1
|
Lokesh KS, Shrinivasa Mayya D, Yashwanth HL, Sharanya IS, Nikam H, Channa Keshava Reddy KL, Kumar S. Mechanical characterization & regression analysis of Calamus rotang based hybrid natural fibre composite with findings reported on retrieval bending strength. Sci Rep 2024; 14:3943. [PMID: 38365832 PMCID: PMC10873315 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-53570-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Research on Bio-based natural fiber material promoted the development of reinforcement and expand their possible structural applications. In this study, fibers are extracted from the stem of Calamus rotang (common rattan-Indian Species). Further, the fiber is processed to get novel hybrid combinations with glass fibers by manual hand lay-up technique. Three sets of samples were prepared for the different volume fractions of 60:40, 30:30:30, and 60:32:8 of glass fiber/epoxy as neat composite sample (NCS), a hybrid combination of C. rotang /glass fiber with epoxy as modified reinforced composite sample (MRCS) and glass fiber/epoxy with calamus stem powder as modified matrix composite sample (MMCS) respectively. Mechanical tests including tensile, flexural, impact, and ILSS tests are conducted as per ASTM Standards. Comparative studies have been done to evaluate the effect of novel species of C. rotang on mechanical properties with neat GFRP composites. Addition to this regression analysis has been carried out to achieve the experimental correlation for tensile and bending tests. Microstructural analysis for all the tested samples has been done to assess the fracture mode. Novel findings on retrieval bending strength for MMCS has been reported for the first time for composite materials. Study proves that novel species have a significant impact on the basic properties of materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K S Lokesh
- Aeronautical Engineering, Srinivas Institute of Technology, Mangalore, 574143, India.
| | - D Shrinivasa Mayya
- Aeronautical Engineering, Srinivas Institute of Technology, Mangalore, 574143, India
| | - H L Yashwanth
- Aeronautical Engineering, Srinivas Institute of Technology, Mangalore, 574143, India
| | - I S Sharanya
- Aeronautical Engineering, Srinivas Institute of Technology, Mangalore, 574143, India
| | - Hrithika Nikam
- Aeronautical Engineering, Srinivas Institute of Technology, Mangalore, 574143, India
| | | | - Shashank Kumar
- Mechanical Engineering, RNS Institute of Technology, Bangalore, 560098, India
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kulkarni S, Arunachala S, Chaya SK, ShankaraSetty RV, Karnik M, Bansal N, Ravindran S, Lokesh KS, Mohan M, Kaleem Ullah M, Siddaiah JB, Mahesh PA. The Assessment of Serum Fibronectin Levels as a Potential Biomarker for the Severity of Drug-Sensitive Pulmonary Tuberculosis: A Pilot Study. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 14:50. [PMID: 38201359 PMCID: PMC10804257 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics14010050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tuberculosis (TB) is a global health burden caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection. Fibronectin (Fn) facilitates Mtb attachment to host cells. We studied the Fn levels in smear-positive TB patients to assess its correlation with disease severity based on sputum smears and chest X-rays. METHODS Newly detected consecutive sputum AFB-positive pulmonary TB patients (n = 78) and healthy control subjects (n = 11) were included. The mycobacterial load in the sputum smear was assessed by IUATLD classification, ranging from 0 to 3. The severity of pulmonary involvement was assessed radiologically in terms of both the number of zones involved (0-6) and as localized (up to 2 zones), moderate (3-4 zones), or extensive (5-6 zones). The serum human fibronectin levels were measured by using a commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit (Catalogue No: CK-bio-11486, Shanghai Coon Koon Biotech Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China). RESULTS The PTB patients showed lower Fn levels (102.4 ± 26.7) compared with the controls (108.8 ± 6.8), but they were not statistically significant. Higher AFB smear grades had lower Fn levels. The chest X-ray zones involved were inversely correlated with Fn levels. The Fn levels, adjusted for age and gender, decreased with increased mycobacterial load and the number of chest radiograph zones affected. A Fn level <109.39 g/mL predicted greater TB severity (sensitivity of 67.57% and specificity of 90.38%), while a level <99.32 pg/mL predicted severity based on the chest radiology (sensitivity of 84.21% and specificity of 100%). CONCLUSIONS The Fn levels are lower in tuberculosis patients and are negatively correlated with severity based on sputum mycobacterial load and chest radiographs. The Fn levels may serve as a potential biomarker for assessing TB severity, which could have implications for early diagnosis and treatment monitoring.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shreedhar Kulkarni
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysore 570015, India (S.A.); (R.V.S.); (S.R.)
| | - Sumalatha Arunachala
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysore 570015, India (S.A.); (R.V.S.); (S.R.)
- Public Health Research Institute of India, Mysore 570020, India
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Adichunchanagiri Institute of Medical Sciences, Bellur 571448, India
| | - Sindaghatta Krishnarao Chaya
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysore 570015, India (S.A.); (R.V.S.); (S.R.)
| | - Rekha Vaddarahalli ShankaraSetty
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysore 570015, India (S.A.); (R.V.S.); (S.R.)
| | - Medha Karnik
- Centre for Excellence in Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine (A DST-FIST Supported Center), Department of Biochemistry (A DST-FIST Supported Department), JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysore 570015, India; (M.K.)
| | - Nidhi Bansal
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysore 570015, India (S.A.); (R.V.S.); (S.R.)
| | - Sukanya Ravindran
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysore 570015, India (S.A.); (R.V.S.); (S.R.)
| | - Komarla Sundararaja Lokesh
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysore 570015, India (S.A.); (R.V.S.); (S.R.)
| | - Mikash Mohan
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysore 570015, India (S.A.); (R.V.S.); (S.R.)
| | - Mohammed Kaleem Ullah
- Centre for Excellence in Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine (A DST-FIST Supported Center), Department of Biochemistry (A DST-FIST Supported Department), JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysore 570015, India; (M.K.)
