1
|
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a common, debilitating, phenotypically heterogeneous disorder with heritability ranges from 30% to 50%. Compared to other psychiatric disorders, its high prevalence, moderate heritability, and strong polygenicity have posed major challenges for gene-mapping in MDD. Studies of common genetic variation in MDD, driven by large international collaborations such as the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium, have confirmed the highly polygenic nature of the disorder and implicated over 100 genetic risk loci to date. Rare copy number variants associated with MDD risk were also recently identified. The goal of this review is to present a broad picture of our current understanding of the epidemiology, genetic epidemiology, molecular genetics, and gene-environment interplay in MDD. Insights into the impact of genetic factors on the aetiology of this complex disorder hold great promise for improving clinical care.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K M Kendall
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - E Van Assche
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - T F M Andlauer
- Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - K W Choi
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA02114, USA
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA02114, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA02115, USA
| | - J J Luykx
- Department of Psychiatry, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Outpatient Second Opinion Clinic, GGNet Mental Health, Warnsveld, The Netherlands
| | - E C Schulte
- Institute of Psychiatric Phenomics and Genomics (IPPG), University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Y Lu
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Silva AI, Kirov G, Kendall KM, Bracher-Smith M, Wilkinson LS, Hall J, Ulfarsson MO, Walters GB, Stefansson H, Stefansson K, Linden DE, Caseras X. Analysis of Diffusion Tensor Imaging Data From the UK Biobank Confirms Dosage Effect of 15q11.2 Copy Number Variation on White Matter and Shows Association With Cognition. Biol Psychiatry 2021; 90:307-316. [PMID: 33931204 PMCID: PMC8343146 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2021.02.969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Copy number variations at the 15q11.2 BP1-BP2 locus are present in 0.5%-1.0% of the population, and the deletion is associated with several neurodevelopmental disorders. Previously, we showed a reciprocal effect of 15q11.2 copy number variation on fractional anisotropy, with widespread increases in deletion carriers. We aim to expand these findings using a larger sample of participants (N = 29,166) and higher resolution imaging and by examining the implications for cognitive performance. METHODS Diffusion tensor imaging measures from participants with no neurological or psychiatric diagnoses were obtained from the UK Biobank database. We compared 15q11.2 BP1-BP2 deletion (n = 102) and duplication (n = 113) carriers to a large cohort of control individuals with no neuropsychiatric copy number variants (n = 28,951). Additionally, we assessed how changes in white matter mediated the association between carrier status and cognitive performance. RESULTS Deletion carriers showed increases in fractional anisotropy in the internal capsule and cingulum and decreases in the posterior thalamic radiation compared with both duplication carriers and control subjects (who had intermediate values). Compared with control subjects, deletion carriers had lower scores across cognitive tasks, which were partly influenced by white matter. Reduced fractional anisotropy in the posterior thalamic radiation partially contributed to worse cognitive performance in deletion carriers. CONCLUSIONS These results, together with our previous findings, provide convergent evidence for an effect of 15q11.2 BP1-BP2 on white matter microstructure, this being more pronounced in deletion carriers. Additionally, changes in white matter were found to partially mediate cognitive ability in deletion carriers, providing a link between white matter changes in 15q11.2 BP1-BP2 carriers and cognitive function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana I. Silva
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff, United Kingdom,Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom,School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands,Address correspondence to Ana I. Silva, Ph.D.
