Menopause Awareness, Symptoms Assessment and Menqol Among Bahrain Women

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Crystal structures of salen-type ligands 2-[(1E)-({1-(3-chloro-phen-yl)-2-[(E)-(2-hy-droxy-benzyl-idene)amino]-prop-yl}imino)-meth-yl]phenol and 2-[(1E)-({1-(4-chloro-phen-yl)-2-[(E)-(2-hy-droxy-benzyl-idene)amino]-prop-yl}imino)-meth-yl]phenol

The title compounds are differing only by the position of the chlorine atom in the benzene ring. The mol­ecular structures are very similar, except for the relative position of the hy­droxy­phenyl rings.

The title compounds, C₂₃H₂₁ClN₂O₂, differ from each other only by the position of the Cl atom on the corresponding benzene ring: meta relative to the central sp³ C atom for (I) and para for (II). In (I), the hy­droxy­phenyl rings are almost parallel, the dihedral angle between the mean planes being 9.2 (2)°, but in (II), the relative position of the ring is different, characterized by a dihedral angle of 48.5 (1)°. Compound (I) features intra­molecular O—H⋯N and inter­molecular C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds, while in (II), intra­molecular O—H⋯N, C—H⋯N hydrogen bonds and weak inter­molecular C—H⋯π inter­actions are observed. Compound (I) was refined as an inversion twin.

Structural, optical, thermal and mechanical properties of Urea tartaric acid single crystals

Urea tartaric acid (UT) an organic nonlinear optical (NLO) material was synthesized from aqueous solution and the crystals were grown by the slow evaporation technique. The single crystal X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis revealed that the UT crystal belongs to the orthorhombic system. The functional groups of UT have been identified by the Fourier transform infrared spectral studies. The optical transparent window in the visible and near the IR regions was investigated. The transmittance of UT has been used to calculate the refractive index (n) as a function of the wavelength. The nonlinear optical property of the grown crystal has been confirmed by the Kurtz powder second harmonic generation test. The birefringence of the crystal was determined using a tungsten halogen lamp source. The laser induced surface damage threshold for the grown crystal was measured using the Nd:YAG laser. The anisotropic in mechanical property of the grown crystals was studied using Vicker's microhardness tester at different planes. The etch pit density of UT crystals was investigated. The thermal behavior of UT was investigated using the TG-DTA and DSC studies.

Crystal structure of (E)-1-([1,1'-biphen-yl]-4-yl)-3-(3-nitro-phen-yl)prop-2-en-1-one

In the title compound, C21H15NO3, the mol-ecule has an E conformation about the C=C bond, and the C-C=C-C torsion angle is -178.24 (18)°. In the mol-ecule, the planes of the terminal rings are twisted by an angle of 42.19 (10)°, while the biphenyl part is not planar, with a dihedral angle between the rings of 39.2 (1)°. The dihedral angle between the nitro-phenyl ring and the inner benzene ring is 5.56 (9)°. The 3-nitro group is approximately coplanar with the benzene ring to which it is attached [O-N-C-C = 0.1 (3)°]. In the crystal, mol-ecules are linked via C-H⋯π inter-actions, involving the terminal benzene rings, forming corrugated layers parallel to (100).

Crystal structure of (E)-1-(4'-methyl-[1,1'-biphen-yl]-4-yl)-3-(3-nitro-phen-yl)prop-2-en-1-one

In the title compound, C22H17NO3, the mol-ecule has an E conformation about the C=C bond, and the C-C=C-C torsion angle is -177.7 (3)°. The planes of the terminal benzene rings are twisted by 41.62 (16)°, while the biphenyl unit is non-planar, the dihedral angle between the planes of the rings being 38.02 (15)°. The dihedral angle between the nitro-phenyl ring and the inner benzene ring is 5.29 (16)°. In the crystal, mol-ecules are linked by two weak C-H⋯π inter-actions, forming rectangular tubes propagating along the b-axis direction.