- Division of Infectious Disease and Vaccinology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Jayaraj Biligere Siddaiah
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysore 570015, India (S.A.); (R.V.S.); (S.R.)
| | - Padukudru Anand Mahesh
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysore 570015, India (S.A.); (R.V.S.); (S.R.)
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Subbappa A, Lokesh KS, Chaya SK, Kaleem Ullah M, Siddaiah JB, Bhojraj N, Mahesh PA. Unmasking the Silent Threat: Periodontal Health's Impact on COPD Severity and Hospitalization. J Pers Med 2023; 13:1714. [PMID: 38138940 PMCID: PMC10744674 DOI: 10.3390/jpm13121714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study investigated the relationship between chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and periodontitis, focusing on how periodontal health impacts COPD airflow limitation, exacerbations, and hospitalization. BACKGROUND Periodontitis, a multifactorial inflammatory disease, is characterized by destruction of tooth-supporting structures, while COPD is a global pulmonary disorder with high mortality. METHODS A total of 199 COPD patients aged over 40 years underwent lung function tests (spirometry), 6 min walk test, and St George's Respiratory Questionnaire-COPD (SGRQ-C) to assess lung health. Periodontal indices such as probing depth (PD), clinical attachment loss (CAL), and plaque index (PI) were assessed. RESULTS We found a significant negative correlation between periodontal disease severity and lung function (lower FEV1, FVC, and FEV1/FVC ratio) after adjusting for smoking. Likewise, periodontal parameters (PPD, PI, and CAL) exhibited negative correlations with lung function. These periodontal indices were independently associated with airflow limitation severity, exacerbations frequency, and prior-year hospitalization. Linear regression indicated that each unit increase in PPD, PI, and CAL corresponded to estimated increases in GOLD airflow limitation grading (0.288, 0.718, and 0.193, respectively) and number of exacerbations (0.115, 0.041, and 0.109, respectively). In logistic regression, PPD, PI, and CAL adjusted odds ratios (ORs) were estimated to increase by 1.29 (95%CI: 1.03-1.62), 3.04 (95%CI: 1.28-7.2), and 1.26 (95%CI: 1.06-1.49), respectively, for hospitalization in previous year. CONCLUSION Periodontitis is associated with COPD airflow limitation, exacerbation, and hospitalization, with PI being the most clinically relevant periodontal factor. Dentists and physicians should monitor and increase awareness among COPD patients to maintain oral hygiene for prevention of periodontal diseases and mitigate its effect on COPD progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anitha Subbappa
- Department of Periodontology, JSS Dental College & Hospital, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru 570015, India;
| | - Komarla Sundararaja Lokesh
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru 570015, India; (K.S.L.); (S.K.C.); (J.B.S.)
| | - Sindaghatta Krishnarao Chaya
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru 570015, India; (K.S.L.); (S.K.C.); (J.B.S.)
| | - Mohammed Kaleem Ullah
- Centre for Excellence in Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine (A DST-FIST Supported Center), Department of Biochemistry (A DST-FIST Supported Department), JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysore 570015, India;
- Division of Infectious Disease and Vaccinology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Jayaraj Biligere Siddaiah
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru 570015, India; (K.S.L.); (S.K.C.); (J.B.S.)
| | - Nandlal Bhojraj
- Department of Periodontology, JSS Dental College & Hospital, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru 570015, India;
| | - Padukudru Anand Mahesh
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru 570015, India; (K.S.L.); (S.K.C.); (J.B.S.)
- Special Interest Group—Environment and Respiratory Diseases, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru 570015, India
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Haswani D, Sunder Raman R, Yadav K, Dhandapani A, Iqbal J, Naresh Kumar R, Laxmi Prasad SV, Yogesh A, B M SM, Lokesh KS. Pollution characteristics and ecological risks of trace elements in PM 2.5 over three COALESCE network sites - Bhopal, Mesra, and Mysuru, India. Chemosphere 2023; 324:138203. [PMID: 36842561 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Revised: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Time-synchronized, 24 h integrated PM2.5 trace element (TE) measurements made as a part of the COALESCE project (Venkataraman et al., 2020) at Bhopal, Mesra, and Mysore during all of 2019 were analyzed in this study. The concentrations of 15 key elements ranged between 0.05 ng m-3 and 50 μg m-3 across the study sites. Pronounced seasonal variation of elements from multiple source classes showed that the crustal origin elements (Al, Si, Fe, Ti, and Ca) peaked during the pre-monsoon season, while the anthropogenic activities driven element (P, S, K, V, Mn, Cu, Zn, and Pb) concentrations increased during the winter and post-monsoon seasons. Spearman correlation coupled with hierarchical clustering separated the matrix of elements into three common clusters at all sites, corresponding to crustal sources, combustion and biomass burning emissions, and industrial/non-exhaust vehicular emissions, respectively. Furthermore, episodes of metal pollution throughout the year were examined using characteristic radar charts of TEs to identify the association between TE sources and poor air quality. For example, maximum metal pollution in Bhopal occurred during the post-monsoon season, attributable to biomass burning, dust storms, industrial and non-exhaust vehicular emissions. Finally, an ecological risk assessment revealed that the risk index was higher than the threshold value of 600 for all heavy metals at all sites. Pb, Cu, and Zn were the top contributors to 'extremely high risk' amongst all heavy metals. Overall, the results show that although TE concentrations at all three locations were much lower than in other urban locations in India, the risk from heavy metals to the ecosystem (and likely to human health) cannot be ignored. The findings warrant a full source apportionment of fine PM to better identify TE-rich source contributions and future studies to examine the atmospheric processing and eco-system uptake of TEs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diksha Haswani
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhopal, 462066, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Ramya Sunder Raman
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhopal, 462066, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Kajal Yadav