| | - George Kirov
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Kimberley M. Kendall
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Mathew Bracher-Smith
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Lawrence S. Wilkinson
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff, United Kingdom,Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom,School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Jeremy Hall
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff, United Kingdom,Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Magnus O. Ulfarsson
- deCODE genetics/Amgen, Reykjavik, Iceland,Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - G. Bragi Walters
- deCODE genetics/Amgen, Reykjavik, Iceland,Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | | | - Kari Stefansson
- deCODE genetics/Amgen, Reykjavik, Iceland,Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - David E.J. Linden
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff, United Kingdom,School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Xavier Caseras
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff, United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Gubb SJA, Brcic L, Underwood JFG, Kendall KM, Caseras X, Kirov G, Davies W. Medical and neurobehavioural phenotypes in male and female carriers of Xp22.31 duplications in the UK Biobank. Hum Mol Genet 2021; 29:2872-2881. [PMID: 32766777 PMCID: PMC7566349 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddaa174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Deletions spanning the STS (steroid sulfatase) gene at Xp22.31 are associated with X-linked ichthyosis, corneal opacities, testicular maldescent, cardiac arrhythmia, and higher rates of developmental and mood disorders/traits, possibly related to the smaller volume of some basal ganglia structures. The consequences of duplication of the same genomic region have not been systematically assessed in large or adult samples, although evidence from case reports/series has indicated high rates of developmental phenotypes. We compared multiple measures of physical and mental health, cognition and neuroanatomy in male (n = 414) and female (n = 938) carriers of 0.8–2.5 Mb duplications spanning STS, and non-carrier male (n = 192, 826) and female (n = 227, 235) controls from the UK Biobank (recruited aged 40–69 from the UK general population). Clinical and self-reported diagnoses indicated a higher prevalence of inguinal hernia and mania/bipolar disorder respectively in male duplication carriers, and a higher prevalence of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease and blistering/desquamating skin disorder respectively in female duplication carriers; duplication carriers also exhibited reductions in several depression-related measures, and greater happiness. Cognitive function and academic achievement did not differ between comparison groups. Neuroanatomical analysis suggested greater lateral ventricle and putamen volume in duplication carriers. In conclusion, Xp22.31 duplications appear largely benign, but could slightly increase the likelihood of specific phenotypes (although results were only nominally-significant). In contrast to deletions, duplications might protect against depressive symptoms, possibly via higher STS expression/activity (resulting in elevated endogenous free steroid levels), and through contributing towards an enlarged putamen volume. These results should enable better genetic counselling of individuals with Xp22.31 microduplications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel J A Gubb
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences and Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, United Kingdom
| | - Lucija Brcic
- School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AT, United Kingdom
| | - Jack F G Underwood
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences and Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, United Kingdom.,Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, United Kingdom
| | - Kimberley M Kendall
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences and Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, United Kingdom
| | - Xavier Caseras
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences and Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, United Kingdom
| | - George Kirov
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences and Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, United Kingdom
| | - William Davies
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences and Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, United Kingdom.,School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AT, United Kingdom.,Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Caseras X, Kirov G, Kendall KM, Rees E, Legge SE, Bracher-Smith M, Escott-Price V, Murphy K. Effects of genomic copy number variants penetrant for schizophrenia on cortical thickness and surface area in healthy individuals: analysis of the UK Biobank. Br J Psychiatry 2021; 218:104-111. [PMID: 32792019 PMCID: PMC7844611 DOI: 10.1192/bjp.2020.139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Schizophrenia is a highly heritable disorder with undetermined neurobiological causes. Understanding the impact on brain anatomy of carrying genetic risk for the disorder will contribute to uncovering its neurobiological underpinnings. AIMS To examine the effect of rare copy number variants (CNVs) associated with schizophrenia on brain cortical anatomy in a sample of unaffected participants from the UK Biobank. METHOD We used regression analyses to compare cortical thickness and surface area (total and across gyri) between 120 unaffected carriers of rare CNVs associated with schizophrenia and 16 670 participants without any pathogenic CNV. A measure of cortical thickness and surface area covariance across gyri was also compared