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Persson M, Tedroff K, Yin W, Andersson Franko M, Sandin S. Maternal type 1 diabetes, preterm birth, and risk of intellectual disability in the offspring: A nation-wide study in Sweden. Eur Psychiatry 2024; 67:e11. [PMID: 38251044 DOI: 10.1192/j.eurpsy.2024.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE There are few data on long-term neurological or cognitive outcomes in the offspring of mothers with type 1 diabetes (T1D). The aims of this study were to examine if maternal T1D increases the risk of intellectual disability (ID) in the offspring, estimate the amount of mediation through preterm birth, and examine if the association was modified by maternal glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c). DESIGN Population-based cohort study using population-based data from several national registries in Sweden. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS All offspring born alive in Sweden between the years 1998 and 2015. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE The risk of ID was estimated through hazard ratios with 95% confidence intervals (HR, 95% CI) from Cox proportional hazard models, adjusting for potential confounding. Risks were also assessed in mediation analyses and in subgroups of term/preterm births, in relation to maternal HbA1c and by severity of ID. RESULTS In total, 1,406,441 offspring were included. In this cohort, 7,794 (0.57%) offspring were born to mothers with T1D. The risk of ID was increased in offspring of mothers with T1D (HR; 1.77, 1.43-2.20), of which 47% (95% CI: 34-100) was mediated through preterm birth. The HRs were not modified by HbA1c. CONCLUSION T1D in pregnancy is associated with moderately increased risks of ID in the offspring. The risk is largely mediated by preterm birth, in particular for moderate/severe cases of ID. There was no support for risk-modification by maternal HbA1c.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Persson
- Department of Clinical Science and Education, Division of Pediatrics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Sachsska Children's and Youth Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kristina Tedroff
- Neuropediatric Unit, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Weiyao Yin
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mikael Andersson Franko
- Department of Clinical Science and Education, Division of Pediatrics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sven Sandin
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Seaver Autism Center for Research and Treatment at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
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Andersson P, Jamshidi E, Ekman CJ, Tedroff K, Björkander J, Sjögren M, Lundberg J, Jokinen J, Desai Boström AE. Mapping length of inpatient treatment duration and year-wise relapse rates in eating disordered populations in a well-defined Western-European healthcare region across 1998-2020. Int J Methods Psychiatr Res 2023; 32:e1960. [PMID: 36710656 DOI: 10.1002/mpr.1960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Updated international guideline recommendations for AN inpatient care rely on expert opinions/observational evidence and promote extended inpatient stays, warranting investigation using higher-level ecological evidence. METHODS The study was conducted according to Guidelines for Accurate and Transparent Health Estimates Reporting (GATHER). Data encompassing 13,885 ED inpatients (5336 adolescents and 8549 adults) was retrieved from Swedish public health registries. Variables analyzed included (1) ED inpatient care opportunities, (2) unique number of ED inpatients and (3) mean length of ED-related inpatient stays in age groups 15-19 and 20-88+, across 1998-2020. RESULTS Mean length of inpatient stays was inversely correlated to relapse to ED-related inpatient care within the same year (p < 0.001, R-squaredadj = 0.5216 and p < 0.00001, R-squaredadj = 0.5090, in the 15-19 and 20-88+ age groups, respectively), independent of number of ED inpatients treated within a year in both age groups. Extending mean adolescent inpatient duration from 35 to 45 days was associated with a ∼30% reduction in the year-wise relapse rate. CONCLUSIONS Mean length of ED-related inpatient treatment stays was associated with reduced relapses to inpatient care within the same year, which could be interpreted as support for recommendations to include a stabilization phase in inpatient ED treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Andersson
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience/Psychology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
- Centre for Clinical Research Dalarna, Uppsala University, Falun, Sweden
| | - Esmail Jamshidi
- Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Sciences/Psychiatry, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Carl-Johan Ekman
- Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden
- Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, & Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kristina Tedroff
- Department of Women's and Children's Health/Neuropediatrics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Magnus Sjögren
- Department of Clinical Sciences/Psychiatry, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Johan Lundberg
- Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden
- Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, & Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jussi Jokinen
- Department of Clinical Sciences/Psychiatry, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, & Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Adrian E Desai Boström
- Department of Clinical Sciences/Psychiatry, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, & Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Women's and Children's Health/Neuropediatrics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Andersson P, Jamshidi E, Ekman CJ, Tedroff K, Björkander J, Sjögren M, Lundberg J, Jokinen J, Desai Boström AE. Anorexia Nervosa With Comorbid Severe Depression: A Systematic Scoping Review of Brain Stimulation Treatments. J ECT 2023; 39:227-234. [PMID: 37053429 DOI: 10.1097/yct.0000000000000922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Major depressive disorder (MDD) is highly prevalent in individuals with anorexia nervosa (AN) and is a predictor of greater clinical severity. However, there is a limited amount of evidence supporting the use of psychotropic medications for its management. A systematic scoping review was conducted to assess the current literature on brain stimulation treatments for AN with comorbid MDD, with a specific focus on MDD treatment response and weight restoration. This review was conducted according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines, and the PubMed, PsycInfo, and MEDLINE databases were searched until July 2022 using specific key words related to AN and brain stimulation treatments. A total of 373 citations were identified, and 49 treatment studies that met the inclusion criteria were included in the review. The initial evidence suggests that electroconvulsive therapy, repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation, and deep-brain stimulation may be effective in managing comorbid MDD in AN. Emerging evidence suggests that transcranial direct current stimulation may have a positive effect on body mass index in individuals with severe to extreme AN. However, there is a need for the development of better measurement techniques for assessing the severity of depression in the context of AN. Controlled trials that are adequately designed to account for these limitations are highly warranted for deep-brain stimulation, electroconvulsive therapy, and repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation and hold promise for providing clinically meaningful results.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Kristina Tedroff
- Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Karolinska University Hospital
| | | | - Magnus Sjögren
- Department of Clinical Sciences/Psychiatry, Umeå University, Umeå
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Ericson A, Bartonek Å, Tedroff K, Lidbeck C. Responses to Sensory Events in Daily Life in Children with Cerebral Palsy from a Parent Reported Perspective and in a Swedish Context. Children (Basel) 2023; 10:1139. [PMID: 37508634 PMCID: PMC10378633 DOI: 10.3390/children10071139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
The motor disorders of cerebral palsy (CP) are often accompanied by sensory disturbances, but knowledge of their relationship to motor functioning is sparse. This study explored responses to sensory events in relation to spastic subtype and motor functioning in children with CP. Parents of 60 children with CP (unilateral: 18, bilateral: 42) with GMFCS levels I:29, II:13, III:15 and IV:3 of mean age 12.3 years (3.7 SD) participated. The parents (n = 55) rated their children´s responses with the norm-referenced questionnaire Child Sensory Profile-2© (CSP-2©), Swedish version, incorporating nine sections and four sensory processing patterns/quadrants, and replied (n = 57) to two additional questions. On the CSP-2©, thirty (55%) of the children were reported to have responses "much more than others" (>2 SD) in one or more of the sections and/or quadrants and 22 (40%) in the section of Body Position, overrepresented by the children with bilateral CP. The additional questions revealed that a greater proportion of children at GMFCS levels III-IV compared to level I frequently were requested to sit/stand up straight (14/17 versus 6/26, p < 0.001) and were sound sensitive at a younger age (14/17 versus 10/26, p = 0.005). The findings of this study highlight the sensory aspects of motor functioning in children with spastic CP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Ericson
- Department of Women's and Children´s Health, Karolinska Institutet, S-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
- Neuropediatric Unit, Astrid Lindgren Children's Hospital, Karolinska University Hospital, S-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Åsa Bartonek
- Department of Women's and Children´s Health, Karolinska Institutet, S-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kristina Tedroff
- Department of Women's and Children´s Health, Karolinska Institutet, S-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
- Neuropediatric Unit, Astrid Lindgren Children's Hospital, Karolinska University Hospital, S-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Cecilia Lidbeck
- Department of Women's and Children´s Health, Karolinska Institutet, S-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
- Neuropediatric Unit, Astrid Lindgren Children's Hospital, Karolinska University Hospital, S-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
