1
|
Korte KJ, Jaguga F, Kim HH, Stroud RE, Stevenson A, Akena D, Atwoli L, Gichuru S, James R, Kwobah E, Kariuki SM, Kyebuzibwa J, Mwema RM, Newton CRJC, Zingela Z, Stein DJ, Alemayehu M, Teferra S, Koenen KC, Gelaye B. Psychometric Properties of the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI) Psychosis Module: A Sub-Saharan Africa Cross Country Comparison - CORRIGENDUM. Psychol Med 2024; 54:436. [PMID: 38197159 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291723003835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Kristina J Korte
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Florence Jaguga
- Department of Mental Health, Moi Teaching and Referral Hospital, Eldoret, Kenya
| | - Hannah H Kim
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Rocky E Stroud
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Anne Stevenson
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Dickens Akena
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Lukoye Atwoli
- Department of Mental Health, School of Medicine, Moi University College of Health Sciences, Eldoret, Kenya
| | - Stella Gichuru
- Department of Mental Health, Moi Teaching and Referral Hospital, Eldoret, Kenya
| | - Roxanne James
- SAMRC Unit on Risk & Resilience in Mental Disorders, Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Edith Kwobah
- Department of Mental Health, School of Medicine, Moi University College of Health Sciences, Eldoret, Kenya
| | - Symon M Kariuki
- Neurosciences Unit, Clinical Department, KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Joseph Kyebuzibwa
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Rehema M Mwema
- Neurosciences Unit, Clinical Department, KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Charles R J C Newton
- Neurosciences Unit, Clinical Department, KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Zukiswa Zingela
- Psychiatry and Behavioural Sciences, Walter Sisulu University and Nelson Mandela Academic Hospital, Port Elizabeth, South Africa
| | - Dan J Stein
- SAMRC Unit on Risk & Resilience in Mental Disorders, Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Melkam Alemayehu
- Department of Psychiatry, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Solomon Teferra
- Department of Psychiatry, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Karestan C Koenen
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Bizu Gelaye
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Korte KJ, Jaguga F, Kim HH, Stroud RE, Stevenson A, Akena D, Atwoli L, Gichuru S, James R, Kwobah E, Kariuki SM, Kyebuzibwa J, Mwema RM, Newton CRJC, Zingela Z, Stein DJ, Alemayehu M, Teferra S, Koenen KC, Gelaye B. Psychometric properties of the mini international neuropsychiatric interview (MINI) psychosis module: a Sub-Saharan Africa cross country comparison. Psychol Med 2023; 53:7042-7052. [PMID: 36896802 PMCID: PMC10492890 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291723000296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Mini International Neuropsychiatric Inventory 7.0.2 (MINI-7) is a widely used tool and known to have sound psychometric properties; but very little is known about its use in low and middle-income countries (LMICs). This study aimed to examine the psychometric properties of the MINI-7 psychosis items in a sample of 8609 participants across four countries in Sub-Saharan Africa. METHODS We examined the latent factor structure and the item difficulty of the MINI-7 psychosis items in the full sample and across four countries. RESULTS Multiple group confirmatory factor analyses (CFAs) revealed an adequate fitting unidimensional model for the full sample; however, single group CFAs at the country level revealed that the underlying latent structure of psychosis was not invariant. Specifically, although the unidimensional structure was an adequate model fit for Ethiopia, Kenya, and South Africa, it was a poor fit for Uganda. Instead, a 2-factor latent structure of the MINI-7 psychosis items provided the optimal fit for Uganda. Examination of item difficulties revealed that MINI-7 item K7, measuring visual hallucinations, had the lowest difficulty across the four countries. In contrast, the items with the highest difficulty were different across the four countries, suggesting that MINI-7 items that are the most predictive of being high on the latent factor of psychosis are different for each country. CONCLUSIONS The present study is the first to provide evidence that the factor structure and item functioning of the MINI-7 psychosis vary across different settings and populations in Africa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristina J Korte
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Florence Jaguga
- Department of Mental Health, Moi Teaching and Referral Hospital, Eldoret, Kenya
| | - Hannah H Kim
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Rocky E Stroud
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Anne Stevenson
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Dickens Akena
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Lukoye Atwoli
- Department of Mental Health, School of Medicine, Moi University College of Health Sciences, Eldoret, Kenya
| | - Stella Gichuru
- Department of Mental Health, Moi Teaching and Referral Hospital, Eldoret, Kenya
| | - Roxanne James
- SAMRC Unit on Risk & Resilience in Mental Disorders, Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Edith Kwobah
- Department of Mental Health, School of Medicine, Moi University College of Health Sciences, Eldoret, Kenya
| | - Symon M Kariuki
- Neurosciences Unit, Clinical Department, KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Joseph Kyebuzibwa
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Rehema M Mwema
- Neurosciences Unit, Clinical Department, KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Charles R J C Newton
- Neurosciences Unit, Clinical Department, KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Zukiswa Zingela
- Psychiatry and Behavioural Sciences, Walter Sisulu University and Nelson Mandela Academic Hospital, Port Elizabeth, South Africa
| | - Dan J Stein
- SAMRC Unit on Risk & Resilience in Mental Disorders, Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Melkam Alemayehu
- Department of Psychiatry, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Solomon Teferra
- Department of Psychiatry, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Karestan C Koenen
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Bizu Gelaye
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Korte KJ, Hook K, Levey EJ, Cooper-Vince CE, Denckla CA, Ghebrehiwet S, Hock RS, Harris BL, Menyongai J, Baul TD, Borba CPC, Fricchione GL, Henderson DC. A Global-Local Paradigm for Mental Health: A Model and Implications for Addressing Disparities Through Training and Research. Acad Psychiatry 2023; 47:196-200. [PMID: 35941340 PMCID: PMC9360676 DOI: 10.1007/s40596-022-01695-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kristina J Korte
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kimberly Hook
- Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA.