between groups. RESULTS Carrier status was associated with reduced surface area (β = -0.020 mm2, P < 0.001) and less robustly with increased cortical thickness (β = 0.015 mm, P = 0.035), and with increased covariance in thickness (carriers z = 0.31 v. non-carriers z = 0.22, P < 0.0005). Associations were mainly present in frontal and parietal areas and driven by a limited number of rare risk alleles included in our analyses (mainly 15q11.2 deletion for surface area and 16p13.11 duplication for thickness covariance). CONCLUSIONS Results for surface area conformed with previous clinical findings, supporting surface area reductions as an indicator of genetic liability for schizophrenia. Results for cortical thickness, though, argued against its validity as a potential risk marker. Increased structural thickness covariance across gyri also appears related to risk for schizophrenia. The heterogeneity found across the effects of rare risk alleles suggests potential different neurobiological gateways into schizophrenia's phenotype.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Caseras
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, UK
| | - George Kirov
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, UK
| | - Kimberley M. Kendall
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, UK
| | - Elliott Rees
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, UK
| | - Sophie E. Legge
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, UK
| | - Matthew Bracher-Smith
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, UK
| | - Valentina Escott-Price
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University; and UK Dementia Research Institute, Cardiff University, UK
| | - Kevin Murphy
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), School of Physics and Astronomy, Cardiff University, UK
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Kendall KM, John A, Lee SC, Rees E, Pardiñas AF, Banos MDP, Owen MJ, O'Donovan MC, Kirov G, Lloyd K, Jones I, Legge SE, Walters JTR. Impact of schizophrenia genetic liability on the association between schizophrenia and physical illness: data-linkage study. BJPsych Open 2020; 6:e139. [PMID: 33168126 PMCID: PMC7745237 DOI: 10.1192/bjo.2020.42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Individuals with schizophrenia are at higher risk of physical illnesses, which are a major contributor to their 20-year reduced life expectancy. It is currently unknown what causes the increased risk of physical illness in schizophrenia. AIMS To link genetic data from a clinically ascertained sample of individuals with schizophrenia to anonymised National Health Service (NHS) records. To assess (a) rates of physical illness in those with schizophrenia, and (b) whether physical illness in schizophrenia is associated with genetic liability. METHOD We linked genetic data from a clinically ascertained sample of individuals with schizophrenia (Cardiff Cognition in Schizophrenia participants, n = 896) to anonymised NHS records held in the Secure Anonymised Information Linkage (SAIL) databank. Physical illnesses were defined from the General Practice Database and Patient Episode Database for Wales. Genetic liability for schizophrenia was indexed by (a) rare copy number variants (CNVs), and (b) polygenic risk scores. RESULTS Individuals with schizophrenia in SAIL had increased rates of epilepsy (standardised rate ratio (SRR) = 5.34), intellectual disability (SRR = 3.11), type 2 diabetes (SRR = 2.45), congenital disorders (SRR = 1.77), ischaemic heart disease (SRR = 1.57) and smoking (SRR = 1.44) in comparison with the general SAIL population. In those with schizophrenia, carrier status for schizophrenia-associated CNVs and neurodevelopmental disorder-associated CNVs was associated with height (P = 0.015-0.017), with carriers being 7.5-7.7 cm shorter than non-carriers. We did not find evidence that the increased rates of poor physical health outcomes in schizophrenia were associated with genetic liability for the disorder. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates the value of and potential for linking genetic data from clinically ascertained research studies to anonymised health records. The increased risk for physical illness in schizophrenia is not caused by genetic liability for the disorder.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kimberley M. Kendall
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, UK
| | - Ann John
- Health Data Research UK, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, UK
| | - Sze Chim Lee
- Health Data Research UK, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, UK
| | - Elliott Rees
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, UK
| | - Antonio F. Pardiñas
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, UK
| | | | - Michael J. Owen
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, UK
| | - Michael C. O'Donovan
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, UK
| | - George Kirov
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, UK
| | - Keith Lloyd
- Health Data Research UK, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, UK
| | - Ian Jones
- National Centre for Mental Health, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, UK
| | - Sophie E. Legge
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, UK
| | - James T. R. Walters
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, UK