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Ulfsdottir H, Ekéus C, Tedroff K, Åberg K, Järnbert-Pettersson H. Long-term neurological morbidity among children delivered by vacuum extraction - a national cohort study. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2023. [PMID: 37017927 DOI: 10.1111/aogs.14568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This is the first nationwide cohort study of vacuum extraction (VE) and long-term neurological morbidity. We hypothesized that VE per se, and not only complicated labor, can cause intracranial bleedings, which could further cause neurological long-term morbidity. The aim of this study was to investigate the risk of neonatal mortality, cerebral palsy (CP), and epilepsy among children delivered by VE in a long-term perspective. MATERIAL AND METHODS The study population included 1 509 589 term singleton children planned for vaginal birth in Sweden (January 1, 1999 to December 31, 2017). We investigated the risk of neonatal death (ND), CP, and epilepsy among children delivered by VE (successful or failed) and compared their risks with those born by spontaneous vaginal birth and emergency cesarean section (ECS). We used logistic regression to study the adjusted associations with each outcome. The follow-up time was from birth until December 31, 2019. RESULTS The percentage and total number of children with the outcomes were ND (0.04%, n = 616), CP (0.12%, n = 1822), and epilepsy (0.74%, n = 11 190). Compared with children delivered by ECS, those born by VE had no increased risk of ND, but there was an increased risk for those born after failed VE (adj OR 2.23 [1.33-3.72]). The risk of CP was similar among children born by VE and those born spontaneously vaginally. Further, the risk of CP was similar among children born after failed VE compared with ECS. The risk of epilepsy was not increased among children born by VE (successful/failed), compared with those who had spontaneous vaginal birth or ECS. CONCLUSIONS The outcomes ND, CP, and epilepsy are rare. In this nationwide cohort study, children born after successful VE had no increased risk of ND, CP or epilepsy compared with those delivered by ECS, but there was an increased risk of ND among those born by failed VE. Concerning the studied outcomes, VE appears to be a safe obstetric intervention; however, it requires a thorough risk assessment and awareness of when to convert to ECS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Ulfsdottir
- Department of Women's and Children's health, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Women's and Children's health, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | - Cecilia Ekéus
- Department of Women's and Children's health, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Kristina Tedroff
- Department of Women's and Children's health, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | - Katarina Åberg
- Clinical Epidemiology Division, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | - Hans Järnbert-Pettersson
- Department of Clinical Science and Education, Södersjukhuset, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Tedroff K, Lidbeck C, Löwing K. Dystonia during hand activity in children with spastic unilateral cerebral palsy, an observational study. Eur J Paediatr Neurol 2022; 41:36-40. [PMID: 36201922 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpn.2022.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/26/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Spasticity and dyskinesia are motor signs that co-exist in cerebral palsy (CP). It is well accepted that, in spastic bilateral CP, dystonia can be present in addition to spasticity, and equally that spasticity is often present in individuals with dyskinetic CP. In unilateral spastic CP, dystonia of the upper extremity is only rarely identified or addressed. The aim of this study was to investigate if dystonia was present in the hand of children with unilateral spastic CP, and, if present, to what extent, and when it was first noticeable. METHOD Ninety-seven children with unilateral spastic CP, born 1999-2014, with standardized digital films of hand function from Assisting Hand Assessments (AHA), were included. Films were reviewed, and presence or absence, of dystonia and choreoathetosis were scored by three experienced raters. RESULTS Dystonia in the hand was present during activities in 70% (68/97) of the children at a mean age of 12 years (SD 4,4). In 74% (50/68) of these children, dystonia was present more than 50% of the evaluated time. For 63% (43/68) more than one digital recording at younger ages were available. Dystonia could first clearly be observed at a mean age of 3,8 years. Choreoathetosis was observed in 7% (5/68) of the children with dystonia. Children without dystonia had significantly higher (corresponding to better function) AHA units (median: 75, 25th - 75th: 45-82) in comparison to children with dystonia (median: 57, 25th - 75th: 52-63) (p = 0.01). CONCLUSION Dystonia in the hand is common in unilateral CP and correlates to lower hand functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Tedroff
- Department of Women's & Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Astrid Lindgren Children's Hospital, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Cecilia Lidbeck
- Department of Women's & Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Astrid Lindgren Children's Hospital, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Kristina Löwing
- Department of Women's & Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Astrid Lindgren Children's Hospital, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Vanmechelen I, Danielsson A, Lidbeck C, Tedroff K, Monbaliu E, Krumlinde-Sundholm L. The Dyskinesia Impairment Scale, Second Edition: Development, construct validity, and reliability. Dev Med Child Neurol 2022; 65:683-690. [PMID: 36310446 DOI: 10.1111/dmcn.15444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIM To create a shortened, more user-friendly Second Edition of the Dyskinesia Impairment Scale (DIS-II) to assess dystonia and choreoathetosis, and evaluate its construct validity and reliability. METHOD Scale development included an online expert meeting (n = 21) and iterative discussions within the research group (n = 6). A Rasch measurement model analysis on DIS scores from individuals with dyskinetic cerebral palsy or inherited/idiopathic dystonia (n = 123, 74 males, mean age 14 years, SD 5 years) was performed to evaluate the construct validity and reliability of the DIS-II. RESULTS The DIS-II evaluates dystonia and choreoathetosis in action and rest in 11 body regions, with action items scored from 0 to 3 and rest items 0 to 2. The number of videos to record are reduced from 26 to 14 and the items to score are reduced from 144 to 88. Rating scale functioning, goodness-of-fit evaluation, principal component analysis, and targeting met the predefined quality criteria of the study and construct validity was therefore considered good. Furthermore, person reliability indicated that the DIS-II can separate individuals into eight distinct ability levels. INTERPRETATION The DIS-II provides valid and reliable measures for dystonia and choreoathetosis, and reduces the administration and scoring time compared with the DIS. The DIS-II logit scores (interval level data) enhance comparison over time and between individuals in clinical practice and research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Annika Danielsson
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Sachs' Children and Youth Hospital, Stockholm South General Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Cecilia Lidbeck
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Neuropediatric Department, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kristina Tedroff
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Yin W, Döring N, Persson MSM, Persson M, Tedroff K, Ådén U, Sandin S. Gestational age and risk of intellectual disability: a population-based cohort study. Arch Dis Child 2022; 107:826-832. [PMID: 35470219 PMCID: PMC9411878 DOI: 10.1136/archdischild-2021-323308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the association between gestational age at birth and risk of clinically diagnosed intellectual disability (ID) week by week to provide a detailed description of ID risk across the entire range of gestational ages and by severity of ID. METHODS All individuals born alive in Sweden 1974-2017 were prospectively followed up from birth until 2017 using national registers. The HRs for ID according to weekly gestational age and gestational age categories were determined using Cox models. Sibling analyses were conducted to adjust for familial confounding. RESULTS The study included 3 572 845 live births. During the follow-up, 26 596 ID cases were registered. The adjusted weekly estimates showed a gradual increase in risk of ID from week 40 to week 24 (adjusted HR37weeks=1.80 (1.74 to 1.87), aHR32weeks=3.93 (3.73 to 4.13), aHR28weeks=7.53 (6.95 to 8.16), aHR24weeks=21.58 (18.62 to 25.00)) and from week 41 onwards (aHR42weeks=1.26 (1.19 to 1.32)), with statistically significantly higher risks across the range of gestational age compared with infants born at week 40. The associations were consistent in mild, moderate and severe/profound ID but most prominent for severe/profound ID. CONCLUSION The risk of ID increased weekly as the date of delivery moved away from 40 weeks, both preterm and post-term. The results remained robust after detailed adjustment for confounding, including familial confounding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiyao Yin
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden .,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Nora Döring
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Monica S M Persson
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Martina Persson
- Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kristina Tedroff
- Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ulrika Ådén
- Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sven Sandin
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden,Department of Psychiatry, Ichan School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
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Tedroff K, von Euler M, Dahlén E. Melatonin usage in children and young adults, a registry-based cohort study. Eur J Paediatr Neurol 2022; 39:30-34. [PMID: 35636101 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpn.2022.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Sleep disorder is common in children and adolescents, particularly in those with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) or autism spectrum disorder (ASD). While non-pharmacological treatment is first line, occasionally an add-on of an oral drug is needed. The endogenous hormone melatonin is increasingly used for sleep disorders in children and adolescents. In this registry-based cohort study we follow dispensation of melatonin in young individuals, 0-25 years of age, in Stockholm, Sweden during 2016-2019. In all 9980 individuals, were dispensed melatonin in 2016 and followed for 3 years. Child psychiatrist was the most common prescribing specialty, 55% of all prescriptions. Only 20% had a recorded diagnosis of sleep disorder. The majority, 65% had a neuro psychiatric diagnose. Half of the individuals had at least 4 prescribed drugs dispensed during the follow-up. Almost half of our cohort were dispensed melatonin during the entire study period and doses and volumes of drug dispensed increased by 50 and 100%, respectively. Continuous medication was most common among children 6-12 years, where 7 out of 10 individuals were still adherent after three years. As long-term safety data is lacking, we find this concerning, and this illustrates the need of long-term follow-up of melatonin use in children and young individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Tedroff
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, SE, 171 76, Stockholm, Sweden; Region Stockholm, Health and Medical Care Administration, Box 6909, SE, 102 39, Stockholm, Sweden; Centre for Psychiatry Research, Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, 113 30, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - M von Euler
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, SE, 70182, Örebro, Sweden
| | - E Dahlén
- Region Stockholm, Health and Medical Care Administration, Box 6909, SE, 102 39, Stockholm, Sweden; Karolinska Institutet, Department of Clinical Science and Education, Södersjukhuset, SE-118 83 Stockholm, Sweden.
