 4 h after a sucrose load on the day before and day of study drug administration. Additionally, serial blood samples were taken for analysis of metformin levels for 24 h after each drug containing metformin. The area under the curve for 4 h post-test (AUC0-4 h ) and the maximal serum concentration (Cmax ) of plasma glucose and serum insulin were primary pharmacodynamic (PD) parameters, and Cmax , AUC0-last and AUC for metformin levels were primary pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters. The bioequivalence of the FDC to the loose combination was considered established if the 90% confidence intervals (CIs) of the baseline-adjusted PD parameter ratios (test vs. reference) for plasma glucose and the PK parameter ratios for metformin fell completely within current acceptance limits (0·8-1·25).

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Thirty-three of 40 randomized subjects completed the study; five withdrew consent and two discontinued because of adverse events (AEs). The 24-h plasma concentration-time curves of metformin and the 4-h plasma glucose-time curves after acarbose/metformin FDC (test) and acarbose + metformin loose combination (reference) were almost superimposable. The geometric least squares (LS) mean of the RatioAUC and RatioCmax for plasma glucose after the FDC vs. loose combination, and the LS mean of the ratios in metformin AUC, AUC0-last and Cmax were close to unity, and the 90% CI of all these parameters fell within the predefined equivalence range of 0·8-1·25, confirming bioequivalence. The metformin AUC was reduced by 26% and Cmax by 34% after acarbose + metformin compared with metformin alone. Eight subjects (20·0%) reported AEs, but all were mild, and most were gastrointestinal, as expected for these agents. The incidence of AEs was not higher with the combinations vs. monotherapy.

WHAT IS NEW AND CONCLUSION

These data demonstrate that the acarbose/metformin FDC is bioequivalent to the loose combination of these agents. Although acarbose slightly reduced the bioavailability of metformin, the accumulated evidence of the efficacy of this combination implies that this is clinically irrelevant. The observed AE profile was consistent with the established knowledge on the safety of the two drugs.

Aspirin decreases systemic exposure to clopidogrel through modulation of P-glycoprotein but does not alter its antithrombotic activity

Decreased oral clopidogrel absorption caused by induction of intestinal permeability glycoprotein (P-gp) expression after aspirin administration was observed in rats. This study evaluated the effect of aspirin coadministration on the pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics of clopidogrel in humans. A single 75-mg dose of clopidogrel was orally administered before and after 2 and 4 weeks of once-daily 100-mg aspirin administration in 18 healthy volunteers who were recruited based on CYP2C19 and PON1 genotypes. Plasma concentrations of clopidogrel and its active metabolite, H4, and relative platelet inhibition (RPI) were determined. The P-gp microRNA miR-27a increased by up to 7.67-fold (P = 0.004) and the clopidogrel area under the concentration-time curve (AUC) decreased by 14% (P > 0.05), but the AUC of H4 remained unchanged and RPI increased by up to 15% (P = 0.002) after aspirin administration. These findings indicate low-dose aspirin coadministration may decrease clopidogrel bioavailability but does not decrease its efficacy.

Life-threatening methemoglobinemia after unintentional ingestion of antifreeze admixtures containing sodium nitrite in the construction sites

CONTEXT

Construction workers are exposed to a wide variety of health hazards such as poisoning at the construction sites. Various forms of poisoning incidents in construction workers have been reported. However, studies on methemoglobinemia caused by unintentional ingestion of antifreeze admixtures containing sodium nitrite at the construction sites have not been reported yet.

OBJECTIVE

The aim of this study was to evaluate life-threatening methemoglobinemia after unintentional ingestion of antifreeze admixtures containing sodium nitrite at the construction sites and describe similar incidents involving ingestion of antifreeze admixtures in Korea.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Retrospective observational case series study on patients with methemoglobinemia after unintentional ingestion of antifreeze admixtures containing sodium nitrite admitted to the emergency department (ED) from January 1, 2010 to December 31, 2012 and cases reported to the Korea Occupational Safety and Health Agency (KOSHA) was performed. Results. Six victims were admitted to our ED. They had methemoglobin levels ranging from 32.4% to 71.5% and all of them recovered after receiving one (2 mg/kg) or two doses infusion of methylene blue. From the data of the KOSHA, six incidents that caused 27 victims were identified. Of 27 victims, five were included in the ED cases. For all incidents, antifreeze admixtures were not contained in their original containers and all new containers did not have a new label. All workers mistook antifreeze admixtures for water. Among the 28 victims included in this study, four died.