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Brcic L, Underwood JF, Kendall KM, Caseras X, Kirov G, Davies W. Medical and neurobehavioural phenotypes in carriers of X-linked ichthyosis-associated genetic deletions in the UK Biobank. J Med Genet 2020; 57:692-698. [PMID: 32139392 PMCID: PMC7525778 DOI: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2019-106676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND X-linked ichthyosis (XLI) is an uncommon dermatological condition resulting from a deficiency of the enzyme steroid sulfatase (STS), often caused by X-linked deletions spanning STS. Some medical comorbidities have been identified in XLI cases, but small samples of relatively young patients has limited this. STS is highly expressed in subcortical brain structures, and males with XLI and female deletion carriers appear at increased risk of developmental/mood disorders and associated traits; the neurocognitive basis of these findings has not been examined. METHODS Using the UK Biobank resource, comprising participants aged 40-69 years recruited from the general UK population, we compared multiple medical/neurobehavioural phenotypes in males (n=86) and females (n=312) carrying genetic deletions spanning STS (0.8-2.5 Mb) (cases) to male (n=190 577) and female (n=227 862) non-carrier controls. RESULTS We identified an elevated rate of atrial fibrillation/flutter in male deletion carriers (10.5% vs 2.7% in male controls, Benjamini-Hochberg corrected p=0.009), and increased rates of mental distress (p=0.003), irritability (p<0.001) and depressive-anxiety traits (p<0.05) in male deletion carriers relative to male controls completing the Mental Health Questionnaire. While academic attainment was unaffected, male and female deletion carriers exhibited impaired performance on the Fluid Intelligence Test (Cohen's d≤0.05, corrected p<0.1). Neuroanatomical analysis in female deletion carriers indicated reduced right putamen and left nucleus accumbens volumes (Cohen's d≤0.26, corrected p<0.1). CONCLUSION Adult males with XLI disease-causing deletions are apparently at increased risk of cardiac arrhythmias and self-reported mood problems; altered basal ganglia structure may underlie altered function and XLI-associated psychiatric/behavioural phenotypes. These results provide information for genetic counselling of deletion-carrying individuals and reinforce the need for multidisciplinary medical care.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucija Brcic
- School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Jack Fg Underwood
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics and Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.,Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Kimberley M Kendall
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics and Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Xavier Caseras
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics and Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - George Kirov
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics and Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - William Davies
- School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK .,MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics and Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.,Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Warland A, Kendall KM, Rees E, Kirov G, Caseras X. Schizophrenia-associated genomic copy number variants and subcortical brain volumes in the UK Biobank. Mol Psychiatry 2020; 25:854-862. [PMID: 30679740 PMCID: PMC7156345 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-019-0355-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Revised: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a highly heritable disorder for which anatomical brain alterations have been repeatedly reported in clinical samples. Unaffected at-risk groups have also been studied in an attempt to identify brain changes that do not reflect reverse causation or treatment effects. However, no robust associations have been observed between neuroanatomical phenotypes and known genetic risk factors for schizophrenia. We tested subcortical brain volume differences between 49 unaffected participants carrying at least one of the 12 copy number variants associated with schizophrenia in UK Biobank and 9063 individuals who did not carry any of the 93 copy number variants reported to be pathogenic. Our results show that CNV carriers have reduced volume in some of the subcortical structures previously shown to be reduced in schizophrenia. Moreover, these associations partially accounted for the association between pathogenic copy number variants and cognitive impairment, which is one of the features of schizophrenia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Warland
- 0000 0001 0807 5670grid.5600.3MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Hadyn Ellis Building, Maindy Road, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ UK
| | - Kimberley M. Kendall
- 0000 0001 0807 5670grid.5600.3MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Hadyn Ellis Building, Maindy Road, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ UK
| | - Elliott Rees
- 0000 0001 0807 5670grid.5600.3MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Hadyn Ellis Building, Maindy Road, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ UK
| | - George Kirov
- 0000 0001 0807 5670grid.5600.3MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Hadyn Ellis Building, Maindy Road, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ UK
| | - Xavier Caseras