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhopal, 462066, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Abisheg Dhandapani
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi, Jharkhand, 835215, India
| | - Jawed Iqbal
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi, Jharkhand, 835215, India
| | - R Naresh Kumar
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi, Jharkhand, 835215, India
| | - S V Laxmi Prasad
- Department of Environmental Engineering, SJCE, JSS Science and Technology University, Mysuru, 570006, India
| | - Adi Yogesh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Madras, 600036, India
| | - Sadashiva Murthy B M
- Department of Environmental Engineering, SJCE, JSS Science and Technology University, Mysuru, 570006, India
| | - K S Lokesh
- Department of Environmental Engineering, SJCE, JSS Science and Technology University, Mysuru, 570006, India
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Yadav K, Sunder Raman R, Bhardwaj A, Paul D, Gupta T, Shukla D, Laxmi Prasad SV, Lokesh KS, Venkatesh P. Tracing the predominant sources of carbon in PM 2.5 using δ 13C values together with OC/EC and select inorganic ions over two COALESCE locations. Chemosphere 2022; 308:136420. [PMID: 36103921 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 08/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
As part of the COALESCE (Carbonaceous Aerosol Emissions, Source apportionment and Climate Impacts) campaign, ambient PM2.5 was collected at two regional sites (Bhopal and Mysuru) in India during 2019. We utilized organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC) and water-soluble inorganic ions together with δ13C values, to better understand total carbon (TC) sources at these locations. The annual average δ13C values (-26.2 ± 0.6‰) at Mysuru and Bhopal (-26.6 ± 0.6‰) were comparable. However, at Mysuru, except during winter, day-to-day variability was much lower (narrow range of -26.8 to -26.0‰) than that at Bhopal (range: -28.1 to -24.7‰), suggesting that TC was contributed by few sources, likely dominated by vehicular emissions. Seasonal average δ13C values at Bhopal increased slightly (-25.8 ± 0.5‰) during the winter (Jan-Feb) and decreased (-27.0 ± 0.3‰) during the monsoon (Jun-Sep) season compared to the annual average. The decrease in δ13C values during the monsoon season was likely driven by enhanced secondary organic aerosol formation. Further, based on MODIS derived fire spots and back trajectories, we infered that the δ13C values (-27.5 to -26.0‰) in Bhopal during the post-monsoon season (Oct-Dec) were indicative of dominant biomass burning contributions. The inorganic ions/TC ratio during this season suggested that biomass burning aerosol was aged and may have been transported from crop residue burning in the Indo-Gangetic plains. At Mysuru, like the trend at Bhopal, the δ13C values during the monsoon season were lower than those during the winter season. Finally, δ13C values were input to a Bayesian model-MixSIAR to demonstrate the usefulness of such models in apportioning TC. In its simplest implementation, the model separated TC sources into fossil fuel emissions and non-fossil fuel sources . Fossil fuel combustion emissions accounted for 47 ± 19% and 62 ± 22% of the TC at Bhopal and Mysuru, respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kajal Yadav
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhopal 462066, India
| | - Ramya Sunder Raman
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhopal 462066, India.
| | - Ankur Bhardwaj
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhopal 462066, India
| | - Debajyoti Paul
- Department of Earth Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, India
| | - Tarun Gupta
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, India
| | - Deeksha Shukla
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhopal 462066, India
| | - S V Laxmi Prasad
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Sri Jayachamarajendra College of Engineering Mysuru 570006, India
| | - K S Lokesh
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Sri Jayachamarajendra College of Engineering Mysuru 570006, India
| | - Prabhavathi Venkatesh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Insitutue of Technology Madras, Madras 600036, India
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Lokesh KS, Rao AA, Chaya SK, Jayaraj BS, Praveena AS, Krishna M, Madhivanan P, Padukudru Anand M. Associations of Vitamin D, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and acute exacerbations of COPD with anxiety and depression: a nested case control study. Wellcome Open Res 2022. [DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.17439.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Lower vitamin D levels have not only been associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), exacerbations and lower lung functions, but also with anxiety and depression. We examined the associations of severity of anxiety and depression using HAM-A (Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale) and HAM-D (Hamilton Depression Rating Scale) scores with COPD and vitamin D levels. Methods: Observational nested case control study was conducted in MUDHRA cohort. One hundred COPD subjects and 100 age- gender- matched non-COPD subjects (controls) underwent evaluation of socioeconomic status, respiratory symptoms, spirometry, severity of anxiety and depression, six minute walk test and estimation of serum vitamin D levels. Independent association of low vitamin D levels with severity of anxiety and depression was assessed by logistic regression. Results: COPD group had higher mean±SD anxiety and depression scores (HAM-A 8.0±3.5, HAM-D 8.72±4) compared to control group (HAM-A 4.51±2.2, HAM-D 4.3±2). The COPD group had 53 subjects with mild/moderate anxiety/depression whereas control group had 16 subjects with mild/moderate anxiety/depression. In COPD group, subjects with mild/moderate anxiety/depression had lower vitamin D levels compared to subjects with no/minimal anxiety/depression, while the difference in control group was not significant. In logistic regression, anxiety and depression levels had independent association with vitamin D levels, lung function variables, six-minute walk distance and presence of COPD. In COPD subgroup, anxiety and depression levels had independent association with breathlessness, GOLD FEV1 staging, CAT score, SGRQ-C Symptom score and exacerbation of COPD. Conclusions: Greater proportion of COPD subjects suffer from anxiety and depression as compared to subjects without COPD. Severity of anxiety and depression was greater in COPD subjects. Poorer lung functions, higher respiratory symptoms and lower vitamin D levels are associated with higher levels of anxiety and depression in COPD subjects. There is an urgent need to recognise anxiety and depression in COPD patients.