Crystal structure of (E)-1-(4'-meth-oxy-[1,1'-biphen-yl]-4-yl)-3-(3-nitro-phen-yl)prop-2-en-1-one

The title compound, C22H17NO4, crystallizes with two independent mol-ecules (A and B) in the asymmetric unit. Each mol-ecule exists as an E isomer with C-C=C-C torsion angles of -175.69 (17) and -178.41 (17)° in A and B, respectively. In mol-ecule A, the planes of the terminal benzene rings are twisted by an angle of 26.67 (10)°, while the biphenyl unit is non-planar, the dihedral angle between the rings being 30.81 (10)°. The dihedral angle between the nitro-phenyl ring and the inner phenyl ring is 6.50 (9)°. The corresponding values in mol-ecule B are 60.61 (9), 31.07 (8) and 31.05 (9)°. In the crystal, mol-ecules are arranged in a head-to-head manner, with the 3-nitro-phenyl groups nearly parallel to one another. The A and B mol-ecules are linked to one another via C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds, forming chains lying parallel to (-320) and enclosing R 2 (2)(10) and R 2 (2)(12) ring motifs. The meth-oxy group in both mol-ecules is positionally disordered with a refined occupancy ratio of 0.979 (4):0.021 (4) for mol-ecule A and 0.55 (4):0.45 (4) for mol-ecule B.

Transparent magnesium aluminate spinel: a prospective biomaterial for esthetic orthodontic brackets

Adult orthodontics is recently gaining popularity due to its importance in esthetics, oral and general health. However, none of the currently available alumina or zirconia based ceramic orthodontic brackets meet the esthetic demands of adult patients. Inherent hexagonal lattice structure and associated birefringence limits the visible light transmission in polycrystalline alumina and make them appear white and non transparent. Hence focus of the present study was to assess the feasibility of using magnesium aluminate (MgAl2O4) spinel; a member of the transparent ceramic family for esthetic orthodontic brackets. Transparent spinel specimens were developed from commercially available white spinel powder through colloidal shaping followed by pressureless sintering and hot isostatic pressing at optimum conditions of temperature and pressure. Samples were characterized for chemical composition, phases, density, hardness, flexural strength, fracture toughness and optical transmission. Biocompatibility was evaluated with in-vitro cell line experiments for cytotoxicity, apoptosis and genotoxicity. Results showed that transparent spinel samples had requisite physico-chemical, mechanical, optical and excellent biocompatibility for fabricating orthodontic brackets. Transparent spinel developed through this method demonstrated its possibility as a prospective biomaterial for developing esthetic orthodontic brackets.

Case series of skin adnexal tumours

BACKGROUND

Skin adnexal tumours (SATs) are a large and diverse group of benign and malignant neoplasms. They are uncommon. They can be single or multiple, sporadic or familial and they might be markers for syndromes associated with internal malignancies. Benign adnexal tumours are more common and malignant SATs are rare and are locally aggressive and have the potential for nodal involvement and distant metastasis with a poor clinical outcome.Therefore recognition of SATs and establishing a diagnosis of malignancy in SATs is important for therapeutic and prognostic reasons.

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES

SATs are rare benign and malignant neoplasms. They are not commonly encountered in the routine surgical pathology practice.Hence this study aims at finding the frequency, clinical presentation and the histopathological appearances of SATS, and the differentiating features between benign and malignant tumours.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

This is partly a retrospective and partly a prospective study done in a tertiary care hospital over a period of four years .All the SATs reported during this period are analysed for their clinical features, age, sex incidence and their gross and histopathological features.

RESULTS

In the four years period 1,64,220 patients attended the hospital. The total number of SATS reported during this period were 21 cases (0.0128 %) Benign tumours were 19 (90.48%). Malignant tumours were 2(9.52%) The mean age for males 36.9 years and for females 35. Two years. There were 11 male patients and 10 female patients. Tumours of hair follicular differentiation were 7 (33.33%). Tumour like lesion of sebaceous origin was 1 (4.76%). Tumours of sweat gland origin were 11 (52.38%). Malignant tumours of eccrine origin were 2 (9.52%).