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Hadyn Ellis Building, Maindy Road, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Legge SE, Jones HJ, Kendall KM, Pardiñas AF, Menzies G, Bracher-Smith M, Escott-Price V, Rees E, Davis KAS, Hotopf M, Savage JE, Posthuma D, Holmans P, Kirov G, Owen MJ, O’Donovan MC, Zammit S, Walters JTR. Association of Genetic Liability to Psychotic Experiences With Neuropsychotic Disorders and Traits. JAMA Psychiatry 2019; 76:1256-1265. [PMID: 31553412 PMCID: PMC6764002 DOI: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2019.2508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Importance Psychotic experiences, such as hallucinations and delusions, are reported by approximately 5% to 10% of the general population, although only a small proportion develop psychotic disorders such as schizophrenia. Studying the genetic causes of psychotic experiences in the general population, and its association with the genetic causes of other disorders, may increase the understanding of their pathologic significance. Objectives To determine whether genetic liability to psychotic experiences is shared with schizophrenia and/or other neuropsychiatric disorders and traits and to identify genetic loci associated with psychotic experiences. Design, Setting and Participants Analyses of genetic correlation, polygenic risk scores, and copy number variation were performed using data from participants in the UK Biobank from April 1, 2018, to March 20, 2019, to assess whether genetic liability to psychotic experiences is shared with schizophrenia and/or other neuropsychiatric disorders and traits. Genome-wide association studies of psychotic experience phenotypes were conducted to identify novel genetic loci. Participants in the final analyses after exclusions included 6123 individuals reporting any psychotic experience, 2143 individuals reporting distressing psychotic experiences, and 3337 individuals reporting multiple occurrences of psychotic experiences. A total of 121 843 individuals who did not report a psychotic experience formed the comparator group. Individuals with a psychotic disorder were excluded from all analyses. Main Outcomes and Measures Genetic associations with psychotic experience phenotypes. Results The study included a total of 127 966 participants (56.0% women and 44.0% men; mean [SD] age, 64.0 [7.6] years). Psychotic experiences were genetically correlated with major depressive disorder, schizophrenia, autism spectrum disorder, and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Analyses of polygenic risk scores identified associations between psychotic experiences and genetic liability for major depressive disorder, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, autism spectrum disorder, and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Individuals reporting psychotic experiences had an increased burden of copy number variations previously associated with schizophrenia (odds ratio [OR], 2.04; 95% CI, 1.39-2.98; P = 2.49 × 10-4) and neurodevelopmental disorders more widely (OR, 1.75; 95% CI, 1.24-2.48; P = 1.41 × 10-3). Genome-wide association studies identified 4 significantly associated loci, including a locus in Ankyrin-3 (ANK3 [GenBank NM_020987]) (OR, 1.16; 95% CI, 1.10-1.23; P = 3.06 × 10-8) with any psychotic experience, and a locus in cannabinoid receptor 2 gene (CNR2 [GenBank NM_001841]) (OR, 0.66; 95% CI, 0.56-0.78; P = 3.78 × 10-8) with distressing psychotic experiences. The genome-wide association study of any psychotic experience had a low single-nucleotide polymorphism-based heritability estimate (h2 = 1.71%; 95% CI, 1.02%-2.40%). Conclusions and Relevance A large genetic association study of psychotic experiences from the population-based UK Biobank sample found support for a shared genetic liability between psychotic experiences and schizophrenia, major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, and neurodevelopmental disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sophie E. Legge
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Hannah J. Jones
- Centre for Academic Mental Health, Department of Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- Medical Research Centre, Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- National Institute for Health Research Bristol Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Bristol National Health Service Foundation Trust, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Kimberley M. Kendall
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Antonio F. Pardiñas
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Georgina Menzies
- UK-Dementia Research Institute at Cardiff, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew Bracher-Smith
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Valentina Escott-Price
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- UK-Dementia Research Institute at Cardiff, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Elliott Rees
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Katrina A. S. Davis
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
- South London and Maudsley National Health Service Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew Hotopf
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
- South London and Maudsley National Health Service Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jeanne E. Savage
- Department of Complex Trait Genetics, Centre for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Danielle Posthuma
- Department of Complex Trait Genetics, Centre for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Peter Holmans
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - George Kirov
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Michael J. Owen
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Michael C. O’Donovan
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Stanley Zammit
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- Centre for Academic Mental Health, Department of Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- National Institute for Health Research Bristol Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Bristol National Health Service Foundation Trust, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - James T. R. Walters