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Chen R, Sjölander A, Johansson S, Lu D, Razaz N, Tedroff K, Villamor E, Cnattingius S. Impact of gestational age on risk of cerebral palsy: unravelling the role of neonatal morbidity. Int J Epidemiol 2022; 50:1852-1863. [PMID: 34999876 PMCID: PMC8743109 DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyab131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The contribution of adverse consequences of preterm birth to gestational-age-related risk of cerebral palsy (CP) has rarely been studied. We aimed to assess the potential mediating roles of neonatal morbidity on the association between gestational age and risk of CP. METHODS In this Swedish population-based study, 1 402 240 singletons born at 22-40 gestational weeks during 1998-2016 were followed from day 28 after birth for a CP diagnosis until 2017. Potential mediators included asphyxia, respiratory-related, infection-/inflammatory-related and neurological-related diseases within 0-27 days of life. Cox regression was used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Causal mediation analysis was performed to estimate the proportion of the association mediated through pathways involving the four sequential mediators. RESULTS We found an inverse dose-response relationship between gestational age and risk of CP, where the strongest association was observed for 22-24 weeks (HR 47.26, 95% CI 34.09-65.53) vs 39-40 weeks. Compared with non-diseased peers, children with neonatal morbidity, particularly those with neurological-related diseases (HR 31.34, 95% CI 26.39-37.21), had a higher risk of CP. The increased risk of CP was, at 24 weeks, almost entirely explained by neonatal morbidity (91.7%); this proportion decreased to 46.1% and 16.4% at 32 and 36 weeks, respectively. Asphyxia was the main mediating pathway from 22 to 34 weeks, and neurological-related neonatal diseases led the mediating pathways from 34 weeks onwards. CONCLUSION Neonatal morbidity mediates a large proportion of the effect of preterm birth on CP, but the magnitude declines as gestational age increases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruoqing Chen
- Clinical Epidemiology Division, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Arvid Sjölander
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Stefan Johansson
- Clinical Epidemiology Division, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Science and Education, Södersjukhuset, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Donghao Lu
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Neda Razaz
- Clinical Epidemiology Division, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kristina Tedroff
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Eduardo Villamor
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Sven Cnattingius
- Clinical Epidemiology Division, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Jacobson D, Löwing K, Kullander K, Rydh BM, Tedroff K. A First Clinical Trial on Botulinum Toxin-A for Chronic Muscle-Related Pain in Cerebral Palsy. Front Neurol 2021; 12:696218. [PMID: 34484101 PMCID: PMC8415259 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.696218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: To test if botulinum toxin-A (BoNT-A) is effective in reducing chronic muscle-related pain in adults with spastic cerebral palsy (CP), as compared to placebo. Design: A single-center, double-blind, parallel, randomized placebo-controlled trial. The design included an interim analysis to allow for confirmatory analysis, as well as pilot study outcomes. Setting: Tertiary university hospital. Participants: Adults with spastic CP and chronic pain associated with spastic muscle(s). Intervention: Treatment was one session of electromyographically guided intramuscular injections of either BoNT-A or placebo normosaline. Main Study Outcomes: The primary outcome was the proportion who achieved a reduction of pain intensity of two or more steps on the Numerical Rating Scale 6 weeks after treatment. Results: Fifty individuals were screened for eligibility, of whom 16 were included (10 female, 6 male, mean age = 32 years, SD = 13.3 years). The randomization yielded eight participants per treatment arm, and all completed the study as randomized. The study was stopped at the interim analysis due to a low probability, under a preset threshold, of a positive primary outcome. Four individuals were treatment responders in the BoNT-A group for the primary outcome compared to five responders in the placebo group (p = 1.000). Adverse events were mild to moderate. In exploratory analysis, the BoNT-A group had a trend of continuing reduction of pain at the last follow-up, after the primary endpoint. Conclusions: This study did not find evidence that BoNT-A was superior to placebo at the desired effect size (number needed to treat of 2.5) at 6 weeks after treatment. Trial registration:ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT02434549
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Jacobson
- Neuropediatric Unit, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Center for Clinical Research Sörmland, Uppsala University, Eskilstuna, Sweden.,Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kristina Löwing
- Neuropediatric Unit, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | | | - Kristina Tedroff
- Neuropediatric Unit, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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12
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Visser JE, Cotton AC, Schretlen DJ, Bloch J, Tedroff K, Schechtmann G, Radu Djurfeldt D, Gonzalez V, Cif L, Jinnah HA. Deep brain stimulation in Lesch-Nyhan disease: outcomes from the patient's perspective. Dev Med Child Neurol 2021; 63:963-968. [PMID: 33689173 PMCID: PMC8350791 DOI: 10.1111/dmcn.14852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIM To provide insight into outcome and long-term safety and efficacy of deep brain stimulation (DBS), from the perspective of individuals with Lesch-Nyhan disease (LND) and their families. METHOD We used patient-centered outcome measures to assess long-term outcomes of DBS for 14 individuals (mean [SD] age 10y 10mo [5y 6mo], range 5-23y, all males) with LND, after an average duration of 5y 6mo (range 11mo-10y 5mo) after surgery. We compared these results with a comprehensive review of previously published cases. RESULTS Patients and their families reported that DBS of the globus pallidus can be effective both for motor and behavioral disturbances in LND. However, outcome measures were often not significantly changed owing to substantial variability among individuals, and were overall less positive than in previous reports based on clinician assessments. In addition, there was an unexpectedly high rate of adverse events, tempering overall enthusiasm for the procedure. INTERPRETATION Although DBS might be an effective treatment for LND, more research is needed to understand the reasons for response variability and the unusually high rates of adverse events before DBS can be recommended for these patients. What this paper adds Individuals with Lesch-Nyhan disease and their families report variable efficacy of deep brain stimulation. Long-term outcomes are associated with a high adverse event rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasper E Visser
- Department of NeurologyDonders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Medical CenterNijmegen,Department of NeurologyAmphia HospitalBredathe Netherlands
| | - Adam C Cotton
- Departments of Neurology and Human GeneticsEmory University School of MedicineAtlanta
| | - David J Schretlen
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral SciencesJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreUSA
| | - Jocelyne Bloch
- Department of NeurosurgeryLausanne University Hospital and University of LausanneLausanneSwitzerland
| | - Kristina Tedroff
- Neuropediatric UnitDepartment of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University HospitalStockholm
| | - Gastón Schechtmann
- Department of NeurosurgeryKarolinska Institutet and University HospitalStockholm
| | | | - Victoria Gonzalez
- Department of NeurologyCHU Montpellier and INSERM U661Montpellier,Department of NeurosurgeryCHU MontpellierMontpellierFrance
| | - Laura Cif
- Department of NeurosurgeryCHU MontpellierMontpellierFrance
| | - Hyder A Jinnah
- Departments of Neurology and Human GeneticsEmory University School of MedicineAtlanta
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13