CONCLUSION

Unintentional ingestion of antifreeze admixtures containing sodium nitrite at the construction sites can cause life-threatening methemoglobinemia. There is a need to store and label potentially hazardous materials properly to avoid unintentional ingestion at the construction sites.

Clinical outcomes and risk factors of post-polypectomy coagulation syndrome: a multicenter, retrospective, case-control study

BACKGROUND AND STUDY AIMS

Post-polypectomy coagulation syndrome (PPCS) is a well known complication of colonoscopic polypectomy. However, no previous studies have reported on the clinical outcomes or risk factors of PPCS. The aim of the current study was to analyze the clinical outcomes and risk factors of PPCS developing after a colonoscopic polypectomy.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

Data for all patients who underwent colonoscopic polypectomies and required hospitalization in nine university hospitals were analyzed retrospectively. The incidence, clinicopathological characteristics, and clinical outcomes of PPCS cases were examined. Additionally, patients who developed PPCS were compared with controls who were matched by age and sex, in order to assess for possible risk factors.

RESULTS

The rate of PPCS that required hospitalization after colonoscopic polypectomy was 0.7/1000. All patients with PPCS were treated medically without the need for surgical interventions. The median durations of therapeutic fasting, hospitalization, and antibiotic use were 3 days, 5.5 days, and 7 days, respectively. The rates of major PPCS and mortality were 2.9 % and 0 %, respectively. On multivariate analysis, hypertension (OR = 3.023, 95 %CI 1.034 - 8.832), large lesion size (OR = 2.855, 95 %CI 1.027 - 7.937), and non-polypoid configuration (OR = 3.332, 95 %CI 1.029 - 10.791) were found to be independent risk factors related to the development of PPCS.

CONCLUSIONS

In this study, the rates of major PPCS and mortality were only 2.9 % and 0 %, respectively. Hypertension, large lesion size, and non-polypoid configuration of the lesion were independently associated with PPCS. Therefore, patients may be reassured by the excellent prognosis of PPCS, while endoscopists should be especially careful when performing colonoscopic polypectomies in patients with hypertension or large and non-polypoid lesions.

The impact of saddle embolism on the major adverse event rate of patients with non-high-risk pulmonary embolism

OBJECTIVE

Wider application of CT angiography (CTA) improves the diagnosis of acute pulmonary embolism (PE). It also permits the visualisation of saddle embolism (SE), namely thrombi, which are located at the bifurcation of the main pulmonary artery. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of SE and whether SE predicts a complicated clinical course in patients with non-high-risk PE.

METHODS

In total, 297 consecutive patients with non-high-risk PE confirmed using CTA in the emergency department were studied. The presence of SE and its ability to predict the occurrence of major adverse events (MAEs) within 1 month were determined.

RESULTS

Of the 297 patients, 27 (9.1%) had an SE. The overall mortality at 1 month was 12.5%; no significant difference was observed between the SE and non-SE groups (18.5% vs 11.9%, p=0.32). However, patients with SE were more likely to receive thrombolytic therapy (29.6% vs 8.1%, p<0.01) and had significantly more MAEs (59.3% vs 25.6%, p<0.01).

CONCLUSION

At the time of diagnosis, SE, as determined using CTA, is associated with the development of MAE within 1 month. It may be a simple method for risk stratification of patients with non-high-risk PE.

ADVANCES IN KNOWLEDGE

The prognosis of patients with SE, especially those who are haemodynamically stable, is unclear. This study shows that patients with SE, determined with CTA, is associated with the development of MAE.

