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Illes Z, Jørgensen MM, Bæk R, Bente LM, Lauridsen JT, Hyrlov KH, Aboo C, Baumbach J, Kacprowski T, Cotton F, Guttmann CRG, Stensballe A. New Enhancing MRI Lesions Associate with IL-17, Neutrophil Degranulation and Integrin Microparticles: Multi-Omics Combined with Frequent MRI in Multiple Sclerosis. Biomedicines 2023; 11:3170. [PMID: 38137391 PMCID: PMC10740934 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11123170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Blood-barrier (BBB) breakdown and active inflammation are hallmarks of relapsing multiple sclerosis (RMS), but the molecular events contributing to the development of new lesions are not well explored. Leaky endothelial junctions are associated with increased production of endothelial-derived extracellular microvesicles (EVs) and result in the entry of circulating immune cells into the brain. MRI with intravenous gadolinium (Gd) can visualize acute blood-barrier disruption as the initial event of the evolution of new lesions. METHODS Here, weekly MRI with Gd was combined with proteomics, multiplex immunoassay, and endothelial stress-optimized EV array to identify early markers related to BBB disruption. Five patients with RMS with no disease-modifying treatment were monitored weekly using high-resolution 3T MRI scanning with intravenous gadolinium (Gd) for 8 weeks. Patients were then divided into three groups (low, medium, or high MRI activity) defined by the number of new, total, and maximally enhancing Gd-enhancing lesions and the number of new FLAIR lesions. Plasma samples taken at each MRI were analyzed for protein biomarkers of inflammation by quantitative proteomics, and cytokines using multiplex immunoassays. EVs were characterized with an optimized endothelial stress EV array based on exosome surface protein markers for the detection of soluble secreted EVs. RESULTS Proteomics analysis of plasma yielded quantitative information on 208 proteins at each patient time point (n = 40). We observed the highest number of unique dysregulated proteins (DEPs) and the highest functional enrichment in the low vs. high MRI activity comparison. Complement activation and complement/coagulation cascade were also strongly overrepresented in the low vs. high MRI activity comparison. Activation of the alternative complement pathway, pathways of blood coagulation, extracellular matrix organization, and the regulation of TLR and IGF transport were unique for the low vs. high MRI activity comparison as well, with these pathways being overrepresented in the patient with high MRI activity. Principal component analysis indicated the individuality of plasma profiles in patients. IL-17 was upregulated at all time points during 8 weeks in patients with high vs. low MRI activity. Hierarchical clustering of soluble markers in the plasma indicated that all four MRI outcomes clustered together with IL-17, IL-12p70, and IL-1β. MRI outcomes also showed clustering with EV markers CD62E/P, MIC A/B, ICAM-1, and CD42A. The combined cluster of these cytokines, EV markers, and MRI outcomes clustered also with IL-12p40 and IL-7. All four MRI outcomes correlated positively with levels of IL-17 (p < 0.001, respectively), and EV-ICAM-1 (p < 0.0003, respectively). IL-1β levels positively correlated with the number of new Gd-enhancing lesions (p < 0.01), new FLAIR lesions (p < 0.001), and total number of Gd-enhancing lesions (p < 0.05). IL-6 levels positively correlated with the number of new FLAIR lesions (p < 0.05). Random Forests and linear mixed models identified IL-17, CCL17/TARC, CCL3/MIP-1α, and TNF-α as composite biomarkers predicting new lesion evolution. CONCLUSIONS Combination of serial frequent MRI with proteome, neuroinflammation markers, and protein array data of EVs enabled assessment of temporal changes in inflammation and endothelial dysfunction in RMS related to the evolution of new and enhancing lesions. Particularly, the Th17 pathway and IL-1β clustered and correlated with new lesions and Gd enhancement, indicating their importance in BBB disruption and initiating acute brain inflammation in MS. In addition to the Th17 pathway, abundant protein changes between MRI activity groups suggested the role of EVs and the coagulation system along with innate immune responses including acute phase proteins, complement components, and neutrophil degranulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsolt Illes
- Department of Neurology, Odense University Hospital, 5000 Odense, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense, Denmark
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense, Denmark
- Brain Research—Inter Disciplinary Guided Excellence (BRIDGE), University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense, Denmark
| | - Malene Møller Jørgensen
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Aalborg University Hospital, 9220 Aalborg, Denmark; (M.M.J.); (R.B.)
| | - Rikke Bæk
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Aalborg University Hospital, 9220 Aalborg, Denmark; (M.M.J.); (R.B.)
| | - Lisa-Marie Bente
- Division Data Science in Biomedicine, Peter L. Reichertz Institute for Medical Informatics of TU Braunschweig and Hannover Medical School, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany; (L.-M.B.); (T.K.)