Collapse
|
7
|
Veerapaneni VV, Upadhyay S, Thimraj TA, Siddaiah JB, Krishnarao CS, Lokesh KS, Thimmulappa R, Palmberg L, Ganguly K, Anand MP. Circulating Secretoglobin Family 1A Member 1 (SCGB1A1) Levels as a Marker of Biomass Smoke Induced Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Toxics 2021; 9:toxics9090208. [PMID: 34564359 PMCID: PMC8472904 DOI: 10.3390/toxics9090208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Secretoglobin family 1A member 1 (SCGB1A1) alternatively known as club cell protein 16 is a protective pneumo-protein. Decreased serum levels of SCGB1A1 have been associated with tobacco smoke induced chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (TS-COPD). Exposure to biomass smoke (BMS) is an important COPD risk factor among women in low and lower-middle income countries. Therefore, in a cross-sectional study (n = 50/group; total 200 subjects) we assessed serum SCGB1A1 levels in BMS-COPD subjects (11 male, 39 female) compared to TS-COPD (all male) along with TS-CONTROL (asymptomatic smokers, all male) and healthy controls (29 male, 21 female) in an Indian population. Normal and chronic bronchitis like bronchial mucosa models developed at the air–liquid interface using human primary bronchial epithelial cells (3 donors, and three replicates per donor) were exposed to cigarette smoke condensate (CSC; 0.25, 0.5, and 1%) to assess SCGB1A1 transcript expression and protein secretion. Significantly (p < 0.0001) decreased serum SCGB1A1 concentrations (median, interquartile range, ng/mL) were detected in both BMS-COPD (1.6; 1.3–2.4) and TS-COPD (1.8; 1.4–2.5) subjects compared to TS-CONTROL (3.3; 2.9–3.5) and healthy controls (5.1; 4.5–7.2). The levels of SCGB1A1 were positively correlated (r = 0.7–0.8; p < 0.0001) with forced expiratory volume in 1 s, forced vital capacity, their ratios, and exercise capacity. The findings are also consistent within the BMS-COPD sub-group as well. Significantly (p < 0.03) decreased SCGB1A1 concentrations were detected with severity of COPD, dyspnea, quality of life, and mortality indicators. In vitro studies demonstrated significantly (p < 0.05) decreased SCGB1A1 transcript and/or protein levels following CSC exposure. Circulating SCGB1A1 levels may therefore also be considered as a potent marker of BMS-COPD and warrant studies in larger independent cohorts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Vardhan Veerapaneni
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, JSS Medical College and Hospital, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru 570015, India; (V.V.V.); (J.B.S.); (C.S.K.); (K.S.L.)
| | - Swapna Upadhyay
- Unit of Integrative Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Medicine (IMM), Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden; (S.U.); (T.A.T.); (L.P.)
| | - Tania A. Thimraj
- Unit of Integrative Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Medicine (IMM), Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden; (S.U.); (T.A.T.); (L.P.)
| | - Jayaraj Biligere Siddaiah
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, JSS Medical College and Hospital, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru 570015, India; (V.V.V.); (J.B.S.); (C.S.K.); (K.S.L.)
| | - Chaya Sindaghatta Krishnarao
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, JSS Medical College and Hospital, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru 570015, India; (V.V.V.); (J.B.S.); (C.S.K.); (K.S.L.)
| | - Komarla Sundararaja Lokesh
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, JSS Medical College and Hospital, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru 570015, India; (V.V.V.); (J.B.S.); (C.S.K.); (K.S.L.)
| | - Rajesh Thimmulappa
- Department of Biochemistry, JSS Medical College and Hospital, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru 570015, India;
| | - Lena Palmberg
- Unit of Integrative Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Medicine (IMM), Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden; (S.U.); (T.A.T.); (L.P.)
| | - Koustav Ganguly
- Unit of Integrative Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Medicine (IMM), Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden; (S.U.); (T.A.T.); (L.P.)
- Correspondence: (K.G.); (M.P.A.)
| | - Mahesh Padukudru Anand
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, JSS Medical College and Hospital, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru 570015, India; (V.V.V.); (J.B.S.); (C.S.K.); (K.S.L.)
- Correspondence: (K.G.); (M.P.A.)
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Parthasarathi A, Shankar M, Madhivanan P, Lokesh KS, Undela K, Krishna MT, Mahesh PA. Determinants of Tobacco Use and Nicotine Dependence Among Healthcare
Students and Their Undergraduate Peers. CRMR 2021. [DOI: 10.2174/1573398x17666210713163954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Global estimates suggest that tobacco will account for 8 million deaths
per year by 2030. The Global Adult Tobacco Survey (2016-17) reported that more than half of men
and one in ten women aged 15 years and above smoke in India.
Introduction:
Health science courses students (HCS), being the future of our health care system,
are expected to be more knowledgeable regarding the hazards of tobacco and are considered less
likely to use it compared to their peers (non-HCS) from other fields. The aim of the study is to determine
the prevalence and determinants of tobacco use and levels of nicotine dependence amongst
HCS and non-HCS students.
Methods:
Web-based survey (response rate of 72%) employing Global Youth Tobacco Survey
(GYTS) and Fagerström standardized questionnaires (n = 4770 [21.5 (SD: ± 1.61) years: 62%
male] was filled by HCS (43.5%) and non-HCS (56.3%) students from three universities. A descriptive,
comparative and multivariate analysis was performed.
Results:
Half of non-HCS and a third of HCS used tobacco, with a higher proportion of male users
in both groups. 70% of overall participants showed ‘low nicotine dependence’ with a higher proportion
of ‘high dependence’ within the non-HCS group (13.89% vs. 9.2%). There were crucial differences
in specific determinants and ages of initiation of tobacco use between the two groups.