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Underwood JFG, Kendall KM, Berrett J, Lewis C, Anney R, van den Bree MBM, Hall J. Autism spectrum disorder diagnosis in adults: phenotype and genotype findings from a clinically derived cohort. Br J Psychiatry 2019; 215:647-653. [PMID: 30806336 PMCID: PMC6949119 DOI: 10.1192/bjp.2019.30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The past decade has seen the development of services for adults presenting with symptoms of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in the UK. Compared with children, little is known about the phenotypic and genetic characteristics of these patients. AIMS This e-cohort study aimed to examine the phenotypic and genetic characteristics of a clinically presenting sample of adults diagnosed with ASD by specialist services. METHOD Individuals diagnosed with ASD as adults were recruited by the National Centre for Mental Health and completed self-report questionnaires, interviews and provided DNA; 105 eligible individuals were matched to 76 healthy controls. We investigated demographics, social history and comorbid psychiatric and physical disorders. Samples were genotyped, copy number variants (CNVs) were called and polygenic risk scores were calculated. RESULTS Of individuals with ASD, 89.5% had at least one comorbid psychiatric diagnosis, with depression (62.9%) and anxiety (55.2%) being the most common. The ASD group experienced more neurological comorbidities than controls, particularly migraine headache. They were less likely to have married or be in work, and had more alcohol-related problems. There was a significantly higher load of autism common genetic variants in the adult ASD group compared with controls, but there was no difference in the rate of rare CNVs. CONCLUSIONS This study provides important information about psychiatric comorbidity in adult ASD, which may inform clinical practice and patient counselling. It also suggests that the polygenic load of common ASD-associated variants may be important in conferring risk within the non-intellectually disabled population of adults with ASD. DECLARATION OF INTEREST None.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jack F. G. Underwood
- Clinical Research Fellow, Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, UK
| | - Kimberley M. Kendall
- Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Fellow, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, UK
| | - Jennifer Berrett
- Trainee Clinical Psychologist, Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, UK
| | - Catrin Lewis
- Research Associate, National Centre for Mental Health, Cardiff University, UK
| | - Richard Anney
- Senior Lecturer (Bioinformatics), MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, UK
| | - Marianne B. M. van den Bree
- Professor of Psychological Medicine, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, UK
| | - Jeremy Hall
- Director and Research Theme Lead, Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, UK
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Kendall KM, Bracher-Smith M, Fitzpatrick H, Lynham A, Rees E, Escott-Price V, Owen MJ, O'Donovan MC, Walters JT, Kirov G. Cognitive performance and functional outcomes of carriers of pathogenic copy number variants: analysis of the UK Biobank. Br J Psychiatry 2019; 214:297-304. [PMID: 30767844 PMCID: PMC6520248 DOI: 10.1192/bjp.2018.301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rare copy number variants (CNVs) are associated with risk of neurodevelopmental disorders characterised by varying degrees of cognitive impairment, including schizophrenia, autism spectrum disorder and intellectual disability. However, the effects of many individual CNVs in carriers without neurodevelopmental disorders are not yet fully understood, and little is known about the effects of reciprocal copy number changes of known pathogenic loci.AimsWe aimed to analyse the effect of CNV carrier status on cognitive performance and measures of occupational and social outcomes in unaffected individuals from the UK Biobank. METHOD We called CNVs in the full UK Biobank sample and analysed data from 420 247 individuals who passed CNV quality control, reported White British or Irish ancestry and were not diagnosed with neurodevelopmental disorders. We analysed 33 pathogenic CNVs, including their reciprocal deletions/duplications, for association with seven cognitive tests and four general measures of functioning: academic qualifications, occupation, household income and Townsend Deprivation Index. RESULTS Most CNVs (24 out of 33) were associated with reduced performance on at least one cognitive test or measure of functioning. The changes on the cognitive tests were modest (average reduction of 0.13 s.d.) but varied markedly between CNVs. All 12 schizophrenia-associated CNVs were associated with significant impairments on measures of functioning. CONCLUSIONS CNVs implicated in neurodevelopmental disorders, including schizophrenia, are associated with cognitive deficits, even among unaffected individuals. These deficits may be subtle but CNV carriers have significant disadvantages in educational attainment and ability to earn income in adult life.Declaration of interestNone.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kimberley M. Kendall
- Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Fellow, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, UK
| | - Matthew Bracher-Smith
- PhD Student, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, UK
| | | | - Amy Lynham
- Research Associate, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, UK
| | - Elliott Rees
- Research Associate, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, UK
| | | | - Michael J. Owen
- Director, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University; Director/Clinical Professor, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neuroscience, Cardiff University; and Emeritus Director, Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, UK
| | - Michael C. O'Donovan
- Deputy Director, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, UK
| | - James T.R. Walters
- Professor, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, UK
| | - George Kirov