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
- Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Christina P C Borba
- Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
- Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - David C Henderson
- Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
- Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Jaguga F, Ametaj A, Kim HH, Stroud RE, Newton CR, Kariuki SM, Kwobah EK, Atwoli L, Gelaye B, Korte KJ. Factor structure and item response of psychosis symptoms among Kenyan adults. J Affect Disord 2022; 317:136-141. [PMID: 36028013 PMCID: PMC10131230 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2022.08.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to evaluate the construct validity of the psychosis module of the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview version 7.0.2 (MINI-7). METHOD We utilized data collected from 2738 participants with a primary psychotic or bipolar disorder. Participants were drawn from two Kenyan sites of a large multi-center neuropsychiatric genetic study. The factor structure of the MINI-7 psychosis items were explored using confirmatory factor analyses (CFA) and Item Response Theory approach, for the full sample and by gender. RESULTS The CFA revealed that a 1-factor model provided adequate fit for the MINI-7 psychosis items for the full sample (x2 = 397.92, df = 35, p < .0001; RMSEA = 0.06; CFI = 0.92; TLI = 0.90) as well as for the female (x2 = 185.16.92, df = 35, p < .0001; RMSEA = 0.06; CFI = 0.93; TLI = 0.91) and male groups (x2 = 242.09, df = 35, p < .0001; RMSEA = 0.06; CFI = 0.92; TLI = 0.89). Item thresholds for the full sample, and female and male groups were highest for 'odd beliefs' (-1.42, -1.33, and -1.51 respectively) and lowest for 'visual hallucinations' (-0.03, -0.04, and -0.01 respectively). LIMITATIONS Our study used a hospital-based population, which may have excluded patients with milder psychotic symptoms. Findings may therefore not be generalizable to the community setting. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate good construct validity of the MINI-7 psychosis module, and provides support for use of the tool in diagnosing psychotic disorders in clinical settings in Kenya.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Florence Jaguga
- Department of Mental Health, Moi Teaching and Referral Hospital, Eldoret, Kenya.
| | - Amantia Ametaj
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hannah H Kim
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rocky E Stroud
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA; Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research at Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Charles R Newton
- Neuroscience Department, Kenya Medical Research Institute - Wellcome Trust Research Program, Kilifi, Kenya; Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Symon M Kariuki
- Neuroscience Department, Kenya Medical Research Institute - Wellcome Trust Research Program, Kilifi, Kenya; Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Department of Public Health, Pwani University, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Edith Kamaru Kwobah
- Department of Mental Health, Moi Teaching and Referral Hospital, Eldoret, Kenya
| | - Lukoye Atwoli
- Department of Internal Medicine, Medical College East Africa, Aga Khan University, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Bizu Gelaye
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA; Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research at Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kristina J Korte
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Martin AR, Stroud RE, Abebe T, Akena D, Alemayehu M, Atwoli L, Chapman SB, Flowers K, Gelaye B, Gichuru S, Kariuki SM, Kinyanjui S, Korte KJ, Koen N, Koenen KC, Newton CRJC, Olivares AM, Pollock S, Post K, Singh I, Stein DJ, Teferra S, Zingela Z, Chibnik LB. Increasing diversity in genomics requires investment in equitable partnerships and capacity building. Nat Genet 2022; 54:740-745. [PMID: 35668301 PMCID: PMC7613571 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-022-01095-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Calls for diversity in genomics have motivated new global research collaborations across institutions with highly imbalanced resources. We describe practical lessons we have learned so far from designing multidisciplinary international research and capacity-building programs that prioritize equity in two intertwined programs — the NeuroGAP-Psychosis research study and GINGER training program — spanning institutions in Ethiopia, Kenya, South Africa, Uganda and the united States.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alicia R Martin
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Rocky E Stroud
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tamrat Abebe
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Dickens Akena
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Melkam Alemayehu
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Lukoye Atwoli
- Department of Mental Health, School of Medicine, Moi University College of Health Sciences, Eldoret, Kenya
- Brain and Mind Institute, Medical College East Africa, The Aga Khan University, Nairobi, Kenya
- Department of Internal Medicine, Medical College East Africa, The Aga Khan University, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Sinéad B Chapman
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Katelyn Flowers
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Broad Genomics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Bizu Gelaye
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Stella Gichuru
- Department of Mental Health, Moi Teaching and Referral Hospital, Eldoret, Kenya
| | - Symon M Kariuki
- Neurosciences Unit, Clinical Department, KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme-Coast, Kilifi, Kenya
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Sam Kinyanjui
- Centre for Geographic Medicine Research Coast, KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme-Coast, Kilifi, Kenya
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Kristina J Korte
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nastassja Koen
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- SA MRC Unit on Risk & Resilience in Mental Disorders, University of Cape Town and Neuroscience Institute, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Karestan C Koenen
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Charles R J C Newton
- Neurosciences Unit, Clinical Department, KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme-Coast, Kilifi, Kenya
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Ana Maria Olivares
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Sam Pollock
- Broad Genomics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Kristianna Post
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Ilina Singh
- Department of Psychiatry and Wellcome Centre for Ethics and Humanities, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Dan J Stein
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- SA MRC Unit on Risk & Resilience in Mental Disorders, University of Cape Town and Neuroscience Institute, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Solomon Teferra
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Zukiswa Zingela
- Executive Dean's Office, Faculty of Health Sciences, Nelson Mandela University, Gqebera, South Africa
| | - Lori B Chibnik
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Arai H, Ishikawa SI, Okawa S, Kishida K, Korte KJ, Schmidt NB. Safety aid elimination as a brief, preventative intervention for social anxiety: A randomized controlled trial in university students. Curr Psychol 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-022-02981-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AbstractAlthough there are a variety of treatment options for social anxiety, effective prevention strategies for those with subclinical social anxiety are limited. This study evaluated a single session group formatted prevention program focused on the reduction of safety behaviors in both a proof-of-concept study and a randomized controlled trial (RCT). Participants (N = 59) were nontreatment seeking Japanese university students with high levels of social anxiety. Participants were randomized to either an active treatment focused on identification and elimination of safety behavior or a control group involving the discussion of healthy coping strategies. Both conditions met for 120 min in small groups (4 to 6 participants per group). The preliminary proof-of-concept study as well as the RCT demonstrated high levels of acceptability. Findings from the RCT indicated significant improvement in social anxiety symptoms among those in the active treatment condition at post-treatment, which was maintained at follow-up. In addition, participants in the treatment condition showed significant improvement in levels of depression. The effect size difference in symptoms between conditions was in the large range. The present study provides preliminary support for the efficacy of a newly developed treatment program targeting safety behaviors in students with subclinical social anxiety. The current results also illustrate the promise of a brief, indicated prevention strategy focused on safety behavior among those with subclinical social anxiety.