- Braunschweig Integrated Centre for Systems Biology (BRICS), TU Braunschweig, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Jørgen T. Lauridsen
- Department of Business and Economics, University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense, Denmark;
| | - Kirsten H. Hyrlov
- Department of Neurology, Odense University Hospital, 5000 Odense, Denmark
| | - Christopher Aboo
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, 9220 Aalborg, Denmark;
- Sino-Danish Center for Education and Research, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 101408 Beijing, China
| | - Jan Baumbach
- Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense, Denmark;
- Institute for Computational Systems Biology, University of Hamburg, 20148 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tim Kacprowski
- Division Data Science in Biomedicine, Peter L. Reichertz Institute for Medical Informatics of TU Braunschweig and Hannover Medical School, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany; (L.-M.B.); (T.K.)
- Braunschweig Integrated Centre for Systems Biology (BRICS), TU Braunschweig, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Francois Cotton
- Service de Radiologie, Centre Hospitalier Lyon-Sud, France/CREATIS, Université de Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France;
| | | | - Allan Stensballe
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, 9220 Aalborg, Denmark;
- Clinical Cancer Center, Aalborg University Hospital, 9220 Aalborg, Denmark
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Jørgensen LØ, Hyrlov KH, Elkjaer ML, Weber AB, Pedersen AE, Svenningsen ÅF, Illes Z. Cladribine modifies functional properties of microglia. Clin Exp Immunol 2020; 201:328-340. [PMID: 32492189 PMCID: PMC7419928 DOI: 10.1111/cei.13473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Cladribine (CdA), an oral prodrug approved for the treatment of relapsing multiple sclerosis, selectively depletes lymphocytes. CdA passes the blood–brain barrier, suggesting a potential effect on central nervous system (CNS) resident cells. We examined if CdA modifies the phenotype and function of naive and activated primary mouse microglia, when applied in the concentrations 0·1–1 μM that putatively overlap human cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) concentrations. Primary microglia cultures without stimulation or in the presence of proinflammatory lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or anti‐inflammatory interleukin (IL)‐4 were treated with different concentrations of CdA for 24 h. Viability was assessed by MTT [3‐(4,5‐dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl)‐2,5‐diphenyltetrazolium bromide] assay. Phagocytotic ability and morphology were examined by flow cytometry and random migration using IncuCyte Zoom and TrackMate. Change in gene expression was examined by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and protein secretion by Meso Scale Discovery. We found that LPS and IL‐4 up‐regulated deoxycytidine kinase (DCK) expression. Only activated microglia were affected by CdA, and this was unrelated to viability. CdA 0·1–1 μM significantly reduced granularity, phagocytotic ability and random migration of activated microglia. CdA 10 μM increased the IL‐4‐induced gene expression of arginase 1 (Arg1) and LPS‐induced expression of IL‐1β, tumor necrosis factor (TNF), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and Arg1, but protein secretion remained unaffected. CdA 10 μM potentiated the increased expression of anti‐inflammatory TNF receptor 2 (TNF‐R2) but not TNF‐R1 induced by LPS. This suggests that microglia acquire a less activated phenotype when treated with 0·1–1 μM CdA that putatively overlaps human CSF concentrations. This may be related to the up‐regulated gene expression of DCK upon activation, and suggests a potential alternative mechanism of CdA with direct effect on CNS resident cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Ø Jørgensen
- Department of Neurology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark.,Neurology Research Unit, Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,Neurobiology Research Unit, Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - K H Hyrlov
- Department of Neurology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark.,Neurology Research Unit, Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,Neurobiology Research Unit, Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - M L Elkjaer
- Department of Neurology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark.,Neurology Research Unit, Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,Neurobiology Research Unit, Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - A B Weber
- Department of Neurology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark.,Neurology Research Unit, Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,Neurobiology Research Unit, Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - A E Pedersen
- Merck A/S, Søborg, Denmark.,Department of Odontology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Å Fex Svenningsen
- Neurology Research Unit, Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,Neurobiology Research Unit, Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Z Illes
- Department of Neurology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark.,Neurology Research Unit, Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,Neurobiology Research Unit, Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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Martin NA, Hyrlov KH, Elkjaer ML, Thygesen EK, Wlodarczyk A, Elbaek KJ, Aboo C, Okarmus J, Benedikz E, Reynolds R, Hegedus Z, Stensballe A, Svenningsen ÅF, Owens T, Illes Z. Absence of miRNA-146a Differentially Alters Microglia Function and Proteome. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1110. [PMID: 32582192 PMCID: PMC7292149 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: MiR-146a is an important regulator of innate inflammatory responses and is also implicated in cell death and survival. Methods: By sorting CNS resident cells, microglia were the main cellular source of miR-146a. Therefore, we investigated microglia function and phenotype in miR-146a knock-out (KO) mice, analyzed the proteome of KO and wild-type (WT) microglia by LC-MS/MS, and examined miR-146a expression in different brain lesions of patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). Results: When stimulated with LPS or myelin in vitro, microglia from KO mice expressed higher levels of IL-1β, TNF, IL-6, IL-10, CCL3, and CCL2 compared to WT. Stimulation increased migration and phagocytosis of WT but not KO microglia. CD11c+ microglia were induced by cuprizone (CPZ) in the WT mice but less in the KO. The proteome of ex vivo microglia was not different in miR-146a KO compared to WT mice, but CPZ treatment induced differential and