Direct period measurement for fiber Bragg grating using an optical imaging technique

This paper proposes an approach based on an optical imaging technique for the period measurement of fiber Bragg gratings (FBG). The simple, direct technique involves a differential interface contrast (DIC) microscope and a high-resolution CCD camera. Image processing is performed on the microscope images to obtain low-noise grating profiles and then the grating periods. Adopting a large image sample size in the image processing can reduce uncertainty. During the investigation, FBGs of different grating periods are fabricated by prestraining the photosensitive fibers during the UV-writing process. A good linearity between the measured Bragg wavelengths and grating periods is observed and the measured strain-optics coefficient was found to be in agreement with reported literature.

Effect of wrist position on the measurement of carpal indices on the lateral radiograph

The purpose of this study was to find out whether the carpal indices measured on lateral radiographs with a slightly malpositioned wrist are the same as those measured in the true neutral position. Lateral radiographic views of 25 wrists were taken with 5° intervals from 20° of flexion to 20° of extension. Most carpal indices measured in the flexed or extended position were significantly different from the wrist in zero flexion-extension, except scapholunate angle at 5° of extension and scaphocapitate angle at 5° and 10° of flexion. Starting from the flexed position, there was an average of -4.0° change in radioscaphoid angle, -1.0° in scapholunate angle, -1.0° in scaphocapitate angle, +3.0° in radiolunate angle, and +2.0° in lunocapitate angle for each 5° of extension with linear trends. The results from this study suggest that even minimal degrees of flexion-extension can affect the measurements of carpal indices on lateral radiographs.

Effects of hydroxy-delta-5-steroid dehydrogenase, 3 beta- and steroid delta-isomerase 1 polymorphisms on fat androstenone level and gene expression in Duroc pigs

A high level of androstenone in porcine adipose tissue is a major factor contributing to boar taint. Porcine hydroxy-delta-5-steroid dehydrogenase, 3 beta- and steroid delta-isomerase 1 (3β-HSD, also known as HSD3B1) plays a key role in the hepatic metabolism that catalyzes androstenone to β-androstenol. Therefore, 3β-HSD is a candidate gene for boar taint. This study aimed to investigate functional 3β-HSD polymorphisms in Duroc pigs. We found eight single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the full-length porcine 3β-HSD. Four of the SNPs had restriction enzyme sites, and we genotyped them in 147 uncastrated male Duroc pigs using a polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism method. Pigs with the GG genotype at the g.165262G>A locus (SNP5) had significantly lower androstenone levels than did those with other genotypes (P = 0.030). SNP5 also was associated with differences in 3β-HSD mRNA levels: pigs with the GG genotype had higher levels than those with other genotypes (P = 0.019). The SNP5 polymorphism could affect the hepatic catabolism of androstenone and consequently impact androstenone accumulation in the adipose tissue. Therefore, SNP5 in the 3β-HSD of Duroc pigs could be a useful selective marker for decreasing boar taint.

A case of severe methemoglobinemia caused by hair dye poisoning

Context:

Hair dyes are widely used and very popular xenobiotics. Most of these products contain paraphenylenediamine (PPD) that can cause methemoglobinemia. We here report a case of severe methemoglobinemia that we treated using large amounts of methylene blue.

Case details:

A 30-year-old man visited a regional hospital with cyanosis. He was congenitally blind and had autism. For several weeks, he had mistaken hair dye for toothpaste. When he arrived at a regional hospital, he was drowsy with cyanosis and his initial serum methemoglobin (MetHb) level was 59.5%. After being treated with 2 mg/kg methylene blue (1 mg/kg × 2 administrations), he was transferred to a tertiary university hospital. Upon presentation at the Emergency Department in the tertiary hospital, his MetHb level was found to be 49.4% and his oxygen saturation was 80%. He was then admitted to the intensive care unit. After treatment with 4 mg/kg methylene blue (1 mg/kg × 4 administrations), he successfully recovered.