Conclusion:
Tobacco use in HCS, apart from personal health risks, may potentially affect their future
commitment to support patients in tobacco cessation programs. There is a need for further research
into tobacco prevention and cessation programs tailored to the needs of student groups
based on the determinants affecting them.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Malavika Shankar
- Subbaiah Institute of Medical Sciences, Shimoga, Karnataka, India
| | - Purnima Madhivanan
- Department of Health Promotion Sciences, the
University of Arizona Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | | | - Krishna Undela
- Department of Pharmacy Practice National Institute
of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) Guwahati, India
| | - Mamidipudi Thirumala Krishna
- University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation
Trust, Institute of Immunology & Immunotherapy and Institute of Clinical Sciences, University of Birmingham,
Birmingham, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Lokesh KS, Chaya SK, Jayaraj BS, Praveena AS, Krishna M, Madhivanan P, Mahesh PA. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and exacerbation of COPD. Clin Respir J 2021; 15:389-399. [PMID: 33217151 PMCID: PMC8043964 DOI: 10.1111/crj.13310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Low Vitamin D levels have been associated with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and acute exacerbations. OBJECTIVES There is a paucity of data on Vitamin D and COPD, its severity and exacerbations in populations that are exposed to sunlight regularly with high levels of physical activity most of their lives. METHODS Serum levels of 25-OH-Vitamin-D were assessed in 100 COPD subjects and 100 age- and gender-matched controls from the rural community-based MUDHRA cohort in South India. Levels of <20 ng/mL were defined as Vitamin D deficiency. Smoking habits, occupation, Charlson co-morbidity index, Standard of living index(SLI), body mass index(BMI), 6-minute walking distance were examined for associations with logistic regression between controls and COPD subjects. Unconditional logistic regression was used to examine the association with exacerbation of COPD. RESULTS Vitamin D deficiency was observed in 64.5% (95%CI 57.7-70.8) of the subjects in spite of regular exposure to sunlight. Subjects with COPD had higher risk of Vitamin D deficiency (Adjusted OR: 5.05; 95%CI 1.4-17.8) as compared to controls. Amongst subjects with COPD, Vitamin D deficient subjects were three times more likely to have exacerbations in the previous year (Adjusted OR:3.51; 95%CI 1.27-9.67) as compared to COPD subjects without Vitamin D deficiency. Levels of Vitamin D <20.81 ng/mL and <18.45 ng/mL had the highest levels of combined sensitivity and specificity for COPD and acute exacerbation of COPD (AECOPD) respectively. CONCLUSION In a rural population exposed to sunlight many hours a day throughout their lives, low Vitamin D levels were associated with COPD and exacerbations of COPD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Komarla Sundararaja Lokesh
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, JSS Medical College and Hospital, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research (JSSAHER), Mysuru, India
| | - Sindaghatta Krishnarao Chaya
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, JSS Medical College and Hospital, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research (JSSAHER), Mysuru, India
| | - Biligere Siddaiah Jayaraj
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, JSS Medical College and Hospital, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research (JSSAHER), Mysuru, India
| | | | - Murali Krishna
- Foundation for Research and Advocacy in Mental Health, Mysuru, India
- Faculty of Health and Social Care, Edgehill University, Lancashire, United Kingdom
| | - Purnima Madhivanan
- Department of Health Promotion Sciences, Mel & Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
- Public Health Research Institute of India, Mysuru, India
| | - Padukudru Anand Mahesh
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, JSS Medical College and Hospital, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research (JSSAHER), Mysuru, India
- Public Health Research Institute of India, Mysuru, India
- Lead, Special Interest Group - Environment and Respiratory Diseases, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru, India
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Prabha A, Lokesh KS, Chaya SK, Jayaraj BS, Malamardi S, Subbarao MVSST, Beck SC, Krishna MT, Mahesh PA. Pilot study investigating diagnostic utility of serum MMP-1 and TGF-β1 in asthma in 'real world' clinical practice in India. J Clin Pathol 2021; 75:222-225. [PMID: 33597224 DOI: 10.1136/jclinpath-2020-206821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
AIMS At a tissue level, matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) and transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-β1) contribute to allergic airway inflammation, tissue remodelling and disease severity in asthma via different pathways. Their peripheral blood levels and role in diagnosis and therapeutic monitoring has not been adequately explored. We investigated the association between MMP-1 and TGF-β in moderate and severe persistent asthma and evaluated their performance characteristics by constructing receiver operating characteristic curves. METHODS Serum MMP-1 and TGF-β1 were measured using ELISA in 75 adults; moderate persistent asthma (n=25), severe persistent asthma (n=25) and healthy community controls (n=25). Severity of asthma was determined as per Global Initiative for Asthma guidelines. Subjects were followed up for 3 months and treatment responsiveness was assessed by spirometry and symptom response. RESULTS Serum MMP-1 and TGF-β1 were significantly elevated in asthmatics compared with controls (p<0.0001 and p<0.01). While serum MMP-1 was elevated in severe asthma compared with moderate asthma (p<0.05), TGF-β1 was lower in severe asthma compared with moderate asthma (p<0.05). The performance characteristics of serum MMP-1 and TGF-β1 were promising in this cohort with sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) of 82%, 100%, 100% and 99% and 62%, 100%, 100% and 97.8%, respectively; sensitivity of MMP-1 being superior. CONCLUSION This pilot study showed that serum MMP-1 and TGF-β1 levels are elevated in chronic asthma and may serve as a useful adjunct in differentiating moderate from severe asthma. A large multicentre study in well characterised cohort of asthmatics is warranted to investigate their role in diagnosis and therapeutic monitoring.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aswani Prabha
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research (JSSAHER), Mysore, Karnataka, India
| | - Komarla Sundararaja Lokesh
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research (JSSAHER), Mysore, Karnataka, India
| | - S K Chaya
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research (JSSAHER), Mysore, Karnataka, India
| | - B S Jayaraj
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research (JSSAHER), Mysore, Karnataka, India
| | - Sowmya Malamardi
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research (JSSAHER), Mysore, Karnataka, India
| | - M V S S T Subbarao
- Department of Biochemistry, JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research (JSSAHER), Mysore, Karnataka, India
| | - Sarah C Beck
- Department of Allergy and Immunology, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Mamidipudi Thirumala Krishna
- Department of Allergy and Immunology, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK.,Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Padukudru Anand Mahesh
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research (JSSAHER), Mysore, Karnataka, India .,Special Interest Group - Environment and Respiratory Diseases, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research (JSSAHER), Mysore, Karnataka, India
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Sindaghatta Krishnarao C, Maheshwarappa M, Thippeswamy T, Siddaiah JB, Lokesh KS, Mahesh PA. Risk Factors Associated with Development of Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension and Corpulmonale in Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. CRMR 2020. [DOI: 10.2174/1573398x15666191018151526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease is an important cause of morbidity
and mortality globally. The onset of pulmonary hypertension and corpulmonale is associated with
decreased survival in patients with COPD.