CONCLUSION

SATs are not common. Their incidence in our study is only 0.0128 % of all cases. Eventhough benign SATs are more common than the malignant tumours, malignant SATs can occur both in young and elderly patients and they are aggressive and the SATs should be excised with wide tumour free margins.

1H and 13C NMR spectral study of some 3,5-bis[(E)-thienylmethylene]piperidin-4-ones

(1)H and (13)C NMR spectra have been recorded for 3,5-bis[(E)-thienylmethylene]piperidin-4-one (1a), 3',3″-dimethyl-3,5-bis[(E)-thienylmethylene]piperidin-4-one (1b), 5',5″-dibromo-3,5-bis[(E)-thienylmethylene]piperidin-4-one (1c), their 1-methyl derivatives 2a-c and 3,5-bis[(E)-thienylmethylene]-2r,6c-diphenylpiperidin-4-one (3a). For selected compounds 2D spectra have been recorded. The spectral data are used to study the configuration and conformation of these molecules. The chemical shifts are discussed in light of steric, electronic and magnetic anisotropic effects. The magnetic anisotropic effects of thiophene ring and phenyl group are noteworthy. (1)H-(1)H COSY spectrum of 2b suggests that long-range (1)H-(1)H coupling, up to seven bonds, is possible in it. HMBC spectrum of 2b displays the magnetic nonequivalence of C-2 and C-6 and protons at these carbons.

1-Benzyl-3,5-bis-[(E)-3-thienyl-methyl-idene]piperidin-4-one

In the title mol­ecule, C₂₂H₁₉NOS₂, the piperidine ring adopts an envelope conformation with the benzyl substituent in an equatorial position. Each of the olefinic double bonds has an E configuration. The dihedral angle between the two thio­phene rings is 1.55 (18)°. The thio­phene rings form angles of 72.21 (14) and 73.43 (14)° with the phenyl ring. Both thio­phene rings are disordered over two orientations [occupancy ratios of 0.799 (1):0.201 (1)] at 180° from one another. In the crystal, weak inter­molecular C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds and C—H⋯π inter­actions help to stabilize the packing.

Foot Screening for Diabetics

Introduction: This study aims to evaluate the results of foot screening performed in a study population of 2137 diabetics (3926 feet) screened from 2006 to 2008 by the National University Hospital (NUH) multi-disciplinary team for diabetic foot problems. Materials and Methods: A standardised protocol was designed. Foot screening consisted of detailed history taking and clinical examination including assessment for sensory neuropathy by Semmes Weinstein monofilament (SWMF) and neurothesiometer and assessment of vasculopathy by ankle-brachial index (ABI) and total body irradiation (TBI). The foot screening was performed by a trained staff nurse. All patients were classified according to King’s College Classification. Results: Majority of the patients were in the fifth (27.9%) and sixth (30.0%) decades of life. Two thousand sixty-four had type II diabetes, and only 73 had type I diabetes. Neuropathy was found in 1307 (33.3%) feet based on 5.07 SWMF. Vasculopathy was recorded in 510 (13.0%) and 546 (13.9%) feet based on ABI <0.8 and TBI <0.7. According to King’s Classification, 1069 (50.0%) were Stage 1: Normal and 615 (28.8%) were Stage 2: At-Risk. Conclusion: Foot screening should be performed as early as possible to detect “At-Risk” feet and prevent the development of diabetic foot complications, thereby further reducing the risk of major amputations. Key words: “At-Risk” feet, Diabetic foot screening, King’s Classification

Foot screening for diabetics

INTRODUCTION

This study aims to evaluate the results of foot screening performed in a study population of 2137 diabetics (3926 feet) screened from 2006 to 2008 by the National University Hospital (NUH) multi-disciplinary team for diabetic foot problems.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A standardised protocol was designed. Foot screening consisted of detailed history taking and clinical examination including assessment for sensory neuropathy by Semmes Weinstein monofilament (SWMF) and neurothesiometer and assessment of vasculopathy by ankle-brachial index (ABI) and total body irradiation (TBI). The foot screening was performed by a trained staff nurse. All patients were classified according to King's College Classification.