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Ljungblad L, Gleissman H, Hedberg G, Wickström M, Eissler N, Pickova J, Johnsen JI, Tedroff K, Strandvik B, Kogner P. Body surface area-based omega-3 fatty acids supplementation strongly correlates to blood concentrations in children. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2021; 169:102285. [PMID: 33964665 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2021.102285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Omega-3 fatty acids have been suggested as a complement in cancer treatment, but doses are not established. We performed a dose-finding study in 33 children in remission from cancer. Participants were allocated to a body surface area (BSA) adjusted dose (mg/m2) of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) (40:60), ranging 233-3448 mg/m2 daily for 90 days. Fatty acid concentration in plasma phospholipids and red blood cells were determined by GC. Supplementation was well tolerated and correlated strongly with blood ω3-fatty acid concentrations and EPA showed the highest increase. Using the ω3-index disregards docosapentaenoic acid (DPA), which increased 30-43% in our study motivating an EDD-index (∑EPA,DPA,DHA). The ratio between arachidonic acid and EPA or DHA showed negative exponential trends. Dose per BSA enabled an individualized omega-3 supplementation decreasing the variation referred to interindividual differences. Based on our results, we suggest a dose of 1500 mg/m2 BSA for further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Ljungblad
- Childhood Cancer Research Unit, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - H Gleissman
- Childhood Cancer Research Unit, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - G Hedberg
- Childhood Cancer Research Unit, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - M Wickström
- Childhood Cancer Research Unit, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - N Eissler
- Childhood Cancer Research Unit, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - J Pickova
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - J I Johnsen
- Childhood Cancer Research Unit, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - K Tedroff
- Neuropediatric Unit, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - B Strandvik
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet NEO, Flemingsberg, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - P Kogner
- Childhood Cancer Research Unit, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Pediatric Oncology, Astrid Lindgrens Childrens Hospital, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
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14
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Åndell E, Tomson T, Åmark P, Pihlström N, Tedroff K, Carlsson S. Childhood-onset seizures: A long-term cohort study of use of antiepileptic drugs, and drugs for neuropsychiatric conditions. Epilepsy Res 2020; 168:106489. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2020.106489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Löwing K, Gyllensvärd M, Tedroff K. Exploring sleep problems in young children with cerebral palsy - A population-based study. Eur J Paediatr Neurol 2020; 28:186-192. [PMID: 32669213 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpn.2020.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe and explore sleep problems in a population-based cohort of young children with cerebral palsy (CP) in Stockholm, Sweden. METHODS All children with CP, aged 5-10 years, and living in the Northern Karolinska University Hospital's catchment area were invited to participate in a cross-sectional study. Medical records obtained in the previous two-year period were reviewed, and a pre-planned parental telephone interview that included five structured questions and the Insomnia Severity Index (ISI) was conducted. RESULTS In total, 118 children, with a mean age of 7.4 years (SD 1.5), were included. Bilateral CP was present in 45%, unilateral in 37%, dyskinetic in 15%, and ataxic CP in 3%. Parents of 81% of the children participated in the interview. They reported sleep problems in 41% of their children, and in 80% of these children, night-time sleep was negatively affected by pain. Differences between the ISI total score in relation to CP subtypes (p < 0.025) and levels in GMFCS-E&R (p < 0.001) were detected, with increasing sleep problems for children with dyskinetic CP and children in GMFCS-E&R V. Sleep problems affected by pain were associated to the total score at ISI (rs = 0.83, p < 0.001, n = 95). CONCLUSION The results identified that sleep problems were present in more than 40% of children with CP. Sleep problems were more frequently and extensively present in children with dyskinetic CP and children in GMFCS-E&R level V. Sleep problems were associated with the presence of pain and, in particular, in the most severely affected children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Löwing
- Department of Women's & Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Astrid Lindgren Children's Hospital, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Mirja Gyllensvärd
- Department of Women's & Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Astrid Lindgren Children's Hospital, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kristina Tedroff
- Department of Women's & Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Astrid Lindgren Children's Hospital, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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16
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Danielsson A, Vanmechelen I, Lidbeck C, Krumlinde-Sundholm L, Ortibus E, Monbaliu E, Tedroff K. Reliability and Validity of the Dyskinesia Impairment Scale in Children and Young Adults with Inherited or Idiopathic Dystonia. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9082597. [PMID: 32796550 PMCID: PMC7463647 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9082597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The Dyskinesia Impairment Scale (DIS) is a new assessment scale for dystonia and choreoathetosis in children and youth with dyskinetic cerebral palsy. Today, the Burke–Fahn–Marsden Dystonia Rating Scale (BFM) is mostly used to assess dystonia in children with inherited dystonia. The aim of this study was to assess reliability and validity of the DIS in children and youth with inherited or idiopathic dystonia. Methods: Reliability was measured by (1) the intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) for inter-rater and test-retest reliability, as well as (2) standard error of measurement (SEM) and minimal detectable difference (MDD). For concurrent validity of the DIS-dystonia subscale, the BFM was administered. Results: In total, 11 males and 9 females (median age 16 years and 7 months, range 6 to 24 years) were included. For inter-rater reliability, the ICCs for the DIS total score and the dystonia and choreoathetosis subscale scores were 0.83, 0.87, and 0.71, respectively. For test-retest reliability, the ICCs for the DIS total score and the dystonia and choreoathetosis subscale scores were 0.95, 0.88, and 0.93, respectively. The SEM and MDD for the total DIS were 3.98% and 11.04%, respectively. The Spearman correlation coefficient between the dystonia subscale and the BFM was 0.88 (p < 0.01). Conclusions: Good to excellent inter-rater, test-retest reliability, and validity were found for the total DIS and the dystonia subscale. The choreoathetosis subscale showed moderate inter-rater reliability and excellent test-retest reliability. The DIS may be a promising tool to assess dystonia and choreoathetosis in children and young adults with inherited or idiopathic dystonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Danielsson
- Department of Women’s and Children´s Health, Karolinska Institutet, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden; (C.L.); (L.K.-S.); (K.T.)
- Sach’s Children and Youth Hospital, Stockholm South General Hospital, 11883 Stockholm, Sweden
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +46-708-182785
| | - Inti Vanmechelen
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, KU Leuven Campus Bruges, 8200 Bruges, Belgium; (I.V.); (E.M.)
| | - Cecilia Lidbeck
- Department of Women’s and Children´s Health, Karolinska Institutet, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden; (C.L.); (L.K.-S.); (K.T.)
- Neuropediatric Department, Karolinska University Hospital, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lena Krumlinde-Sundholm
- Department of Women’s and Children´s Health, Karolinska Institutet, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden; (C.L.); (L.K.-S.); (K.T.)
| | - Els Ortibus
- Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium;
- Cerebral Palsy Clinic, University Hospitals Leuven-Campus Pellenberg, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Centre for Developmental Disabilities, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Elegast Monbaliu
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, KU Leuven Campus Bruges, 8200 Bruges, Belgium; (I.V.); (E.M.)
| | - Kristina Tedroff
- Department of Women’s and Children´s Health, Karolinska Institutet, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden; (C.L.); (L.K.-S.); (K.T.)