- Professor, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, UK,Correspondence: Professor George Kirov, Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Hadyn Ellis Building, Maindy Road, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Crawford K, Bracher-Smith M, Owen D, Kendall KM, Rees E, Pardiñas AF, Einon M, Escott-Price V, Walters JTR, O'Donovan MC, Owen MJ, Kirov G. Medical consequences of pathogenic CNVs in adults: analysis of the UK Biobank. J Med Genet 2019; 56:131-138. [PMID: 30343275 DOI: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2018-105477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Revised: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genomic CNVs increase the risk for early-onset neurodevelopmental disorders, but their impact on medical outcomes in later life is still poorly understood. The UK Biobank allows us to study the medical consequences of CNVs in middle and old age in half a million well-phenotyped adults. METHODS We analysed all Biobank participants for the presence of 54 CNVs associated with genomic disorders or clinical phenotypes, including their reciprocal deletions or duplications. After array quality control and exclusion of first-degree relatives, we compared 381 452 participants of white British or Irish origin who carried no CNVs with carriers of each of the 54 CNVs (ranging from 5 to 2843 persons). We used logistic regression analysis to estimate the risk of developing 58 common medical phenotypes (3132 comparisons). RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Many of the CNVs have profound effects on medical health and mortality, even in people who have largely escaped early neurodevelopmental outcomes. Forty-six CNV-phenotype associations were significant at a false discovery rate threshold of 0.1, all in the direction of increased risk. Known medical consequences of CNVs were confirmed, but most identified associations are novel. Deletions at 16p11.2 and 16p12.1 had the largest numbers of significantly associated phenotypes (seven each). Diabetes, hypertension, obesity and renal failure were affected by the highest numbers of CNVs. Our work should inform clinicians in planning and managing the medical care of CNV carriers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karen Crawford
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Matthew Bracher-Smith
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - David Owen
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Kimberley M Kendall
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Elliott Rees
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Antonio F Pardiñas
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Mark Einon
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Valentina Escott-Price
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - James T R Walters
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Michael C O'Donovan
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Michael J Owen
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - George Kirov
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Owen D, Bracher-Smith M, Kendall KM, Rees E, Einon M, Escott-Price V, Owen MJ, O'Donovan MC, Kirov G. Effects of pathogenic CNVs on physical traits in participants of the UK Biobank. BMC Genomics 2018; 19:867. [PMID: 30509170 PMCID: PMC6278042 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-018-5292-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Copy number variants (CNVs) have been shown to increase risk for physical anomalies, developmental, psychiatric and medical disorders. Some of them have been associated with changes in weight, height, and other physical traits. As most studies have been performed on children and young people, these effects of CNVs in middle-aged and older people are not well established. The UK Biobank recruited half a million adults who provided a variety of physical measurements. We called all CNVs from the Affymetrix microarrays and selected a set of 54 CNVs implicated as pathogenic (including their reciprocal deletions/duplications) and that were found in five or more persons. Linear regression analysis was used to establish their association with 16 physical traits relevant to human health. Results 396,725 participants of white British or Irish descent (excluding first-degree relatives) passed our quality control filters. Out of the 864 CNV/trait associations, 214 were significant at a false discovery rate of 0.1, most of them novel. Many of these traits increase risk for adverse health outcomes: e.g. increases in weight, waist-to-hip ratio, pulse rate and body fat composition. Deletions at 16p11.2, 16p12.1, NRXN1 and duplications at 16p13.11 and 22q11.2 produced the highest numbers of significant associations. Five CNVs produced average changes of over one standard deviation for the 16 traits, compared to controls: deletions at 16p11.2 and 22q11.2, and duplications at 3q29, the Williams-Beuren and Potocki-Lupski regions. CNVs at 1q21.1, 2q13, 16p11.2 and 16p11.2 distal, 16p12.1, 17p12 and 17q12 demonstrated one or more mirror image effects of deletions versus duplications. Conclusions Carriers of many CNVs should be monitored for physical traits that increase morbidity and mortality. Genes within these CNVs can give insights into biological processes and therapeutic interventions. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-018-5292-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Owen
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics & Genomics, Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, School of Medicine, Hadyn Ellis Building, Maindy Road, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - Mathew Bracher-Smith
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics & Genomics, Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, School of Medicine, Hadyn Ellis Building, Maindy Road, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - Kimberley M Kendall