Discussion:

Because PPD can result in serious methemoglobinemia, clinicians should test it in cyanotic patients who have been exposed to hair dye for an extended period.

Intracardiac thrombus formation induced by carbon monoxide poisoning

INTRODUCTION

Carbon monoxide (CO) is one of the leading causes of poisoning; it inhibits oxygen delivery, subsequently causing ischemic changes and ultimately death by multiorgan failure. Furthermore, thromboembolic episodes due to CO poisoning have been reported. However, intracardiac thrombus formation following exposure to CO has been very rarely described. Here, a case of right atrial large thrombus formation after CO poisoning is presented.

CASE PRESENTATION

A previously healthy 24-year-old woman was referred for CO poisoning. She has attempted suicide, and her initial mental status was drowsy with focal memory loss. Her initial CO fraction was 16%, and initial laboratory data showed creatinine kinase-myocardial bound of 90.6 ng/mL (upper limit 5 ng/mL) and troponin I of 1.899 ng/mL (upper limit 1.5 ng/mL). A transthoracic echocardiography was performed 24 h after the accident, revealing a 30 15 mm nodular echogenic mass in the right atrium. Anticoagulation with low-molecular-weight heparin was started along with hyperbaric oxygen therapy. After 7 days of heparinization, the large thrombus in right atrium had resolved.

CONCLUSION

This report describes an intracardiac thrombus formation induced by CO poisoning. Because intracardiac thrombus can result in pulmonary embolism and cerebral embolic infarction, its consideration following CO poisoning is important.

Periodic lateralized epileptiform discharges (PLEDs) in cerebral lupus correlated with white-matter lesions in brain MRI and reduced cerebral blood flow in SPECT

This is a case report on an uncommon correlation between periodic lateralized epileptiform discharges (PLEDs) and white-matter lesions in cerebral lupus, and with a reduced cerebral blood flow (CBF) in single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). A 47-year-old woman with a long-term history of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) presented with a seizure followed by frontal lobe dysfunction clinically. An electroencephalogram (EEG) showed bilateral independent PLEDs in the frontal region. A magnetic resonance image of the brain showed white-matter changes in the frontal periventricular region. Cerebral angiogram did not reveal any evidence of vasculitis. A cerebral SPECT with tracer injected during the EEG showing PLEDs showed a reduction in CBF in the frontal regions. Clinical recovery was observed with intravenous immunoglobulin. This case shows that PLEDs can be seen with white-matter changes in SLE.

Effects of variation in porcine MYOD1 gene on muscle fiber characteristics, lean meat production, and meat quality traits

Three single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the porcine MYOD1 gene were used for association analysis and haplotype construction to evaluate the effects of their substitution. Four hundred and three pigs of Yorkshire and Berkshire breeds were used. The mRNA expression levels of MYOD1 were examined. The g.489C>T and g.1264C>A SNPs were significantly associated with several muscle fiber characteristics, the loin eye area, and lightness. Particularly, animals having hetero-genotypes of both sites showed good performance both in lean meat production and meat quality traits. The results of haplotype substitution were similar to the associations of individual SNPs. Moreover, the 2 SNPs had significant effects on mRNA expression. Therefore, the g.489C>T and g.1264C>A SNPs in MYOD1 may be meaningful DNA markers that can be used for improving important porcine economic traits.

Spreading profile of evaporative liquid drops in thin porous layer

Spreading of evaporative liquid drops in a thin porous layer has been studied. The entire spreading process can be divided into three distinct phases according to the change of the wetted porous region size. The first phase is characterized by the expansion of the wetted porous region and shrinking of the liquid drop. Contact line pinning is observed in the wetted porous region in the second phase even with the liquid drop totally absorbed into the porous layer. The third phase sees the shrinkage of the wetted porous region until it is not observable. Based on these observations, a model is devised to simulate the spreading of a liquid drop under the studied conditions. Partial differential equations are used to describe the relation between liquid drop volume and other important parameters of a fluid flow, including maximum wetted region diameter achieved, time taken to reach each spreading process phase, and evaporation rate. Calculated results are in good agreement with the experimental data.