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17
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Abstract
AIM To evaluate the long-term effects of selective dorsal rhizotomy (SDR) 10 years or more after the procedure and complications observed any time after SDR in children with cerebral palsy (CP). METHOD Embase, PubMed, and the Cochrane Library were searched from their individual dates of inception through 1st June 2018 for full-text original articles in English that described long-term follow-up after SDR in children with CP. The authors independently screened publications to determine whether they met inclusion criteria; thereafter all authors extracted data on patient characteristics, the proportion of the original cohort being followed-up, and the reported outcomes. RESULTS Of the 199 studies identified, 16 were included in this evaluation: 14 were case series and two studies reported a retrospectively assigned comparison group. Evidence concerning function was limited by study design differences, clinical variability, loss to follow-up, and heterogeneity across trials. INTERPRETATION At 10 years or more follow-up, available studies generate low-level evidence with considerable bias. No functional improvement of SDR over routine therapy is documented. Furthermore, the long-term effects of SDR with respect to spasticity reduction is unclear, with many studies reporting a high amount of add-on spasticity treatment. More long-term follow-up using robust scientific protocols is required before it can be decided whether the use of SDR as routine therapy for children with CP is to be recommended or not. WHAT THIS PAPER ADDS Ten years after selective dorsal rhizotomy, available studies supply inconclusive evidence on functional outcomes. The long-term effect on spasticity is uncertain, studies reported a substantial need for add-on treatment. Short- and long-term complications seem frequent but are not reported in a consistent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Tedroff
- Neuropaediatric Unit, Department of Women's and Children's HealthKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
| | - Gunnar Hägglund
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, OrthopaedicsLund UniversityLundSweden
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18
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Jacobson DNO, Löwing K, Tedroff K. Health-related quality of life, pain, and fatigue in young adults with cerebral palsy. Dev Med Child Neurol 2020; 62:372-378. [PMID: 31777955 DOI: 10.1111/dmcn.14413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
AIM To describe health-related quality of life (HRQoL), pain, fatigue, and other health variables in young adults with cerebral palsy (CP), and to explore associations with the Gross Motor Function Classification System - Expanded and Revised (GMFCS-ER) and physical activity. METHOD This was a cross-sectional study of 61 young adults at a mean age of 21 years 2 months (standard deviation 8mo, range 20-22y) with CP, from a geographically defined area. Data collection included: Short Form 36 version 2 for HRQoL, Brief Pain Inventory - Short Form, Fatigue Severity Scale, level of physical activity, medical history, and physical examination. RESULTS Overall HRQoL equalled that of population norms; however self-reported physical health was lower in GMFCS-ER levels III to V compared to GMFCS-ER levels I to II. Self-reported mental health was, inversely, lower in GMFCS-ER levels I to II compared to GMFCS-ER levels III to V. Pain prevalence was 49%, and pain was present across all GMFCS-ER levels. Fatigue, as well as sleep problems, had 41% prevalence, with fatigue severity decreasing with increasing level of physical activity. INTERPRETATION General HRQoL in young adults with CP was comparable to population norms. Pain and fatigue are important to address in high motor-functioning individuals also. Physical activity could be a possible protective factor against fatigue. WHAT THIS PAPER ADDS Health-related quality of life in young adults with cerebral palsy (CP) was comparable to population norms. Pain, fatigue, and sleep problems occurred at all Gross Motor Function Classification System levels. There is a possible protective effect of physical activity on fatigue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan N O Jacobson
- Neuropediatric Unit, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.,Center for Clinical Research Sörmland, Uppsala University, Eskilstuna, Sweden
| | - Kristina Löwing
- Neuropediatric Unit, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kristina Tedroff
- Neuropediatric Unit, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
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19
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Danielsson A, Carecchio M, Cif L, Koy A, Lin JP, Solders G, Romito L, Lohmann K, Garavaglia B, Reale C, Zorzi G, Nardocci N, Coubes P, Gonzalez V, Roubertie A, Collod-Beroud G, Lind G, Tedroff K. Pallidal Deep Brain Stimulation in DYT6 Dystonia: Clinical Outcome and Predictive Factors for Motor Improvement. J Clin Med 2019; 8:jcm8122163. [PMID: 31817799 PMCID: PMC6947218 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8122163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Pallidal deep brain stimulation is an established treatment in dystonia. Available data on the effect in DYT-THAP1 dystonia (also known as DYT6 dystonia) are scarce and long-term follow-up studies are lacking. In this retrospective, multicenter follow-up case series of medical records of such patients, the clinical outcome of pallidal deep brain stimulation in DYT-THAP1 dystonia, was evaluated. The Burke Fahn Marsden Dystonia Rating Scale served as an outcome measure. Nine females and 5 males were enrolled, with a median follow-up of 4 years and 10 months after implant. All benefited from surgery: dystonia severity was reduced by a median of 58% (IQR 31-62, p = 0.001) at last follow-up, as assessed by the Burke Fahn Marsden movement subscale. In the majority of individuals, there was no improvement of speech or swallowing, and overall, the effect was greater in the trunk and limbs as compared to the cranio-cervical and orolaryngeal regions. No correlation was found between disease duration before surgery, age at surgery, or preoperative disease burden and the outcome of deep brain stimulation. Device- and therapy-related side-effects were few. Accordingly, pallidal deep brain stimulation should be considered in clinically impairing and pharmaco-resistant DYT-THAP1 dystonia. The method is safe and effective, both short- and long-term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Danielsson
- Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Karolinska Institutet, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden;
- Sachs’ Children and Youth Hospital, Stockholm South General Hospital, 11883 Stockholm, Sweden
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +46-708-182785
| | - Miryam Carecchio
- Department of Pediatric Neuroscience, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, 20131 Milan, Italy; (M.C.); (G.Z.); (N.N.)
- Neurogenetics Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, 20126 Milan, Italy
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Padua, 35128 Padua, Italy
| | - Laura Cif
- Département de Neurochirurgie, Unité de Recherche sur les Comportements et Mouvements Anormaux, (URCMA), Centre hospitalier universitaire de Montpellier, 34090 Montpellier, France; (L.C.); (P.C.); (V.G.)
| | - Anne Koy
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne and Deparment of Pediatrics, University Hospital Cologne, 50924 Cologne, Germany;
| | - Jean-Pierre Lin
- Complex Motor Disorders Services, Evelina London Children’s Hospital, Children’s Neuromodulation, Children and Women’s Health Institute, King’s Health Partners, London SE1 7EH, UK;
| | - Göran Solders
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden; (G.S.); (G.L.)
- Department of Neurology, Karolinska University Hospital, 14186 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Luigi Romito
- Department of Movement Disorders, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, 20133 Milan, Italy;
| | - Katja Lohmann
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Luebeck, 23562 Luebeck, Germany;
| | - Barbara Garavaglia
- Medical Genetics and Neurogenetics Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, 20126 Milan, Italy; (B.G.); (C.R.)
| | - Chiara Reale
- Medical Genetics and Neurogenetics Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, 20126 Milan, Italy; (B.G.); (C.R.)
| | - Giovanna Zorzi
- Department of Pediatric Neuroscience, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, 20131 Milan, Italy; (M.C.); (G.Z.); (N.N.)
| | - Nardo Nardocci
- Department of Pediatric Neuroscience, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, 20131 Milan, Italy; (M.C.); (G.Z.); (N.N.)
| | - Philippe Coubes
- Département de Neurochirurgie, Unité de Recherche sur les Comportements et Mouvements Anormaux, (URCMA), Centre hospitalier universitaire de Montpellier, 34090 Montpellier, France; (L.C.); (P.C.); (V.G.)
| | - Victoria Gonzalez
- Département de Neurochirurgie, Unité de Recherche sur les Comportements et Mouvements Anormaux, (URCMA), Centre hospitalier universitaire de Montpellier, 34090 Montpellier, France; (L.C.); (P.C.); (V.G.)
| | - Agathe Roubertie
- Département de Neuropédiatrie, Centre hospitalier universitaire de Montpellier, 34295 Montpellier, France;
- INSERM U 1051, Institut des Neuroscience de Montpellier, 34091 Montpellier, France
| | | | - Göran Lind
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden; (G.S.); (G.L.)