Collapse
|
7
|
Badour CL, Flanagan JC, Allan NP, Gilmore AK, Gros DF, Killeen T, Korte KJ, Brown DG, Kolnogorova K, Back SE. Temporal dynamics of symptom change among veterans receiving an integrated treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder and substance use disorders. J Trauma Stress 2022; 35:546-558. [PMID: 34773928 PMCID: PMC9035042 DOI: 10.1002/jts.22769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The present study examined temporal patterns of symptom change during treatment for comorbid posttraumatic stress disorders (PTSD) and substance use disorders (SUDs). We hypothesized that PTSD symptom severity would predict subsequent-session substance use and that this association would be particularly strong among patients who received an integrated treatment versus SUD-only treatment. Participants were 81 United States military veterans with current PTSD and an SUD who were enrolled in a 12-week, randomized controlled trial examining the efficacy of an integrated treatment called Concurrent Treatment of PTSD and Substance Use Disorders Using Prolonged Exposure (COPE) compared with cognitive behavioral relapse prevention therapy (RP). Lagged multilevel models indicated that PTSD symptom improvement did not significantly predict the likelihood of next-session substance use (likelihood of use: B = 0.03, SE = 0.02, p = .141; percentage of days using B = -0.02, SE = 0.01, p = .172. Neither substance use, B = 1.53, SE = 1.79, p = .391, nor frequency of use, B = 0.26, SE = 0.50, p = .612, predicted next-session PTSD symptom severity in either treatment condition. Stronger associations between PTSD symptoms and next-session substance use were expected given the self-medication hypothesis. Additional research is needed to better understand the temporal dynamics of symptom change as well as the specific mediators and mechanisms underlying symptom change.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christal L. Badour
- Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Julianne C. Flanagan
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA,Mental Health Service Line, Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Nicholas P. Allan
- Department of Psychology, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA,VA Center of Excellence for Suicide Prevention, VA Finger Lakes Health Care System, Canandaigua, New York, USA
| | - Amanda K. Gilmore
- Department of Health Policy & Behavioral Sciences, School of Public Health, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Daniel F. Gros
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA,Mental Health Service Line, Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Therese Killeen
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Kristina J. Korte
- Psychiatry Department, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Delisa G. Brown
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | | | - Sudie E. Back
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA,Mental Health Service Line, Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Korte KJ, Schmidt NB. Transdiagnostic preventative intervention for subclinical anxiety: Development and initial validation. J Psychiatr Res 2020; 126:34-42. [PMID: 32416385 PMCID: PMC7366324 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2020.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Risk factors associated with the development of anxiety disorders have been identified; however, the development of preventive interventions targeting these risk factors is in the nascent stage. To date, preventive interventions have tended to target specific anxiety disorder symptoms (e.g., panic attacks). Although these interventions are effective at reducing risk for the targeted disorder (e.g., panic disorder), the focus of the intervention is narrow, thereby limiting the dissemination of these interventions. One approach that may broaden the scope of our prevention efforts is the development of a transdiagnostic intervention. Currently, transdiagnostic interventions have only been used in those with diagnosed conditions (e.g., anxiety disorders); however, it stands to reason that a transdiagnostic approach may also be helpful for those at-risk for developing anxiety disorders. The present study reported on the development and use of a brief preventative intervention for those with subclinical anxiety (i.e., worry, social anxiety). Participants were randomized into either a transdiagnostic preventative intervention, focused on reduction of safety aids, or a health focused control group. Participants consisted of sixty-nine individuals with subclinical levels of anxiety. Results revealed significant between group differences in the reduction of social anxiety, worry, and levels of impairment with the active intervention group relative to the control group. Further, change in safety aid utilization was a significant mediator in the association between intervention group and social anxiety and worry at Week 1; however, it was not a significant mediator at Month 1. Implications of these results and avenues for future research are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristina J. Korte
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA,Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Back SE, Killeen T, Badour CL, Flanagan JC, Allan NP, Ana ES, Lozano B, Korte KJ, Foa EB, Brady KT. Concurrent treatment of substance use disorders and PTSD using prolonged exposure: A randomized clinical trial in military veterans. Addict Behav 2019; 90:369-377. [PMID: 30529244 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2018.11.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2018] [Revised: 11/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A substantial amount of individuals with substance use disorders (SUD) also meet criteria for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Prolonged Exposure (PE) is an effective, evidence-based treatment for PTSD, but there is limited data on its use among individuals with current alcohol or drug use disorders. This study evaluated the efficacy of an integrated treatment that incorporates PE (Concurrent Treatment of PTSD and Substance Use Disorders Using Prolonged Exposure or COPE) among veterans. METHOD Military veterans (N = 81, 90.1% male) with current SUD and PTSD were randomized to 12 sessions of COPE or Relapse Prevention (RP). Primary outcomes included the Clinician Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS), PTSD Checklist-Military version (PCL-M), and the Timeline Follow-back (TLFB). RESULTS On average, participants attended 8 out of 12 sessions and there were no group differences in retention. Intent-to-treat analyses revealed that COPE, in comparison to RP, resulted in significantly greater reductions in CAPS (d = 1.4, p < .001) and PCL-M scores (d = 1.3, p = .01), as well as higher rates of PTSD diagnostic remission (OR = 5.3, p < .01). Both groups evidenced significant and comparable reductions in SUD severity during treatment. At 6-months follow-up, participants in COPE evidenced significantly fewer drinks per drinking day than participants in RP (p = .05). CONCLUSIONS This study is the first to report on the use of an integrated, exposure-based treatment for co-occurring SUD and PTSD in a veteran sample. The findings demonstrate that integrated, exposure-based treatments are feasible and effective for military veterans with SUD and PTSD. Implications for clinical practice are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sudie E Back
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA; Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, SC, USA.