Effects of p.C430S polymorphism in the PPARGC1A gene on muscle fibre type composition and meat quality in Yorkshire pigs

The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator-1A (encoded by PPARGC1A) is involved in the formation of type I fibres. Therefore, the PPARGC1A gene can be considered as a functional candidate gene for muscle fibre type composition and meat quality in pigs. The aim of this study was to investigate the associations of the p.C430S polymorphic site in exon 8 of the PPARGC1A gene with muscle fibre characteristics and meat quality traits. The polymorphism was genotyped by PCR-RFLP using AluI restriction enzyme on a total of 152 Yorkshire pigs. Statistical analyses revealed that the p.C430S genotypes significantly affected number (P < 0.05) and area (P < 0.01) of type I muscle fibre, and were significantly associated with muscle pH (P < 0.001) and lightness(P < 0.01). On the basis of these results, we suggest that the p.C430S polymorphism can induce variation of type I fibre formation in porcine longissimus dorsi muscle and that it can be used as a meaningful molecular marker for better meat quality.

Note: Fabrication of tapered fibre tip using mechanical polishing method

Tapered fibre tips fabricated using mechanical polishing method is studied. The fibre tips are formed by sequential polishing flat-ended single mode fibres with decreasing aluminium oxide polishing film grit size. Based on the proposed technique, tapered fibre tips with cone angle ranging from 30° to 130° are fabricated by controlling the polishing angle. Besides the variety of cone angle, considerable smoothness of the fibre tip surface may assist in good metal coating and hence a well-defined aperture can be obtained. In addition, this paper presents a two-step hybrid fabrication method combining the proposed polishing method with chemical etching method to increase the possible fibre tip cone angles achievable by chemical etching method.

Lack of association of ABCB1 and PXR polymorphisms with response to treatment in epilepsy

It is proposed that overexpression of P-glycoprotein (P-gp), encoded by the ABC subfamily B member 1 (ABCB1) gene, is involved in resistance to antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) in about 30% of patients with epilepsy. Genetic variation and haplotype patterns are population specific which may cause different phenotypes such as response to AEDs. Although several studies examined the link between the common polymorphisms in the ABCB1 gene with resistance to AEDs, the results have been conflicting. This controversy may be caused by the effect of some confounders such as ethnicity and polytherapy. Moreover, expression of the ABCB1 gene is under the control of pregnane X receptor (PXR). Evidence showed that PXR gene contribute to the response to treatment. The aim of this study was to assess the association of ABCB1 and PXR genetic polymorphisms with response to the carbamazepine (CBZ) or sodium valproate (VPA) monotherapy in epilepsy. Genotypes were assessed in 685 Chinese, Indian, and Malay epilepsy patients for ABCB1 (C1236T, G2677T, C3435T) and PXR (G7635A) polymorphisms. No association between these polymorphisms and their haplotypes, and interaction between them, with response to treatment was observed in the overall group or in the Chinese, Indian, and Malay subgroups. Our data showed that these polymorphisms may not contribute to the response to CBZ or VPA monotherapy treatment in epilepsy.

Hepatobiliary tuberculosis

Tuberculosis (TB) infection is still common today and remains an important cause of morbidity and mortality. Abdominal TB is one of the most prevalent forms of extrapulmonary manifestations, and collectively refers to gastrointestinal, splenic, pancreatic, hepatobiliary and abdominal lymphadenopathy involvement. The manifestation can be nonspecific, and mimics many conditions, including malignancies. Biliary involvement is extremely rare. It can directly involve or be a result of external compressions or extension from adjacent organs. Strictures can be simple or multiple and isolated or complex. Radiologically, it is difficult to exclude cholangiocarcinoma. Hepatic involvement is more common and is categorised as the miliary or isolated local type. Both can be further sub-divided into nodular or diffuse forms. The manifestations range from abscesses and tuberculomas to hepatic calcifications. Calcifications range from small isolated specks to gross calcification with or without hepatic atrophy. The diagnosis of hepatobiliary TB (HBTB) can be difficult. Ultrasonography and computed tomography are the main radiological investigations. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiography is important in the management of biliary TB. It is often important to look for the involvement of other organs and consider the coexistence of other pathologies such as malignancies. This pictorial essay reviews some of the HBTB infections that have been encountered in our tertiary referral centre.