reduced protein responses in the KO: GOT1, COX5b, CRYL1, and cystatin-C were specifically changed in KO microglia. We explored discriminative features of microglia proteomes: sparse Partial Least Squares-Discriminant Analysis showed the best discrimination when control and CPZ-treated conditions were compared. Cluster of ten proteins separated WT and miR-146a KO microglia after CPZ: among them were sensomes allowing to perceive the environment, Atp1a3 that belongs to the signature of CD11c+ microglia, and proteins related to inflammatory responses (S100A9, Ppm1g). Finally, we examined the expression of miR-146a and its validated target genes in different brain lesions of MS patients. MiR-146 was upregulated in all lesion types, and the highest expression was in active lesions. Nineteen of 88 validated target genes were significantly changed in active lesions, while none were changed in NAWM. Conclusion: Our data indicated that microglia is the major source of miR-146a in the CNS. The absence of miR-146a differentially affected microglia function and proteome, and miR-146a may play an important role in gene regulation of active MS lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nellie A Martin
- Department of Neurology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Kirsten H Hyrlov
- Department of Neurology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Maria L Elkjaer
- Department of Neurology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Eva K Thygesen
- Department of Neurology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Agnieszka Wlodarczyk
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,Institute of Clinical Research, BRIDGE, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Kirstine J Elbaek
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Christopher Aboo
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark.,Sino-Danish Center for Education and Research, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Justyna Okarmus
- Department of Neurology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Eirikur Benedikz
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Richard Reynolds
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Zoltan Hegedus
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary.,Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Allan Stensballe
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Åsa Fex Svenningsen
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Trevor Owens
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,Institute of Clinical Research, BRIDGE, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Zsolt Illes
- Department of Neurology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark.,Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,Institute of Clinical Research, BRIDGE, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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Szilagyi GT, Nawrocki AM, Eros K, Schmidt J, Fekete K, Elkjaer ML, Hyrlov KH, Larsen MR, Illes Z, Gallyas F. Proteomic changes during experimental de- and remyelination in the corpus callosum. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0230249. [PMID: 32272486 PMCID: PMC7145428 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0230249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the cuprizone model of multiple sclerosis, de- and remyelination can be studied without major interference from the adaptive immune responses. Since previous proteomic studies did not focus on the corpus callosum, where cuprizone causes the most pronounced demyelination, we performed a bottom up proteomic analysis on this brain region. METHODS Eight week-old mice treated with 0.2% cuprizone, for 4 weeks and controls (C) were sacrificed after termination of the treatment (4wD), and 2 (2dR) or 14 (2wR) days later. Homogenates of dissected corpus callosum were analysed by quantitative proteomics. For data processing, clustering, gene ontology analysis, and regulatory network prediction, we used Perseus, PANTHER and Ingenuity Pathway Analysis softwares, respectively. RESULTS We identified 4886 unmodified, single- or multi phosphorylated and/or gycosylated (PTM) proteins. Out of them, 191 proteins were differentially regulated in at least one experimental group. We found 57 proteins specific for demyelination, 27 for early- and 57 for late remyelinationwhile 36 proteins were affected in two, and 23 proteins in all three groups. Phosphorylation represented 92% of the post translational modifications among differentially regulated modified (PTM) proteins with decreased level, while it was only 30% of the PTM proteins with increased level. Gene ontology analysis could not classify the demyelination specific proteins into any biological process category, while allocated the remyelination specific ones to nervous system development and myelination as the most specific subcategory. We also identified a protein network in experimental remyelination, and the gene orthologues of the network were differentially expressed in remyelinating multiple sclerosis brain lesions consistent with an early remyelination pattern. CONCLUSION Proteomic analysis seems more informative for remyelination than demyelination in the cuprizone model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabor T. Szilagyi
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, University of Pécs Medical School, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Arkadiusz M. Nawrocki
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Krisztian Eros
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, University of Pécs Medical School, Pécs, Hungary
- Szentagothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
- Nuclear-Mitochondrial Interactions Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Janos Schmidt
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, University of Pécs Medical School, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Katalin Fekete
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, University of Pécs Medical School, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Maria L. Elkjaer
- Department of Neurology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Kirsten H. Hyrlov
- Department of Neurology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Martin R. Larsen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Zsolt Illes
- Department of Neurology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
- Institute of Clinical Research, BRIDGE University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Ferenc Gallyas
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, University of Pécs Medical School, Pécs, Hungary
- Szentagothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
- Nuclear-Mitochondrial Interactions Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
- * E-mail:
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