| | - Therese Killeen
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Christal L Badour
- Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Julianne C Flanagan
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | | | - Elizabeth Santa Ana
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA; Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Brian Lozano
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA; Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Kristina J Korte
- Psychiatry Department, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Edna B Foa
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kathleen T Brady
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA; Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, SC, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Denckla CA, Spies G, Heaton R, Vasterling J, Franklin D, Korte KJ, Colgan C, Henderson DC, Koenen KC, Seedat S. Generalizability of demographically corrected Zambian neuropsychological norms to South African women. Clin Neuropsychol 2019; 33:40-57. [PMID: 30950749 PMCID: PMC6778499 DOI: 10.1080/13854046.2019.1588995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Revised: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Objective: Demographically corrected norms typically account for the effects of age, education, and in some cases, sex and other factors (e.g. race/ethnicity). However, generalizability of normative standards to different countries and ethnic groups is not universal. This study sought to determine whether demographically specific Zambian neuropsychological norms would generalize to a group of South African women.Method: 212 English-Xhosa bilingual, South African (SA) women were administered a comprehensive neuropsychological (NP) test battery in either English or Xhosa. We examined rates of "impairment" using Global Deficit Scores (GDS) based upon published, demographically corrected norms from a nearby African country (Zambia). Using multiple regression, we examined the extent to which Zambian norms "corrected" for the effects of age and education in this SA sample.Results: Compared to the normative standards from Zambia, the South African women performed somewhat worse than expected on a few test measures and better than expected on others, but their GDS and associated "impairment" rates were close to what was seen in Zambia. Demographically corrected Zambian norms adequately adjusted for the effects of age and years of education in this sample of SA women, with the exception that Zambian norms appeared to "under correct" for the positive effects of years of education on tests of information processing speed.Conclusions: Demographically corrected norms developed for Zambia may adequately adjust for the effects of age in SA women. Further research is needed to determine whether additional corrections for education are needed in SA, especially for tests of information processing speed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Georgina Spies
- NRF/DST South African Research Chairs Initiative, PTSD Program, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Robert Heaton
- HIV Neurobehavioral Research Center at the University of California, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jennifer Vasterling
- VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Donald Franklin
- HIV Neurobehavioral Research Center at the University of California, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Kristina J. Korte
- Chester M. Pierce Division of Global Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Courtney Colgan
- Chester M. Pierce Division of Global Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Soraya Seedat
- NRF/DST South African Research Chairs Initiative, PTSD Program, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Korte KJ, Norr AM, Schmidt NB. Targeting Safety Behaviors in the Treatment of Anxiety Disorders: A Case Study of False Safety Behavior Elimination Treatment. Am J Psychother 2018; 71:9-20. [PMID: 29733676 DOI: 10.1176/appi.psychotherapy.20180001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kristina J. Korte
- Dr. Korte is with the Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston. Dr. Norr and Dr. Schmidt are with the Department of Psychology, Florida State University, Tallahassee
| | - Aaron M. Norr
- Dr. Korte is with the Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston. Dr. Norr and Dr. Schmidt are with the Department of Psychology, Florida State University, Tallahassee
| | - Norman B. Schmidt
- Dr. Korte is with the Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston. Dr. Norr and Dr. Schmidt are with the Department of Psychology, Florida State University, Tallahassee
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Badour CL, Flanagan JC, Gros DF, Killeen T, Pericot-Valverde I, Korte KJ, Allan NP, Back SE. Habituation of distress and craving during treatment as predictors of change in PTSD symptoms and substance use severity. J Consult Clin Psychol 2017; 85:274-281. [PMID: 28221062 DOI: 10.1037/ccp0000180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Increasing evidence supports the efficacy of trauma-focused exposure therapy in the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and co-occurring substance use disorders. Little is known, however, about the mechanisms of change in treatment for patients with PTSD and co-occurring substance use disorders. The aim of the present study was to examine whether within- and between-session habituation of distress and substance craving during imaginal exposure relates to treatment outcomes among U.S. military veterans with PTSD and a co-occurring substance use disorder (N = 54). METHOD Veterans received Concurrent Treatment of PTSD and Substance Use Disorders Using Prolonged Exposure, a manualized integrated treatment combining prolonged exposure with cognitive-behavioral therapy for substance use disorders as part of a larger randomized clinical trial. Self-reported distress and craving ratings were collected during each imaginal exposure session. RESULTS Data were analyzed using a series of random intercept and slope multilevel linear and generalized linear models. Results revealed that between-session habituation of distress and craving was associated with greater improvement in PTSD symptoms during treatment. Between-session habituation of craving was also associated with a marginally greater reduction in frequency of substance use among participants still reporting use during treatment. Within-session habituation of distress was unrelated to treatment outcome. CONCLUSION Together, these findings indicate that habituation in both distress and craving may be important in maximizing treatment outcome for patients with PTSD and comorbid substance use disorders. (PsycINFO Database Record
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Julianne C Flanagan
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina
| | - Daniel F Gros
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina
| | - Therese Killeen
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina
| | | | | | | | - Sudie E Back
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Mills AC, Badour CL, Korte KJ, Killeen TK, Henschel AV, Back SE. Integrated Treatment of PTSD and Substance Use Disorders: Examination of Imaginal Exposure Length. J Trauma Stress 2017; 30:166-172. [PMID: 28329434 PMCID: PMC5507581 DOI: 10.1002/jts.22175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Revised: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Efforts to improve the efficiency of prolonged exposure (PE) therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) have demonstrated that reducing the length of imaginal exposures does not negatively affect treatment outcome. A recent adaptation of PE, called Concurrent Treatment of PTSD and Substance Use Disorders Using Prolonged Exposure [COPE], integrates substance use disorder treatment with PE in the same timeframe (twelve 90-minute sessions, 8 of which include imaginal exposure). The current study, which represents a subanalysis of a larger randomized controlled trial, examined how the length of imaginal exposures (nonrandomized and measured continually) related to PTSD, substance use, and depression in a sample of military veterans (N = 31) who completed the COPE treatment. Participants completed an average of 11.5 of the 12 therapy sessions and 7.2 of the 8 imaginal exposures during treatment. Results of 3 linear mixed models indicate that PTSD, substance use, and depressive symptoms all improved over the course of treatment (ps < .001; η2 ranged between .17 and .40), and that the length of imaginal exposures did not significantly interact with any outcome. Although preliminary, the findings suggest that it may be feasible to shorten imaginal exposures without mitigating treatment gains. Implications for treatment are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adam C. Mills