Objective:
To assess risk factors associated with the development of pulmonary hypertension and
corpulmonale and to identify high-risk phenotypes who may need early evaluation and intervention.
Methods:
Consecutive adult patients with COPD were evaluated for factors influencing the
development of pulmonary hypertension and corpulmonale which included symptomatology,
hospitalization in the previous year, MMRC dyspnea grade, SGRQ score, 6 minute walk test, ABG,
CRP, spirometry and echocardiography.
Results:
We found Pulmonary Hypertension in 36(30%) patients and 27(22.5%) had corpulmonale.
On multivariate analysis, we found PaO2 ≤75 mm Hg and six minute walk test <80% predicted to be
significantly associated with the development of Pulmonary hypertension and we found
hospitalization in the previous year to be significantly and independently associated with the
development of corpulmonale.
Conclusion:
We observed hospitalization in the previous year was an independent risk factor for the
development of corpulmonale and six-minute walk test <80% predicted, PaO2 <75 mm Hg were
independent risk factors for the development of pulmonary hypertension.
Collapse
|
12
|
Vishweswaraiah S, Thimraj TA, George L, Krishnarao CS, Lokesh KS, Siddaiah JB, Larsson K, Upadhyay S, Palmberg L, Anand MP, Ganguly K. Putative Systemic Biomarkers of Biomass Smoke-Induced Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease among Women in a Rural South Indian Population. Dis Markers 2018; 2018:4949175. [PMID: 30595762 PMCID: PMC6282129 DOI: 10.1155/2018/4949175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Revised: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Exposure to biomass smoke (BMS) has been implicated in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). About 3 billion people worldwide use biomass fuel for cooking and heating. Women in rural communities of low- and lower-middle-income countries are disproportionately exposed to massive amounts of BMS during active cooking hours (4-6 h/day). Therefore, BMS exposure is considered as a risk factor for COPD in the same order of magnitude as tobacco smoke. In rural India, due to cultural reasons, women are the primary cook of the family and are mostly nonsmokers. Thus, BMS-induced COPD is predominant among rural Indian women. However, BMS-COPD remains a relatively unexplored health problem globally. Therefore, we investigated the serum chemokine and cytokine signatures of BMS-COPD and tobacco smoke-induced COPD (TS-COPD) patients compared to their control in a rural South Indian population for this field study. METHODS Concentrations of 40 serum chemokines and cytokines were measured using a multiplexed immunoassay. The study cohort consisted of BMS-COPD (female; n = 29) and BMS-exposed subjects without COPD (BMS-CONTROL; female; n = 24). For comparison, data from TS-COPD patients (male, n = 23) and tobacco smokers without COPD (TS-CONTROL; male, n = 22) were investigated. Subjects were matched for age, sex, and biomass exposure. Tobacco consumption was slightly higher in TS-COPD subjects compared to TS-CONTROL. BMS-exposed and TS-exposed subjects (currently exposed) were from the same locality with similar dwelling habits and socioeconomic status. A validated structured questionnaire-based survey and spirometry was performed. An additional control group with no tobacco and BMS exposure (TS-BMS-CONTROL; n = 15) was included. Statistical significance was set at p ≤ 0.01. RESULTS Serum median concentrations (pg/ml) of CCL15 [8799.35; 5977.22], CCL27 [1409.14; 1024.99], and CXCL13 [37.14; 26.03] were significantly higher in BMS-CONTROL compared to BMS-COPD subjects. Nine analytes exhibited higher concentrations in TS-CONTROL compared to TS-COPD subjects. Comparison of chemokine and cytokine concentrations among BMS-COPD versus TS-COPD and BMS-CONTROL versus TS-CONTROL subjects also revealed distinct molecular signatures. CONCLUSION Our data identifies CCL27 and CXCL13 as putative, plausibly homeostatic/protective biomarkers for BMS-COPD within the investigated population that warrants validation in larger and multiple cohorts. The findings further indicate exposure-specific systemic response of chemokines and cytokines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sangeetha Vishweswaraiah
- SRM Research Institute, SRM Institute of Science and Technology (Formerly SRM University), Chennai 603203, India
| | - Tania Ahalya Thimraj
- SRM Research Institute, SRM Institute of Science and Technology (Formerly SRM University), Chennai 603203, India
| | - Leema George
- SRM Research Institute, SRM Institute of Science and Technology (Formerly SRM University), Chennai 603203, India
| | - Chaya Sindaghatta Krishnarao
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, JSS Medical College and Hospital, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru, India
| | - Komarla Sundararaja Lokesh
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, JSS Medical College and Hospital, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru, India
| | - Jayaraj Biligere Siddaiah
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, JSS Medical College and Hospital, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru, India
| | - Kjell Larsson
- Work Environment Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Box 287, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Swapna Upadhyay
- Work Environment Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Box 287, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lena Palmberg
- Work Environment Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Box 287, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mahesh Padukudru Anand
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, JSS Medical College and Hospital, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru, India
| | - Koustav Ganguly
- SRM Research Institute, SRM Institute of Science and Technology (Formerly SRM University), Chennai 603203, India