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics & Genomics, Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, School of Medicine, Hadyn Ellis Building, Maindy Road, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - Elliott Rees
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics & Genomics, Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, School of Medicine, Hadyn Ellis Building, Maindy Road, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - Mark Einon
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics & Genomics, Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, School of Medicine, Hadyn Ellis Building, Maindy Road, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - Valentina Escott-Price
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics & Genomics, Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, School of Medicine, Hadyn Ellis Building, Maindy Road, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - Michael J Owen
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics & Genomics, Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, School of Medicine, Hadyn Ellis Building, Maindy Road, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - Michael C O'Donovan
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics & Genomics, Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, School of Medicine, Hadyn Ellis Building, Maindy Road, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - George Kirov
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics & Genomics, Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, School of Medicine, Hadyn Ellis Building, Maindy Road, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Kendall KM, Rees E, Escott-Price V, Einon M, Thomas R, Hewitt J, O'Donovan MC, Owen MJ, Walters JTR, Kirov G. Cognitive Performance Among Carriers of Pathogenic Copy Number Variants: Analysis of 152,000 UK Biobank Subjects. Biol Psychiatry 2017; 82:103-110. [PMID: 27773354 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2016.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Revised: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/07/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The UK Biobank is a unique resource for biomedical research, with extensive phenotypic and genetic data on half a million adults from the general population. We aimed to examine the effect of neurodevelopmental copy number variants (CNVs) on the cognitive performance of participants. METHODS We used Affymetrix Power Tools and PennCNV-Affy software to analyze Affymetrix microarrays of the first 152,728 genotyped individuals. We annotated a list of 93 CNVs and compared their frequencies with control datasets. We analyzed the performance on seven cognitive tests of carriers of 12 CNVs associated with schizophrenia (n = 1087) and of carriers of another 41 neurodevelopmental CNVs (n = 484). RESULTS The frequencies of the 93 CNVs in the Biobank subjects were remarkably similar to those among 26,628 control subjects from other datasets. Carriers of schizophrenia-associated CNVs and of the group of 41 other neurodevelopmental CNVs had impaired performance on the cognitive tests, with nine of 14 comparisons remaining statistically significant after correction for multiple testing. They also had lower educational and occupational attainment (p values between 10-7 and 10-18). The deficits in cognitive performance were modest (Z score reductions between 0.01 and 0.51), compared with individuals with schizophrenia in the Biobank (Z score reductions between 0.35 and 0.90). CONCLUSIONS This is the largest study on the cognitive phenotypes of CNVs to date. Adult carriers of neurodevelopmental CNVs from the general population have significant cognitive deficits. The UK Biobank will allow unprecedented opportunities for analysis of further phenotypic consequences of CNVs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kimberley M Kendall
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics & Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neuroscience, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff
| | - Elliott Rees
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics & Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neuroscience, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff
| | - Valentina Escott-Price
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics & Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neuroscience, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff
| | - Mark Einon
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics & Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neuroscience, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff
| | - Rhys Thomas
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics & Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neuroscience, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff
| | - Jonathan Hewitt
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Division of Population Medicine, Llandough Hospital, Penarth, United Kingdom
| | - Michael C O'Donovan
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics & Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neuroscience, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff
| | - Michael J Owen
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics & Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neuroscience, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff
| | - James T R Walters
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics & Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neuroscience, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff
| | - George Kirov
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics & Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neuroscience, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Affiliation(s)
- K M Kendall
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Maine Medical Center, Portland 04102, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|