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Addictions Sciences Division, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA,Ralph H. Johnson VA Medical Center, Mental Health Service Line, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Christal L. Badour
- Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Kristina J. Korte
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Addictions Sciences Division, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Therese K. Killeen
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Addictions Sciences Division, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Aisling V. Henschel
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Addictions Sciences Division, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA,Ralph H. Johnson VA Medical Center, Mental Health Service Line, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Sudie E. Back
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Addictions Sciences Division, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA,Ralph H. Johnson VA Medical Center, Mental Health Service Line, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Korte KJ, Bountress KE, Tomko RL, Killeen T, Moran-Santa Maria M, Back SE. Integrated Treatment of PTSD and Substance Use Disorders: The Mediating Role of PTSD Improvement in the Reduction of Depression. J Clin Med 2017; 6:jcm6010009. [PMID: 28098747 PMCID: PMC5294962 DOI: 10.3390/jcm6010009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Revised: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) represents one of the most common mental health disorders, particularly among veterans, and is associated with significant distress and impairment. This highly debilitating disorder is further complicated by common comorbid psychiatric disorders, such as substance use disorders (SUD). Individuals with PTSD and co-occurring SUD also commonly present with secondary symptoms, such as elevated depression. Little is known, however, about how these secondary symptoms are related to treatment outcome. The aim of the present study, therefore, was to examine (1) the effects of treatment of comorbid PTSD/SUD on depressive symptoms; and (2) whether this effect was mediated by changes in PTSD severity or changes in SUD severity. Participants were 81 U.S. military veterans (90.1% male) with PTSD and SUD enrolled in a randomized controlled trial examining the efficacy of an integrated, exposure-based treatment (Concurrent Treatment of PTSD and Substance Use Disorders Using Prolonged Exposure; n = 54) versus relapse prevention (n = 27). Results revealed significantly lower depressive symptoms at post-treatment in the COPE group, as compared to the relapse prevention group. Examination of the mechanisms associated with change in depression revealed that reduction in PTSD severity, but not substance use severity, mediated the association between the treatment group and post-treatment depression. The findings underscore the importance of treating PTSD symptoms in order to help reduce co-occurring symptoms of depression in individuals with PTSD/SUD. Clinical implications and avenues for future research are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristina J Korte
- Psychiatry Department, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
| | - Kaitlin E Bountress
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29401, USA.
| | - Rachel L Tomko
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29401, USA.
| | - Therese Killeen
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29401, USA.
| | - Megan Moran-Santa Maria
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29401, USA.
| | - Sudie E Back
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29401, USA.
- Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, SC 29401, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Bountress KE, Bacanu SA, Tomko RL, Korte KJ, Hicks T, Sheerin C, Lind MJ, Marraccini M, Nugent N, Amstadter AB. The Effects of a BDNF Val66Met Polymorphism on Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: A Meta-Analysis. Neuropsychobiology 2017; 76:136-142. [PMID: 29874672 PMCID: PMC6057796 DOI: 10.1159/000489407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Given evidence that posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is moderately heritable, a number of studies utilizing candidate gene approaches have attempted to examine the potential contributions of theoretically relevant genetic variation. Some of these studies have found sup port for a brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) variant, Val66Met, in the risk of developing PTSD, while others have failed to find this link. METHODS This study sought to reconcile these conflicting findings using a meta-analysis framework. Analyses were also used to determine whether there is significant heterogeneity in the link between this variant and PTSD. We conducted a systematic review of the literature on BDNF and PTSD from the PsycINFO and PubMed databases. A total of 11 studies were included in the analysis. RESULTS Findings indicate a marginally significant effect of the BDNF Val66Met variant on PTSD (p < 0.1). However, of the 11 studies included, only 2 suggested an effect with a non-zero confidence interval, one of which showed a z score of 3.31. We did not find any evidence for heterogeneity. CONCLUSIONS Findings from this meta-analytic investigation of the published literature provide little support for the Val66Met variant of BDNF as a predictor of PTSD. Future well-powered agnostic genome-wide association studies with more refined phenotyping are needed to clarify genetic influences on PTSD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlin E. Bountress
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University
| | - Silviu-Alin Bacanu
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University
| | - Rachel L. Tomko
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Addiction Sciences Division, Medical University of South Carolina
| | - Kristina J. Korte
- Department of Psychiatry, Division of Global Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital
| | - Terrell Hicks
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University
| | - Christina Sheerin
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University
| | - Mackenzie J. Lind
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University
| | | | - Nicole Nugent
- Departments of Pediatrics and Psychiatry and Human Behavior at the Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University
| | - Ananda B. Amstadter