| | - Kristina Tedroff
- Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Karolinska Institutet, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden;
- Astrid Lindgren Children’s Hospital, Karolinska University Hospital, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden
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20
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Tedroff K, Gyllensvärd M, Löwing K. Prevalence, identification, and interference of pain in young children with cerebral palsy: a population-based study. Disabil Rehabil 2019; 43:1292-1298. [PMID: 31526138 DOI: 10.1080/09638288.2019.1665719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the presence of pain, how pain was addressed by physicians and parents, and how pain affected everyday life in young children with cerebral palsy (CP). METHODS Children with CP, aged 5-10 years, participated in this cross-sectional study. Data were collected from medical records spanning a period of two years and by a standardized parental interview that included six structured questions and the Pain Interference Index. RESULTS A total of 118 children, with a mean age of 7.4 years (SD 1.5), participated in the study. The parents of 81% of these children were interviewed. Pain was reported in 52% of the children, and pain was present at all severity levels. The prescription of analgesics was documented in 25% of these children's medical records. Fifty-nine percent of the children with pain received analgesics from their parents. Pain restricted the children's everyday lives particularly concerning sleep, school work and being with friends. CONCLUSIONS Half of this group of young children with CP were reported to have pain. Pain restricted the children's everyday lives and seemed to be under-treated. If pain can be addressed early, the children's everyday lives are likely to be improved.Implications for rehabilitationThere is a need to early identify and treat pain in young children.Important to discuss pain with parents irrespectively of the child's age and severity level.Pain interference assessment gives valuable information.Early treatment of pain might improve children's everyday life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Tedroff
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Astrid Lindgren Children's Hospital, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mirja Gyllensvärd
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Astrid Lindgren Children's Hospital, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kristina Löwing
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Astrid Lindgren Children's Hospital, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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21
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Tedroff K. [Not Available]. Lakartidningen 2019; 116:FPT7. [PMID: 31265118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Tedroff
- Karolinska Institutet Institutionen för kvinnors och barns hälsa - Neuropediatriska avdelningen Stockholm, Sweden Karolinska Institutet Institutionen för kvinnors och barns hälsa - Neuropediatriska avdelningen Stockholm, Sweden
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Razaz N, Cnattingius S, Persson M, Tedroff K, Lisonkova S, Joseph KS. One-minute and five-minute Apgar scores and child developmental health at 5 years of age: a population-based cohort study in British Columbia, Canada. BMJ Open 2019; 9:e027655. [PMID: 31072859 PMCID: PMC6528022 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2018-027655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We investigated the associations between Apgar scores at 1 and 5 min, across the entire range of score values, and child developmental health at 5 years of age. SETTING British Columbia, Canada PARTICIPANTS: All singleton term infants without major congenital anomalies born between 1993 and 2009, who had a developmental assessment in kindergarten between 1999 and 2014. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Developmental vulnerability on one or more domains of the Early Development Instrument and special needs requirements. Adjusted rate ratios (aRRs) and 95% CIs were estimated using log-linear regression. RESULTS Of the 150 081 children in the study, 45 334 (30.2%) were developmentally vulnerable and 3644 (2.5%) had special needs. There was an increasing trend in developmental vulnerability and special needs with decreasing 1 min and 5 min Apgar scores. Compared with children with an Apgar score of 10 at 5 min, the aRR for developmental vulnerability increased steadily with decreasing Apgar score from 1.02 (95% CI 1.00 to 1.04) for an Apgar score of 9 to 1.57 (95% CI 1.03 to 2.39) for an Apgar score of 2. Among children with 1 min Apgar scores in the 7-10 range, changes in Apgar scores between 1 and 5 min were associated with significant differences in developmental vulnerability. Compared with children who had an Apgar score of 9 at 1 min and 10 at 5 min, children with an Apgar score of 9 at both 1 and 5 min had higher rates of developmental vulnerability (aRR 1.03, 95% CI 1.01 to 1.05). Compared with infants with an Apgar of 10 at both 1 and 5 min, infants with a 1 min score of 10 and a 5 min score of <10 had higher rates of developmental vulnerability (aRR 1.53, 95% CI 1.08 to 2.17). CONCLUSION Risks of adverse developmental health and having special needs at 5 years of age are inversely associated with 1 min and 5 min Apgar scores across their entire range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neda Razaz
- Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sven Cnattingius
- Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Martina Persson
- Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kristina Tedroff
- Women’s and Children’s Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sarka Lisonkova
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - K S Joseph
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES To describe social outcomes for young adults with cerebral palsy, and to explore associations of social outcomes with their classification levels within the Gross Motor Function, Manual Ability and Communication Function Classification Systems, and with the presence of intellectual disability. DESIGN A cross-sectional study with a population-based inclusion approach at a neuropaediatric referral centre in Sweden. SUBJECTS Sixty-one young adults with cerebral palsy, age 20-22 years. METHODS Physical examination and questionnaires on social outcomes including living arrangements, relationships, occupation, personal finances, extent of family support with personal care, and physical examination. RESULTS Twenty percent of the young adults with cerebral palsy had moved out of the parental home. Forty-three percent were dependent on family support for basic activities of daily living. Seventy-nine percent of those without intellectual disability were employed or studying. The Communication Function Classification Systems, and presence of intellectual disability, demonstrated associations with most social outcomes, followed in significance by Manual Ability Classification System. CONCLUSION In this study young adults with cerebral palsy to a high extent lived in the parental home, and more often without employment, compared with their peers. Many were dependent on parental support, financially, and with activities of daily living. Intellectual disability and communication function were important determinants of social participation. Interventions aimed at alleviating the impact of these particular disabilities should be prioritized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan N O Jacobson
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institute, , 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden.
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Danielsson A, Anderlid BM, Stödberg T, Lagerstedt-Robinson K, Klackenberg Arrhenius E, Tedroff K. Benign paroxysmal torticollis of infancy does not lead to neurological sequelae. Dev Med Child Neurol 2018; 60:1251-1255. [PMID: 29956301 DOI: 10.1111/dmcn.13939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
AIM To elucidate the natural course of benign paroxysmal torticollis, the relationship of this disorder to migraine and other paroxysmal diseases, and to analyse candidate genes. METHOD This was a case series of children with benign paroxysmal torticollis of infancy (BPTI) diagnosed from 1998 to 2005, at Astrid Lindgren Children's Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden. A neurological examination and a formalized motor assessment were performed from 2005 to 2007. At a second follow-up, in 2014 to 2015, the children and their parents were interviewed and candidate genes analysed. RESULTS The mean age of the eight females and three males included in the second follow-up was 13 years 9 months (SD 2y 2mo). All motor assessments were normal. Five had developed migraine, abdominal migraine, and/or cyclic vomiting. Prophylactic treatment or migraine-specific medication during attacks were not needed. No paroxysmal tonic upgaze, benign paroxysmal vertigo, epilepsy, episodic ataxia, or paroxysmal dyskinesia was reported. Rare genetic variants in CACNA1A and ATP1A2 were found in two children. Five had a family history of migraine. INTERPRETATION BPTI is transient and does not lead to neurological sequelae. Most children afflicted experience either a mild migraine or no paroxysmal disorder at all in their adolescence. Genetic variants in candidate genes were few, indicating potential genetic heterogeneity. WHAT THIS PAPER ADDS After resolution of their benign paroxysmal torticollis of infancy (BPTI), children display no gross motor delay. Most adolescents who previously had BPTI have not developed migraine. No mutations in candidate genes, known to cause hemiplegic migraine, were found. Associated symptoms are often lacking during episodes of torticollis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Danielsson
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Sachs' Children and Youth Hospital, Stockholm South General Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Britt-Marie Anderlid
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Genetics, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.,Astrid Lindgren Children's Hospital, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tommy Stödberg
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Astrid Lindgren Children's Hospital, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kristina Lagerstedt-Robinson
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Genetics, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Kristina Tedroff