- Work Environment Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Box 287, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Mahesh PA, Lokesh KS, Madhivanan P, Chaya SK, Jayaraj BS, Ganguly K, Krishna M. The Mysuru stUdies of Determinants of Health in Rural Adults (MUDHRA), India. Epidemiol Health 2018; 40:e2018027. [PMID: 30056645 PMCID: PMC6178363 DOI: 10.4178/epih.e2018027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Between 2006 and 2010, in 16 randomly selected villages in rural areas of Mysore district, in south India, 8,457 subjects aged 30 and above were screened for symptoms of chronic respiratory disease. Of the 8,457 subjects, 1,692 were randomly invited for further evaluation of lung function and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) by spirometry, and 1,085 of these subjects underwent lung function assessments for prevalent COPD and its risk factors. These 1,085 subjects, who were then aged between 35 and 80 years, constituted the Mysuru stUdies of Determinants of Health in Rural Adults (MUDHRA) cohort. Among other findings, threshold of biomass fuel smoke exposure suitable for use as a dichotomous risk factor for the diagnosis of chronic bronchitis was established, with a minimum biomass smoke exposure index of 60 found to be significantly associated with an elevated risk of developing chronic bronchitis. Five years later (between 2014 and 2016), 869 of the 1,085 participants were followed up with repeat lung function assessments for incident COPD and all-cause mortality. A subset of these participants (n=200) underwent blood tests for vitamin D levels, antioxidant activity, an assessment for anxiety and depression, and another subset (n=98) underwent a bioplex assay for 40 serum cytokines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Padukudru Anand Mahesh
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, JSS Medical College and Hospital, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru, India
| | - Komarla Sundararaja Lokesh
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, JSS Medical College and Hospital, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru, India
| | - Purnima Madhivanan
- Department of Epidemiology, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA.,Public Health Research Institute of India, Mysuru, India
| | - Sindaghatta Krishnarao Chaya
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, JSS Medical College and Hospital, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru, India
| | - Biligere Siddaiah Jayaraj
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, JSS Medical College and Hospital, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru, India
| | - Koustav Ganguly
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Murali Krishna
- Foundation for Research and Advocacy in Mental Health, Mysuru, India.,Faculty of Health and Social Care, Edgehill University, Lancashire, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Mahendra M, Jayaraj BS, Lokesh KS, Chaya SK, Veerapaneni VV, Limaye S, Dhar R, Swarnakar R, Ambalkar S, Mahesh PA. Antibiotic Prescription, Organisms and its Resistance Pattern in Patients Admitted to Respiratory ICU with Respiratory Infection in Mysuru. Indian J Crit Care Med 2018; 22:223-230. [PMID: 29743760 PMCID: PMC5930525 DOI: 10.4103/ijccm.ijccm_409_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim of Study: Respiratory infections account for significant morbidity, mortality and expenses to patients getting admitted to ICU. Antibiotic resistance is a major worldwide concern in ICU, including India. It is important to know the antibiotic prescribing pattern in ICU, organisms and its resistance pattern as there is sparse data on Indian ICUs. Materials and Methods: We conducted a prospective study from August 2015 to February 2016. All patients getting admitted to RICU with respiratory infection who were treated with antibiotics were included into study. Demographic details, comorbidities, Clinco-pathological score (CPI) on day1 and 2 of admission, duration of ICU admission, number of antibiotics used, antibiotic prescription, antimicrobial resistance pattern of patients were collected using APRISE questionnaire. Results: During study period 352 patients were screened and 303 patients were included into study. Mean age was 56.05±16.37 and 190 (62.70%) were men. Most common diagnosis was Pneumonia (66%). Piperacillin-tazobactam was most common empirical antibiotic used. We found 60% resistance to piperacillin-tazobactam. Acinetobacter baumanii was the most common organism isolated (29.2%) and was highly resistant to Carbapenem (60%). Klebsiella pneumoniae was resistant to Amikacin (45%), piperacillin (55%) and Ceftazidime (50%). Conclusion: Piperacillin-tazobactam was the most common antibiotic prescribed to patients with respiratory infection admitted to ICU. More than half of patients (60%) had resistance to the empirical antibiotic used in our ICU, highlighting the need for antibiogram for each ICU. Thirty six percent of patient had prior antibiotic use and had mainly gram negative organisms with high resistance to commonly used antibiotics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Mahendra
- Pulmonary Medicine, Shimoga Institute of Medical Sciences, Shivamogga, India
| | - B S Jayaraj
- Pulmonary Medicine, JSS Medical College, JSS University, Mysore, Karnataka, India
| | - K S Lokesh
- Pulmonary Medicine, JSS Medical College, JSS University, Mysore, Karnataka, India
| | - S K Chaya
- Pulmonary Medicine, JSS Medical College, JSS University, Mysore, Karnataka, India
| | | | - Sneha Limaye
- Respiratory Research Network of India, Chest Research Foundation, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Raja Dhar
- Pulmonary Medicine, Fortis Hospital, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Rajesh Swarnakar
- Pulmonary Medicine, Getwell Hospital and Research Institute, Dhantoli, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India
| | - Shrikant Ambalkar
- Department of Clinical Microbiology & Infection, King's Mill Hospital, Sherwood Forest Hospitals NHS Trust, Sutton in Ashfield, Nottinghamshire NG17 4JL, UK
| | - P A Mahesh
- Pulmonary Medicine, JSS Medical College, JSS University, Mysore, Karnataka, India
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Patgaonkar RS, Vethamony P, Lokesh KS, Babu MT. Residence time of pollutants discharged in the Gulf of Kachchh, northwestern Arabian Sea. Mar Pollut Bull 2012; 64:1659-1666. [PMID: 22732143 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2012.05.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2012] [Revised: 05/17/2012] [Accepted: 05/21/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
A 2D Hydrodynamic-Particle Analysis model was applied to the Gulf of Kachchh (GoK) to estimate the residence time of pollutants. The tidal currents in the Gulf have a strong E-W component, which prevents the material in the north being transported towards south. In the regions situated very close to the open boundary, where the GoK waters exchange freely with the northern Arabian Sea, dilution takes place rapidly with the incoming waters and hence, the residence time is on the order of 1 day. Influence of eddies and a dynamic barrier across the Sikka-Mundra section on the residence time is apparent. Eastern GoK shows a relatively large residence time, on the order of 2-4 days, warranting caution while releasing industrial wastes in the northeastern Gulf. The region around location-5 behaves like a bay; the dissolved matter gets trapped in this bay and the residence time increases by 3-4 days.