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Allan NP, Gros DF, Myers US, Korte KJ, Acierno R. Predictors and Outcomes of Growth Mixture Modeled Trajectories Across an Exposure-Based PTSD Intervention With Veterans. J Clin Psychol 2016; 73:1048-1063. [PMID: 27880002 DOI: 10.1002/jclp.22408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Revised: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Exposure-based psychotherapies for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are effective for many, but not all patients. It is important to determine for whom these treatments work and to examine predictors of success. METHOD An 8-week modified prolonged exposure (PE) treatment, including components of behavioral activation and reducing the number of imaginal exposure sessions, was administered to a sample of 231 Veterans (mean age = 45.7 years, standard deviation = 14.89). Growth mixture modeling was used to model PTSD symptom trajectories across the 8-week intervention and a postintervention appointment. Further, baseline demographics, social support, clinician-rated PTSD symptoms, anxiety, and depression were examined as predictors of trajectories. RESULTS Three classes emerged, labeled responders (n = 35), nonresponders (n = 190), and immediate responders (n = 6). The only significant baseline difference between responders and nonresponders was higher anxiety symptoms in the nonresponders. At follow-up time points, there were higher levels of clinician-rated PTSD, anxiety, and depression symptoms and lower social support in the nonresponders compared to the responders. CONCLUSION Findings suggest that modifying standard PE treatments by reducing imaginal exposure sessions while adding behavioral activation may not be advisable for most Veterans with PTSD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas P Allan
- Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center.,Medical University of South Carolina
| | - Daniel F Gros
- Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center.,Medical University of South Carolina
| | - Ursula S Myers
- Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center.,Medical University of South Carolina
| | - Kristina J Korte
- Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center.,Medical University of South Carolina
| | - Ron Acierno
- Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center.,Medical University of South Carolina
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Back SE, McCauley JL, Korte KJ, Gros DF, Leavitt V, Gray KM, Hamner MB, DeSantis SM, Malcolm R, Brady KT, Kalivas PW. A Double-Blind, Randomized, Controlled Pilot Trial of N-Acetylcysteine in Veterans With Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Substance Use Disorders. J Clin Psychiatry 2016; 77:e1439-e1446. [PMID: 27736051 PMCID: PMC5226873 DOI: 10.4088/jcp.15m10239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The antioxidant N-acetylcysteine is being increasingly investigated as a therapeutic agent in the treatment of substance use disorders (SUDs). This study explored the efficacy of N-acetylcysteine in the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), which frequently co-occurs with SUD and shares impaired prefrontal cortex regulation of basal ganglia circuitry, in particular at glutamate synapses in the nucleus accumbens. METHODS Veterans with PTSD and SUD per DSM-IV criteria (N = 35) were randomly assigned to receive a double-blind, 8-week course of N-acetylcysteine (2,400 mg/d) or placebo plus cognitive-behavioral therapy for SUD (between March 2013 and April 2014). Primary outcome measures included PTSD symptoms (Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale, PTSD Checklist-Military) and craving (Visual Analog Scale). Substance use and depression were also assessed. RESULTS Participants treated with N-acetylcysteine compared to placebo evidenced significant improvements in PTSD symptoms, craving, and depression (β values < -0.33; P values < .05). Substance use was low for both groups, and no significant between-group differences were observed. N-acetylcysteine was well tolerated, and retention was high. CONCLUSIONS This is the first randomized controlled trial to investigate N-acetylcysteine as a pharmacologic treatment for PTSD and SUD. Although preliminary, the findings provide initial support for the use of N-acetylcysteine in combination with psychotherapy among individuals with co-occurring PTSD and SUD. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT02499029.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sudie E. Back
- Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC,Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, SC
| | | | - Kristina J. Korte
- Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC,Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, SC
| | - Daniel F. Gros
- Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC,Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, SC
| | | | - Kevin M. Gray
- Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - Mark B. Hamner
- Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC,Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, SC
| | | | - Robert Malcolm
- Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC,Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, SC
| | - Kathleen T. Brady
- Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC,Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, SC
| | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Gros DF, Flanagan JC, Korte KJ, Mills AC, Brady KT, Back SE. Relations among social support, PTSD symptoms, and substance use in veterans. Psychol Addict Behav 2016; 30:764-770. [PMID: 27786511 DOI: 10.1037/adb0000205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Social support plays a significant role in the development, maintenance, and treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). However, there has been little investigation of social support with PTSD and its frequent comorbid conditions and related symptoms. Substance use disorders (SUDs) are 1 set of conditions that have yet to be investigated in combination with PTSD and social support. As compared with civilians, veterans are at increased risk for developing both PTSD and SUD. In this study, veterans (N = 171) with symptoms of PTSD (76% met diagnostic criteria) and SUD (83% met diagnostic criteria for any dependence) were recruited and completed clinician-rated and self-report measures of PTSD, SUD, and social support. Overall, low social support was reported in the sample. When controlled for the other disorder's symptoms, PTSD symptoms demonstrated a significant negative relation and SUD symptoms demonstrated a significant positive relation to social support. The PTSD findings are consistent with previous studies on PTSD and social support without SUD comorbidity. However, the SUD findings are inconsistent with previous studies, which focused primarily on older veterans. Together, these findings highlight the significance of social support in individuals with PTSD and SUD and promote future research within comorbid presentations. (PsycINFO Database Record
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel F Gros
- Mental Health Service, Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center
| | | | - Kristina J Korte
- Mental Health Service, Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center
| | - Adam C Mills
- Mental Health Service, Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center
| | - Kathleen T Brady
- Mental Health Service, Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center
| | - Sudie E Back
- Mental Health Service, Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Abstract
Substance use disorders (SUD) and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are chronic, debilitating conditions that frequently co-occur. Individuals with co-occurring SUD and PTSD suffer a more complicated course of treatment and less favorable treatment outcomes compared to individuals with either disorder alone. The development of effective psychosocial and pharmacological interventions for co-occurring SUD and PTSD is an active and critically important area of investigation. Several integrated psychosocial treatments for co-occurring SUD and PTSD have demonstrated promising outcomes. While recent studies examining medications to treat co-occurring SUD and PTSD have yielded encouraging findings, there remain substantial gaps in the evidence base regarding the treatment of co-occurring SUD and PTSD. This review will summarize the findings from clinical trials targeting a reduction in SUD and PTSD symptoms simultaneously. These results may improve our knowledge base and subsequently enhance our ability to develop effective interventions for this complex comorbid condition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julianne C Flanagan
- Medical University of South Carolina, 5 Charleston Center Drive, Suite 151, Charleston, SC, 29455, USA.