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Astrid Lindgren Children's Hospital, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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Jason EÅ, Tomson T, Carlsson S, Tedroff K, Åmark P. Neurodevelopmental comorbidities and seizure control 24 months after a first unprovoked seizure in children. Epilepsy Res 2018; 143:33-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2018.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Revised: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Tedroff K, Befrits G, Tedroff CJ, Gantelius S. To switch from Botox to Dysport in children with CP, a real world, dose conversion, cost-effectiveness study. Eur J Paediatr Neurol 2018; 22:412-418. [PMID: 29452742 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpn.2018.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Revised: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Children with cerebral palsy (CP) are routinely treated with botulinum toxin A (BoNT-A). Two non dose-equivalent and differently priced products, Botox and Dysport are used. Depending on the conversion one of the products is considerably cheaper. However, the dose conversion factors studied to date have varied widely and relevant studies have not included children. Our objective here was to compare the efficacy and health economics of the switch from Botox to Dysport in children with CP when conversion was set to 1:2. Specifically were these treatments perceived as equivalent in terms of efficacy, duration and side-effects and were the drug cost lowered by using Dysport. METHODS This prospective, real-world, cost-effectiveness population-based observational study included all children with CP, (n = 159) mean age 9.4 years (SD, 4.3), in the larger Stockholm area who received BoNT-A between September 1, 2014, and December 31, 2015. Parents reported the efficacy, duration and side-effects of previous treatment while physicians reported doses and goals set by children and parents for the present treatment. Drug acquisition costs were provided by county administrators. RESULTS In connection with 341 visits caregivers reported comparable effects of similar duration with these products, with few, similar and transient side-effects. The drug-cost per treatment was 4029 SEK for Botox and 2380 SEK in the case of Dysport. CONCLUSION When Botox was replaced by a two-fold higher Unit dose of Dysport (conversion 1:2) parents perceived the treatment of their children with CP to be equally effective while the cost was 41% lower according to procured prices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Tedroff
- Neuropediatric Unit Q202, Astrid Lindgren Children's Hospital, 171 76, Stockholm, Sweden; Neuropediatric Unit, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Q207, Karolinska Institutet, 171 76, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Gustaf Befrits
- Stockholm County Council, Magnus Ladulåsgatan 63A, 118 27, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Carl Johan Tedroff
- Neuropediatric Unit, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Q207, Karolinska Institutet, 171 76, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Stefan Gantelius
- Pediatric Orthopedic Unit Q102, Astrid Lindgren Children's Hospital, 171 76, Stockholm, Sweden; Neuropediatric Unit, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Q207, Karolinska Institutet, 171 76, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Children with idiopathic toe-walking, a common pediatric condition, walk some or all of the time on their toes. This condition often causes parental concern, with repeated medical contacts and a range of interventions including stretching, casts, injection of botulinum toxin A, and surgical procedures. The purpose of this cohort study was to document the natural history of this condition. METHODS In a population-based cohort of 1,401 healthy 5.5-year-old Swedish children, we found the prevalence of idiopathic toe-walking to be approximately 5% (63 of 1,401). Of the 63 children who had ever been a toe-walker, 26 still were at the age of 5.5 years and were followed in the current study at 8 and 10 years of age. At the 8-year follow-up, parents were asked by telephone whether their child had received any treatment or diagnosis since the 5.5-year assessment, as well as to what extent (approximately 25%, 50%, 75%, or 100% of the time) the child still walked on the toes. At the visit when the children were 10 years of age, their parents were asked the same questions. All 26 children also underwent a neurological examination and an orthopaedic examination focusing on the lower extremities. RESULTS At 8 years of age, 6 of 26 children had ceased toe-walking, and by the age of 10 years, 50 (79%) of the original 63 patients had spontaneously ceased toe-walking. Idiopathic toe-walking did not result in contractures of the triceps surae. One subgroup of children displayed early contracture of the ankle and should thus not be considered idiopathic toe-walkers. Four of the children who still toe-walked at the age of 10 years demonstrated some neurodevelopmental comorbidity. CONCLUSIONS By the age of 10 years, 79% of the children who have ever been a toe-walker spontaneously develop a typical gait, without intervention or contractures of the ankle dorsiflexion. The diagnosis of short tendo Achilles should be retained as a separate diagnosis as there is a subset of children with this entity who should be treated early in childhood. Neurodevelopmental comorbidities are common among those who continue to toe-walk. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Prognostic Level I. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pähr Engström
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Blekinge Hospital, Karlskrona, Sweden
| | - Kristina Tedroff
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Persson M, Razaz N, Tedroff K, Joseph KS, Cnattingius S. Five and 10 minute Apgar scores and risks of cerebral palsy and epilepsy: population based cohort study in Sweden. BMJ 2018; 360:k207. [PMID: 29437691 PMCID: PMC5802319 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.k207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate associations between Apgar score at five and 10 minutes across the entire range of score values (from 0 to 10) and risks of childhood cerebral palsy or epilepsy, and to analyse the effect of changes in Apgar scores from five to 10 minutes after birth in infants born ≥37 completed weeks. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Population based cohort study in Sweden, including 1 213 470 non-malformed live singleton infants, born at term between 1999 and 2012. Data on maternal and pregnancy characteristics and diagnoses of cerebral palsy and epilepsy were obtained by individual record linkages of nationwide Swedish registries. EXPOSURES Apgar scores at five and 10 minutes. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Cerebral palsy and epilepsy diagnosed up to 16 years of age. Adjusted hazard ratios were calculated, along with 95% confidence intervals. RESULTS 1221 (0.1%) children were diagnosed as having cerebral palsy and 3975 (0.3%) as having epilepsy. Compared with children with an Apgar score of 10 at five minutes, the adjusted hazard ratio for cerebral palsy increased steadily with decreasing Apgar score: from 1.9 (95% confidence interval 1.6 to 2.2) for an Apgar score of 9 to 277.7 (154.4 to 499.5) for an Apgar score of 0. Similar and even stronger associations were obtained between Apgar scores at 10 minutes and cerebral palsy. Associations between Apgar scores and epilepsy were less pronounced, but increased hazard ratios were noted in infants with a five minute Apgar score of 7 or less and a 10 minute Apgar score of 8 or less. Compared with infants with an Apgar of 9-10 at both five and 10 minutes, hazard ratios of cerebral palsy and epilepsy were higher among infants with a five minute Apgar score of 7-8 and a 10 minute Apgar score of 9-10. CONCLUSION Risks of cerebral palsy and epilepsy are inversely associated with five minute and 10 minute Apgar scores across the entire range of Apgar scores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Persson
- Department of Medicine, Solna, Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Neda Razaz
- Department of Medicine, Solna, Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kristina Tedroff
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Neuropediatric Unit, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - K S Joseph
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia and the Children's and Women's Hospital of British Columbia
| | - Sven Cnattingius
- Department of Medicine, Solna, Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
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Hjartarson HT, Ehrstedt C, Tedroff K. Intrathecal baclofen treatment an option in X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy. Eur J Paediatr Neurol 2018; 22:178-181. [PMID: 28964670 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpn.2017.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Revised: 08/20/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (X-ALD) is a genetic peroxisomal disorder associated with tissue accumulation of very long chain fatty acids (VLCFAs). In approximately one third of affected males, this causes progressive and irreversible damage to the brain white matter. Progress is often rapid with upper motor neuron damage leading to severe spasticity and dystonia. The increased muscle tone is frequently difficult to alleviate with oral drugs. Here, we describe two patients with X-ALD who have received treatment with intrathecal baclofen pumps (ITB). CASE STUDY Both boys had a rapidly progressive cerebral form of the disorder resulting, among other things, in escalating spasticity and dystonia causing severe pain, dramatically reducing their quality of life. Both were treated with a variety of oral medications without adequate relief. Both patients tolerated ITB surgery without complications and the positive clinical effects of treatment with ITB became clear in the following weeks and months, with significantly reduced muscle tone, less pain and better sleep. Moreover, general caretaking became easier. CONCLUSION The treatment of spasticity and dystonia in these patients is difficult partly due to the relentless nature of this progressive disorder. In our two patients, ITB has been effective from both a symptomatic and palliative perspective. We recommend that such treatment be considered as an early option for increased muscle tone in boys with the cerebral form of X-ALD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helgi Thor Hjartarson
- Department of Neuropediatrics, Astrid Lindgren Children's Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Christoffer Ehrstedt
- Uppsala University Children's Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden; Department of Women's and Children's Health, Section for Pediatrics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Kristina Tedroff
- Department of Neuropediatrics, Astrid Lindgren Children's Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Eliasson AC, Nordstrand L, Ek L, Lennartsson F, Sjöstrand L, Tedroff K, Krumlinde-Sundholm L. The effectiveness of Baby-CIMT in infants younger than 12 months with clinical signs of unilateral-cerebral palsy; an explorative study with randomized design. Res Dev Disabil 2018; 72:191-201. [PMID: 29175749 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2017.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Revised: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