Collapse
|
16
|
Krishna BM, Murthy U, Kumar BM, Lokesh KS. Investigation of the electrochemical treatment for distillery wastewater. J Environ Sci Eng 2011; 53:191-194. [PMID: 23033702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The treatability study of distillery wastewater by electrochemical (EC) oxidation technique as pretreatment has been carried out. Batch experiments were conducted using stainless steel plates as electrodes to assess the effects of operating parameters such as pH, electrolysis duration (ED) and current density (CD). The EC treatment removed 58% COD at current density 0.12 A cm(-2) and at wastewater pH 3 with 120 min of ED. The BOD to COD ratio increased from 0.25 to 0.76 indicating considerable improvement in wastewater biodegradability. The maximum anodic efficiency and minimum energy consumption observed were 7.44 kg COD h(-1) A(-1) m(-2) and 0.19 kWh kg(-1) COD respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B M Krishna
- Department of Civil Engineering, UVCE, Bangalore University, JB Campus, Bangalore-560 056, India.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Lokesh KS, Shivaraj Y, Dayananda BP, Chandra S. Synthesis of phthalocyanine stabilized rhodium nanoparticles and their application in biosensing of cytochrome c. Bioelectrochemistry 2009; 75:104-9. [PMID: 19303822 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2009.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2008] [Revised: 01/12/2009] [Accepted: 02/16/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A single step synthesis route is described for the preparation of rhodium nanoparticles using a cobalt aminophthalocyanine macrocyclic complex as a stabilizer. The results of nanoparticles characterization using electronic absorption, Raman and X-ray spectroscopes as well as transmission electron microscopy are reported. Rhodium nanoparticle modified electrode behavior as examined by cyclic and differential pulse voltammetry is also provided. The nanoparticles were found to be well dispersed and stabilized throughout the macromolecular matrix. TEM studies showed that they have an average diameter of 3 to 5 nm with spherical shape. The colloidal rhodium was then used for electrochemical sensing of cytochrome c using glassy carbon electrode. The results showed that the colloidal rhodium nanoparticles enhanced the electron transfer process between cytochrome c and the electrode. Differential pulse voltammetric measurements of cytochrome c at the colloidal rhodium nanoparticles modified glassy carbon electrode showed a linear relationship with the oxidation peak currents in the concentration range of 100 nM to 3 microM of cytochrome c.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K S Lokesh
- Govt. Science College, Hassan, Karnataka, India.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Abhijit D, Lokesh KS, Bejankiwar RS, Gowda TPH. Electrochemical oxidation of pharmaceutical effluent using cast iron electrode. J Environ Sci Eng 2005; 47:21-4. [PMID: 16669330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical oxidation of low (BOD/COD) ratio pharmaceutical wastewater was investigated in this study, using cast iron electrode. The batch experimental results were assessed in terms of COD and BOD concentration while the recalcitrance was monitored in terms of change in the (BOD/COD) ratio during the process. The effects of operating parameters like pH, electrolysis duration and current density were studied on the treatment efficiency and their operating ranges were experimentally determined. The efficiency and energy consumption of anode were estimated. Cast iron electrode has been found to be effective in removing 72% COD after 2hours of electrolysis. In particular, it was found that the (BOD/COD) ratio had improved from 0.18 to 0.3 after 120 min. of electrolysis indicating improvement of biodegradability of wastewater. It has been found, the pharmaceutical wastewater could be effectively pretreated by anodic oxidation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deshpande Abhijit
- Dept. of Environmental Engineering, S.J. College of Engineering Mysore-570 006, Karnataka State, India.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Bejankiwar RS, Lokesh KS, Gowda TPH. Colour and organic removal of biologically treated coffee curing wastewater by electrochemical oxidation method. J Environ Sci (China) 2003; 15:323-327. [PMID: 12938980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The treatment of biologically treated wastewater of coffee-curing industry by the electrochemical oxidation using steel anode was investigated. Bench-scale experiments were conducted for activated sludge process on raw wastewater and the treated effluents were further treated by electrochemical oxidation method for its colour and organic content removal. The efficiency of the process was determined in terms of removal percentage of COD, BOD and colour during the course of reaction. Several operating parameters like time, pH and current density were examined to ascertain their effects on the treatment efficiency. Steel anode was found to be effective for the COD and colour removal with anode efficiency of 0.118 kgCOD x h(-1) x A(-1) x m(-2) and energy consumption 20.61 kWh x kg(-1) of COD at pH 9. The decrease in pH from 9 to 3 found to increase the anode efficiency from 0.118 kgCOD x h(-1) x A(-1) x m(-2) to 0.144 kWh x kg(-1) of COD while decrease the energy consumption from 20.61 kWh x kg(-1) of COD to 12.86 kWh x kg(-1) of COD. The pH of 5 was considered an ideal from the present treatment process as it avoids the addition of chemicals for neutralization of treated effluents and also economical with respect to energy consumption. An empirical relation developed for relationship between applied current density and COD removal efficiency showed strong predictive capability with coefficient of determination of 96.5%.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh S Bejankiwar
- Department of Environmental Engineering, S. J. College of Engineering, Mysore-570023, Karnataka State, India.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|