ABCB1 C3435T polymorphism and the risk of resistance to antiepileptic drugs in epilepsy: a systematic review and meta-analysis

OBJECTIVE

The C3435T, a major allelic variant of the ABCB1 gene, is proposed to play a crucial role in drug-resistance in epilepsy. The C/C genotype carriers reportedly are at higher risk of pharmacoresistance to AEDs, but only in some studies. The hypothesis of the C-variant associated risk and resistance to antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) has been hampered by conflicting results from inadequate power in case-control studies. To assess the role of C3435T polymorphism in drug-resistance in epilepsy, a systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted.

METHODS

Databases were obtained from the Cochrane Library, MEDLINE, EMBASE, major American and European conference abstracts, and www.google.my for genetic association studies up to February 2010. All the case-control association studies evaluating the role of ABCB1 C3435T in pharmacoresistance to AEDs were identified. The new definition of treatment outcome from International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) was used for including studies for sub-analysis. To measure the strength of genetic association for the gene variant, the odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using models of both fixed- and random-effects for comparisons of the alleles and genotypes with co-dominant (C/C vs. T/T, C/T vs. T/T), dominant (C/C+C/T vs. T/T), and recessive (C/C vs. C/T+T/T) models in overall and in ethnicity subgroups. The 19 studies were selected for the next sub-analysis based on the new definition of drug-responsiveness and drug-resistance from ILAE. The same analysis was also performed for treatment outcome and ethnicity subgroups.

RESULTS

A total of 22 association studies including 3231 (47.8%) drug-resistant patients and 3524 (52.2%) drug-responsive patients or healthy controls (genotyped for C3435T) were pooled in this meta-analysis. The allelic association of ABCB1 C3435T with risk of drug-resistance was not significant under fixed-effects model, 1.06 (95% CI 0.98-1.14, p=0.12) and random-effects model, 1.10 (0.93-1.30, p=0.28) in overall and in the subgroup analysis by ethnicity. Similar results were also obtained for all genetic models in the stratified analyses by new definition of drug-resistance by ILAE and ethnicity subgroups. There was no publication bias.

CONCLUSION

We failed to show an association between the ABCB1 C3435T polymorphism and the risk of drug-resistance suggesting a revision in contribution of this polymorphism in the multi-drug transporters hypothesis of pharmacoresistance to AEDs in epilepsy.

Eruptive syringoma in a patient with trisomy 21

Syringomas are benign adnexal neoplasia that are classified into four main types, according to their clinical features and associations. Syringoma associated with trisomy 21 typically presents with a periorbital cutaneous involvement. We report an 18-year-old Chinese girl with trisomy 21, who presented with eruptive syringoma, an unusual generalised form involving her trunk and limbs. A histological examination was performed to confirm the diagnosis.

The effects of cognitive training on community-dwelling elderly Koreans

The objective of this study was to apply and test the effects of cognitive training on community-dwelling, elderly Koreans. The cognitive training was applied for 24 weeks to 129 elderly participants. The participants were divided into two groups to receive either cognitive training followed by observational period, or observational period followed by cognitive training. The primary outcome measures were the geriatric depression scale (Geriatric Depression Scale Short Form-Korean, GDS-SF-K) and mini-mental status examination (Mini-Mental State Examination in the Korean version, MMSE-KC) scores. There were no differences between the average GDS-SF-K and MMSE-KC scores of the two groups. However, the participants with cognitive dysfunction (defined as baseline MMSE below the 16th percentile according to age, sex and educational level) who received cognitive training initially had significantly improved MMSE-KC score on weeks 8 and 16, compared with the participants with cognitive dysfunction who were observed first. However, the participants who received cognitive training later did in fact catch up with the other group in terms of MMSE-KC score. Cognitive training by visiting nursing services was more effective in the elderly with cognitive dysfunction.