| | - Kristina J Korte
- Medical University of South Carolina, 5 Charleston Center Drive, Suite 151, Charleston, SC, 29455, USA
| | - Therese K Killeen
- Medical University of South Carolina, 5 Charleston Center Drive, Suite 151, Charleston, SC, 29455, USA
| | - Sudie E Back
- Medical University of South Carolina, 5 Charleston Center Drive, Suite 151, Charleston, SC, 29455, USA
- Ralph H. Johnson VAMC, 109 Bee St, Charleston, SC, 29401, USA
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Korte KJ, Allan NP, Gros DF, Acierno R. Differential treatment response trajectories in individuals with subclinical and clinical PTSD. J Anxiety Disord 2016; 38:95-101. [PMID: 26874291 PMCID: PMC5097342 DOI: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2016.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Revised: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 01/15/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Subclinical presentations of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), wherein patients are one or two symptom criteria short of the full disorder, are prevalent and associated with levels of distress and impaired functioning approximating that of full PTSD. Nonetheless, research examining treatment efficacy for this group is in the nascent stage. The purpose of the present study was to examine whether the subclinical PTSD group would: (1) show a greater reduction in PTSD symptoms at pre and post treatment in response to an exposure based treatment and (2) show a greater rate of change over the course of treatment, when compared to the full criteria PTSD group. We also examined whether differences would emerge when examining PTSD symptom clusters. Consistent with predictions, the subclinical PTSD group demonstrated a greater reduction in PTSD symptoms at post-treatment (29%) than those with a PTSD diagnosis (14%). Further, the groups had different treatment trajectories, with the subclinical PTSD group showing a marginally greater rate of change during the course of treatment. Findings also varied by symptom cluster with the subclinical group showing a greater rate of change in the intrusions, hypervigilance, and avoidance symptom clusters. There was not a significant between group difference in the numbing symptom cluster. This study provides preliminary evidence that treating PTSD symptoms at the subclinical level may result in a larger, and more rapid symptom reduction, and thus has implications supporting treatment earlier in the developmental trajectory of the disorder.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristina J. Korte
- Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, SC, United States,Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Nicholas P. Allan
- Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, SC, United States,Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Daniel F. Gros
- Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, SC, United States,Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States,Corresponding author at: Mental Health Service 116, Ralph H. Johnson VAMC, 109 Bee Street, Charleston, SC 29401, United States. Fax: +1 843 805 5782. (K.J. Korte), (D.F. Gros)
| | - Ron Acierno
- Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, SC, United States,Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Korte KJ, Allan NP, Schmidt NB. Factor mixture modeling of the Penn State Worry Questionnaire: Evidence for distinct classes of worry. J Anxiety Disord 2016; 37:40-7. [PMID: 26615330 DOI: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2015.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Revised: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Worry, the anticipation of future threat, is a common feature of anxiety and mood psychopathology. Considerable research has examined the latent structure of worry to determine whether this construct reflects a dimensional or taxonic structure. Recent taxometric investigations have provided support for a unidimensional structure of worry; however, the results of these studies are limited in that taxometric approaches are unable to assess for the presence of more than two classes of a given construct. Given the complex nature of worry, it is possible that worry may actually reflect a latent structure comprised of multiple classes that cannot be assessed through taxometric approaches. Thus, it is important to utilize newer statistical techniques, such as factor-mixture modeling (FMM), which allow for a more nuanced assessment of the latent structure of a given psychological construct. The aim of the current study was to examine the latent structure of worry using FMM. It was predicted that worry would reflect a three-class structure comprised of (1) a class of low, normative levels of worry, (2) a class of moderate, subclinical worry, and (3) a class of high, pervasive worry. The latent class structure of worry was assessed using FMM in a sample of 1337 participants recruited from the community through a research clinic. Results revealed a three-class structure of the PSWQ comprising low, moderate-high, and high classes of worry. We also provided convergent and discriminant validity of the worry classes by demonstrating that the high worry class was most associated with GAD and that the low worry class was the least associated with GAD. The clinical utility of the worry classes, including the creation of empirically based cut-scores, and the implications for future research are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristina J Korte
- Florida State University, United States; Medical University of South Carolina, United States
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Korte KJ, Unruh AS, Oglesby ME, Schmidt NB. Safety aid use and social anxiety symptoms: The mediating role of perceived control. Psychiatry Res 2015; 228:510-5. [PMID: 26163719 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2015.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2014] [Revised: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The use of safety aids, cognitive or behavioral strategies used to reduce or cope with anxiety, has emerged as a key construct of interest in anxiety disorders due to their role in the development and maintenance of anxiety symptoms. It has been suggested that individuals with anxiety engage in safety aid use to reduce their anxiety and feel more in control of a situation; however, no studies to date have examined the association between perceived control, that is, perceived level of control over internal events in anxiety provoking situations, and the use of safety aids. The purpose of the present study was to examine the association of perceived control, the use of safety aids, and symptoms of social anxiety. It was predicted that the association between safety aid use and social anxiety symptoms would be mediated by perceived control. This prediction was examined in a large sample of 281 participants. As predicted, perceived control was a significant mediator of the association between the use of safety aids and social anxiety symptoms. This effect remained significant after running a multiple mediation model with distress tolerance added as a competing mediator. Implications for future research are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristina J Korte
- Department of Psychology, Florida State University, 1107 W. Call Street, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
| | - Amanda S Unruh
- Department of Psychology, Florida State University, 1107 W. Call Street, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
| | - Mary E Oglesby
- Department of Psychology, Florida State University, 1107 W. Call Street, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