RESULTS

Majority of the patients were in the fifth (27.9%) and sixth (30.0%) decades of life. Two thousand sixty-four had type II diabetes, and only 73 had type I diabetes. Neuropathy was found in 1307 (33.3%) feet based on 5.07 SWMF. Vasculopathy was recorded in 510 (13.0%) and 546 (13.9%) feet based on ABI <0.8 and TBI <0.7. According to King's Classification, 1069 (50.0%) were Stage 1: Normal and 615 (28.8%) were Stage 2: At-Risk.

CONCLUSION

Foot screening should be performed as early as possible to detect "At-Risk" feet and prevent the development of diabetic foot complications, thereby further reducing the risk of major amputations.

1-Methyl-3,5-bis-[(E)-(3-methyl-2-thienyl)methyl-ene]piperidin-4-one monohydrate

In the title mol­ecule, C₁₈H₁₉NOS₂·H₂O, the piperidine ring adopts an envelope conformation with the methyl substituent in an equatorial position. Each of the olefinic double bonds has an E configuration. The dihedral angle between the two thio­phene rings is 6.04 (14)°. The water mol­ecule forms two donor inter­actions, one with the carbonyl O atom and the other to the hetero N atom. The centrosymmetric {C₁₈H₁₉NOS₂·H₂O}₂ pairs thus formed are linked into a supra­molecular chain via C—H⋯O_water contacts.

Development and evaluation of a computer expert system for the management of fetal distress

The general lack of specialist obstetricians in a developing country such as Malaysia prompted us to develop a computer expert system for the management of fetal distress in rural hospitals. It was based on accepted production rules and implemented on a microcomputer. The clinical prototype was evaluated by 8 specialist obstetricians and 21 non-specialist doctors involved in obstetric care. The initial impression was that this type of expert system may help in diagnosis, decision-making and teaching.

The formation of azoxyalkanes in reactions of some organometallic reagents with N-nitroso-O,N-dialkylhydroxylamines: the nonphotochemical synthesis of an acyclic (E)-azoxyalkane

Azoxyalkanes were found to be regiospecifically formed in the reactions of some alkyllithium and Grignard reagents with N-nitroso-O,N-dialkylhydroxylamines. Remarkably, although (Z)-stereomers were usually produced, in one case the (E)-isomer was predominant.

Some studies on the solvolysis of 1-chloro-1-alkyl cycloalkanes

The effect of the bulk of the sidechain on the rate of solvolysis of 1-alkyl cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, and cycloheptyl chlorides has been studied. With the exception of the t-butyl systems, the ratio of solvolysis rates for the three ring systems falls in a given series. The slower rate of solvolysis in the six-membered ring system may be due to an extra activation energy contribution caused by the conversion of a neutral chair form to the twist boat or half chair conformation, prior to the actual solvolysis. In the case of five- and seven-membered ring systems the formation of an intermediate carbonium ion is sterically favoured (I-strain or eclipsing interaction) consistent with earlier findings. The faster rate of solvolysis of 1-t-butylcycloalkyl chlorides is likely due to a rearrangement reaction where alkyl participation enhances the rate of solvolysis.

Alkyl Shifts in Cyclohexenyl Cations

The possible ways in which alkyl rearrangements can occur in cycloalkenyl cations are described. With cyclohexenyl cations, two rearrangements unique to this system are discussed and experimental evidence for both of these is presented. Use is made of the n.m.r. spin saturation transfer technique in one case.In the final part of the paper, we show how, by repeatedly using both rearrangements, it is possible in theory to scramble the relative positions of all of the carbon atoms with respect to both the different positions within a cyclohexenyl cation framework and with respect to the bonding order of consecutive atoms within the framework. In the unsubstituted case, this corresponds to a 360-fold degenerate rearrangement.