Radiological manifestations of melioidosis

Melioidosis is a serious infection that is associated with high mortality. It is due to a Gram-negative bacterium, Burkholderia pseudomallei which is an environmental saprophyte found in wet soils. Melioidosis is endemic to northern Australia and the Southeast Asia. However, there is now increasing number of reports of imported cases to regions where this infection has not been previously encountered. Almost any organ can be affected. Like many other conditions, radiological imaging is an integral part of the diagnostic workup of melioidosis. Awareness of the various radiological manifestations can help direct appropriate investigations to achieve early diagnosis and the initiation of appropriate treatment. Generally, there are no known characteristic features on imaging that can specifically differentiate melioidosis from other infections. However, the "honeycomb" appearance has been described to be characteristic for large melioidosis liver abscesses. Simultaneous involvement of various organs is also characteristics. To date, there are few data available on the radiological manifestations of melioidosis. The present pictorial essay describes melioidosis affecting the various organs.

Gastrointestinal tuberculosis

Tuberculosis (TB) infection is still common and remains an important cause of morbidity and mortality, particularly in underdeveloped and developing nations. The gastrointestinal (GI) tract is the sixth commonest extrapulmonary site to be affected after lymphatic, genitourinary, bones and joints, miliary and meningeal involvement. Manifestations can be non-specific and mimic many conditions, including malignancies. Findings from endoscopy and radiological imaging are myriad, and depend on the stage of the disease and the time at which investigations are carried out. Hence, diagnosis can be difficult. Endoscopy is now the investigation of choice as it allows for visualisation and the sampling of tissue for histology and culture. This is complemented by radiological imaging. This pictorial essay reviews some of the endoscopic and radiological findings of non-human immunodeficiency virus associated proven GI TB infections that we have encountered in a tertiary referral centre.

Methylene blue related sterile endophthalmitis

To report a case of methylene blue related endophthalmitis. Observational case report. Review of clinical record, photographs. A 60 year old man developed endophthalmitis after methylene blue was accidentally used to stain the anterior capsule during phacoemulsification of cataract. His left visual acuity deteriorated from 6/12 to 6/36 two weeks after the operation. Despite intensive treatment with topical and intravitreal antibiotics, his condition deteriorated. A vitrectomy and silicone oil injection eventually managed to control the progression of the disease and salvage the eye. However the visual outcome remained poor due to corneal decompensation and retinal ischemia. Both vitreous tap and vitreous biopsy were negative for any organism. Methylene blue is extremely toxic to ocular structures and should not be used intraocularly.

Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Interaction of Lorazepam and Valproic Acid in Relation to UGT2B7 Genetic Polymorphism in Healthy Subjects

Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles of lorazepam and valproate were analyzed according to uridine 5'-diphosphate-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT)2B7 genotype in 14 healthy subjects with UGT2B15*2/*2 genotype. Systemic clearance of lorazepam (2 mg intravenously) and area under the concentration-time curve (AUC) of valproate (600 mg once daily for 4 days) were analyzed as pharmacokinetic parameters, and area under the effect-time curve (AUEC) of psychomotor coordination tests (Vienna) was used for pharmacodynamic parameter. No significant differences were found in systemic clearances of lorazepam by UGT2B7 genotype. AUCs of valproate showed an increasing tendency as the number of UGT2B7*2 alleles increased, but the difference was insignificant. Psychometric results were significant among the UGT2B7 genotype group (AUEC_tracking 261.5+/-298.9 in *1/*1, and 3,396.8+/-947 in *2/*2, P=0.047) when the two drugs were coadministered. Our study suggests that the UGT2B7 genotype probably affects lorazepam-valproate pharmacodynamic interaction, especially in subjects who have homovariant genotypes of UGT2B7 and UGT2B15, although the effects on the pharmacokinetics are less significant.