| | - Norman B Schmidt
- Department of Psychology, Florida State University, 1107 W. Call Street, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Korte KJ, Schmidt NB. The Use of Motivation Enhancement Therapy to Increase Utilization of a Preventative Intervention for Anxiety Sensitivity. Cogn Ther Res 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10608-014-9668-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
24
|
Allan NP, Korte KJ, Capron DW, Raines AM, Schmidt NB. Factor mixture modeling of anxiety sensitivity: A three-class structure. Psychol Assess 2014; 26:1184-95. [DOI: 10.1037/a0037436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
25
|
Norr AM, Oglesby ME, Capron DW, Raines AM, Korte KJ, Schmidt NB. Evaluating the unique contribution of intolerance of uncertainty relative to other cognitive vulnerability factors in anxiety psychopathology. J Affect Disord 2013; 151:136-42. [PMID: 23778202 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2013.05.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2013] [Accepted: 05/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intolerance of uncertainty (IU) is a cognitive vulnerability factor associated with a wide range of anxiety psychopathology. Other cognitive vulnerabilities such as anxiety sensitivity (AS), distress tolerance (DT), and discomfort intolerance (DI) have also been investigated as constructs of interest across anxiety disorders. As researchers increasingly uncover viable transdiagnostic vulnerabilities to anxiety, it becomes important to determine the degree of overlap between these constructs. METHODS The present studies examined the unique relationships between IU, other vulnerability factors (AS, DT, and DI) and social anxiety, obsessive-compulsive, and worry symptoms across two nonclinical samples (n=217, n=241). RESULTS Findings were highly consistent across samples. IU was significantly associated with anxiety symptoms in all analyses, even when accounting for other transdiagnostic risk variables. Anxiety sensitivity, was uniquely related to social anxiety and obsessive-compulsive symptoms in all analyses, but was related to worry in only one study. Distress tolerance was only uniquely associated with worry. Discomfort intolerance was not uniquely related to the anxiety symptoms in any analyses. LIMITATIONS Future research should attempt to replicate the findings in a clinical population and utilize a longitudinal design. CONCLUSIONS The robust and incremental relationships between IU and anxiety symptoms suggests the potential benefit of targeting IU in the context of transdiagnostic anxiety treatments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aaron M Norr
- Department of Psychology, Florida State University, 1107 W. Call St., Tallahassee, FL 32306-4301, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Korte KJ, Capron DW, Zvolensky M, Schmidt NB. The Fagerström test for nicotine dependence: do revisions in the item scoring enhance the psychometric properties? Addict Behav 2013; 38:1757-63. [PMID: 23254226 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2012.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2012] [Revised: 09/02/2012] [Accepted: 10/24/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Despite widespread use, considerable literature has shown that the Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND; Heatherton, Kozlowski, Frecker, & Fagerström, 1991) has questionable psychometric properties, generally reflecting relatively poor properties of reliability and validity. One factor that may be affecting the psychometric qualities of the scale is the use of a dichotomous, forced-choice response format for certain items, in which respondents are asked to answer each question with a Yes or No response. This scoring approach is especially problematic when used to measure dimensional constructs, such as nicotine dependence, in which a dimensional construct is forced into a categorical construct. The purpose of the current study was to examine whether revising the response format utilized in the FTND would lead to an enhancement in the psychometric properties of this scale. This question was examined by removing the forced-choice response criteria on items 2, 5, and 6 of the FTND and revising the response options to reflect a 4-point Likert response set (0 = never, 1 = sometimes, 2 = most of the time, 3 = always). Participants consisted of 343 smokers from the community. Results revealed that the revised scoring approach resulted in a significant incremental improvement in scale reliability and enhanced convergent validity, showing a stronger association with smoking outcomes than the FTQ or FTND. Findings are discussed in terms of recommendations for scale revision and usage.
Collapse
|
27
|
|
28
|
|
29
|
Miller MW, McKinney AE, Kanter FS, Korte KJ, Lovallo WR. Hydrocortisone suppression of the fear-potentiated startle response and posttraumatic stress disorder. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2011; 36:970-80. [PMID: 21269779 PMCID: PMC3100380 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2010.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2010] [Revised: 12/13/2010] [Accepted: 12/20/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the effects of oral administration of 20mg hydrocortisone on baseline and fear-potentiated startle in 63 male veterans with or without PTSD. The procedure was based on a two-session, within-subject design in which acoustic startle eyeblink responses were recorded during intervals of threat or no threat of electric shock. Results showed that the magnitude of the difference between startle responses recorded during anticipation of imminent shock compared to "safe" periods was reduced after hydrocortisone administration relative to placebo. This effect did not vary as a function of PTSD group nor were there were any significant group differences in other indices startle amplitude. Findings suggest that the acute elevations in systemic cortisol produced by hydrocortisone administration may have fear-inhibiting effects. This finding may have implications for understanding the role of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA)-axis function in vulnerability and resilience to traumatic stress.
Collapse
|
30
|
Abstract
Psychopathy is characterized by a lack of concern for other people and social norms. In contrast, individuals with high social anxiety are overly concerned about the approval of others and violating social norms. Therefore, we hypothesized that social anxiety is negatively associated with psychopathic attributes, with males being more psychopathic than females. In order to test this hypothesis, we administered self-report measures of social anxiety, psychopathic attributes, and academic misconduct as an index of adherence to social norms to a sample of 349 undergraduate college students (244 females and 105 males). Males had more psychopathic attributes than females. Social anxiety and psychopathic attributes showed a weak but significant negative correlation in the total sample and also in the subgroup of males and females. Psychopathic attributes were further positively associated with academic misconduct behaviors among females, but not among males. These findings are consistent with the notion that social anxiety and psychopathic attributes are negatively associated.
Collapse
|
31
|
Hofmann SG, Sawyer AT, Korte KJ, Smits JAJ. Is it Beneficial to Add Pharmacotherapy to Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy When Treating Anxiety Disorders? A Meta-Analytic Review. Int J Cogn Ther 2009; 2:160-175. [DOI: 10.1521/ijct.2009.2.2.160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|