AIM To explore the effectiveness of baby-CIMT (constraint-induced movement therapy) and baby-massage for improving the manual ability of infants younger than 12 months with unilateral cerebral palsy (CP). METHOD Infants eligible for inclusion were 3-8 months old with asymmetric hand function and at high risk of developing unilateral CP. Thirty-seven infants were assigned randomly to receive baby-CIMT or baby-massage. At one year of age 31 children were diagnosed with unilateral CP, 18 (8 boys, 6.1±1.7months) of these had received baby-CIMT and 13 (8 boys, 5.0±1.6months) baby-massage. There were two 6-week training periods separated by a 6-week pause. The Hand Assessment for Infants (HAI), Assisting Hand Assessment (AHA), the Parenting Sense of Competence Scale (PSCS) and a questionnaire concerning feasibility were applied. RESULTS There was improvement in the "Affected hand score" of HAI from median 10 (6;13 IQR) to 13 (7;17 IQR) raw score in the baby-CIMT group and from 5 (4;11 IQR) to 6 (3;12 IQR) for baby-massage with a significant between group difference (p=0.041). At 18-month of age, the median AHA score were 51 (38;72 IQR) after baby-CIMT (n=18) compared to 24 (19;43 IQR) baby-massage (n=9). The PSCS revealed an enhanced sense of competence of being a parent among fathers in the baby-CIMT group compared to fathers in the baby-massage (p=0.002). Parents considered both interventions to be feasible. CONCLUSION Baby-CIMT appears to improve the unimanual ability of young children with unilateral CP more than massage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann-Christin Eliasson
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Linda Nordstrand
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Linda Ek
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Finn Lennartsson
- Department of Neuroradiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lena Sjöstrand
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kristina Tedroff
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Abstract
Importance There is growing concern about the long-term neurologic effects of prenatal exposure to maternal overweight and obesity. The causes of epilepsy are poorly understood and, in more than 60% of the patients, no definitive cause can be determined. Objectives To investigate the association between early pregnancy body mass index (BMI) and the risk of childhood epilepsy and examine associations between obesity-related pregnancy and neonatal complications and risks of childhood epilepsy. Design, Setting, and Participants A population-based cohort study of 1 441 623 live single births at 22 or more completed gestational weeks in Sweden from January 1, 1997, to December 31, 2011, was conducted. The diagnosis of epilepsy as well as obesity-related pregnancy and neonatal complications were based on information from the Sweden Medical Birth Register and National Patient Register. Multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to estimate adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% CIs after adjusting for maternal age, country of origin, educational level, cohabitation with partner, height, smoking, maternal epilepsy, and year of delivery. Data analysis was conducted from June 1 to December 15, 2016. Main Outcomes and Measures Risk of childhood epilepsy. Results Of the 1 421 551 children born between January 1, 1997, and December 31, 2011, with covariate information available, 7592 (0.5%) were diagnosed with epilepsy through December 31, 2012. Of these 3530 (46.5%) were female. The overall incidence of epilepsy in children aged 28 days to 16 years was 6.79 per 10 000 child-years. Compared with offspring of normal-weight mothers (BMI 18.5 to <25.0), adjusted HRs of epilepsy by maternal BMI categories were as follows: overweight (BMI 25.0 to <30.0), 1.11 (95% CI, 1.04-1.17); obesity grade I (BMI 30.0 to <35.0), 1.20 (95% CI, 1.10-1.31); obesity grade II (BMI 35.0 to <40.0), 1.30 (95% CI, 1.12-1.50); and obesity grade III (BMI≥40.0), 1.82 (95% CI, 1.46-2.26). The rates of epilepsy were considerably increased for children with malformations of the nervous system (adjusted HR, 46.4; 95% CI, 42.2-51.0), hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy (adjusted HR, 23.6; 95% CI, 20.6-27.1), and neonatal convulsions (adjusted HR, 33.5; 95% CI, 30.1-37.4). The rates of epilepsy were doubled among children with neonatal hypoglycemia (adjusted HR, 2.10; 95% CI, 1.90-2.33) and respiratory distress syndrome (adjusted HR, 2.43; 2.21-2.66), and neonatal jaundice was associated with more than a 50% increased risk of epilepsy (adjusted HR, 1.47; 95% CI, 1.33-1.63). The elevated risk of epilepsy in children of overweight or obese mothers was not explained by obesity-related pregnancy or neonatal complications. Conclusions and Relevance The rates of childhood epilepsy increased with maternal overweight or obesity in a dose-response manner. Given that overweight and obesity are modifiable, prevention of obesity may be an important public health strategy to reduce the incidence of childhood epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neda Razaz
- Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kristina Tedroff
- Neuropediatric Unit, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Eduardo Villamor
- Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden3Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, and Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
| | - Sven Cnattingius
- Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Villamor
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor
| | - Kristina Tedroff
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sven Cnattingius
- Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Villamor E, Tedroff K, Peterson M, Johansson S, Neovius M, Petersson G, Cnattingius S. Association Between Maternal Body Mass Index in Early Pregnancy and Incidence of Cerebral Palsy. JAMA 2017; 317:925-936. [PMID: 28267854 DOI: 10.1001/jama.2017.0945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Maternal overweight and obesity are associated with increased risks of preterm delivery, asphyxia-related neonatal complications, and congenital malformations, which in turn are associated with increased risks of cerebral palsy. It is uncertain whether risk of cerebral palsy in offspring increases with maternal overweight and obesity severity and what could be possible mechanisms. OBJECTIVE To study the associations between early pregnancy body mass index (BMI) and rates of cerebral palsy by gestational age and to identify potential mediators of these associations. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Population-based retrospective cohort study of women with singleton children born in Sweden from 1997 through 2011. Using national registries, children were followed for a cerebral palsy diagnosis through 2012. EXPOSURES Early pregnancy BMI. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Incidence rates of cerebral palsy and hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% CIs, adjusted for maternal age, country of origin, education level, cohabitation with a partner, height, smoking during pregnancy, and year of delivery. RESULTS Of 1 423 929 children included (mean gestational age, 39.8 weeks [SD, 1.8]; 51.4% male), 3029 were diagnosed with cerebral palsy over a median 7.8 years of follow-up (risk, 2.13 per 1000 live births; rate, 2.63/10 000 child-years). The percentages of mothers in BMI categories were 2.4% at BMI less than 18.5 (underweight), 61.8% at BMI of 18.5 to 24.9 (normal weight), 24.8% at BMI of 25 to 29.9 (overweight), 7.8% at BMI of 30 to 34.9 (obesity grade 1), 2.4% at BMI of 35 to 39.9 (obesity grade 2), and 0.8% at BMI 40 or greater (obesity grade 3). The number of cerebral palsy cases in each BMI category was 64, 1487, 728, 239, 88, and 38; and the rates per 10 000 child-years were 2.58, 2.35, 2.92, 3.15, 4.00, and 5.19, respectively. Compared with children of normal-weight mothers, adjusted HR of cerebral palsy were 1.22 (95% CI, 1.11-1.33) for overweight, 1.28 (95% CI, 1.11-1.47) for obesity grade 1, 1.54 (95% CI, 1.24, 1.93) for obesity grade 2, and 2.02 (95% CI, 1.46-2.79) for obesity grade 3. Results were statistically significant for children born at full term, who comprised 71% of all children with cerebral palsy, but not for preterm infants. An estimated 45% of the association between maternal BMI and rates of cerebral palsy in full-term children was mediated through asphyxia-related neonatal morbidity. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Among Swedish women with singleton children, maternal overweight and obesity were significantly associated with the rate of cerebral palsy. The association was limited to children born at full term and was partly mediated through asphyxia-related neonatal complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Villamor
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor2Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kristina Tedroff
- Neuropediatric Unit, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mark Peterson
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
| | - Stefan Johansson
- Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden5Department of Clinical Science and Education, Södersjukhuset, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Martin Neovius
- Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gunnar Petersson
- Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sven Cnattingius
- Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Tedroff K. Deep brain stimulation for cerebral palsy, stability of cognitive functioning and what parents think. Eur J Paediatr Neurol 2017; 21:14-15. [PMID: 27988299 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpn.2016.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Tedroff
- Consultant and Fellowship Program Director, Neuropediatric Unit, Astrid Lindgren Children's Hospital, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, S-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden.
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Eliasson AC, Holmström L, Aarne P, Nakeva von Mentzer C, Weiland AL, Sjöstrand L, Forssberg H, Tedroff K, Löwing K. Efficacy of the small step program in a randomised controlled trial for infants below age 12 months with clinical signs of CP; a study protocol. BMC Pediatr 2016; 16:175. [PMID: 27809886 PMCID: PMC5093986 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-016-0711-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2015] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Children with cerebral palsy (CP) have life-long motor disorders, and they are typically subjected to extensive treatment throughout their childhood. Despite this, there is a lack of evidence supporting the effectiveness of early interventions aiming at improving motor function, activity, and participation in daily life. The study will evaluate the effectiveness of the newly developed Small Step Program, which is introduced to children at risk of developing CP during their first year of life. The intervention is based upon theories of early learning-induced brain plasticity and comprises important components of evidence-based intervention approaches used with older children with CP. Method and design A two-group randomised control trial will be conducted. Invited infants at risk of developing CP due to a neonatal event affecting the brain will be randomised to either the Small Step Program or to usual care. They will be recruited from Astrid Lindgren Children’s Hospital at regular check-up and included at age 3–8 months. The Small Step Program was designed to provide individualized, goal directed, and intensive intervention focusing on hand use, mobility, and communication in the child’s own home environment and carried out by their parents who have been trained and coached by therapists. The primary endpoint will be approximately 35 weeks after the start of the intervention, and the secondary endpoint will be at 2 years of age. The primary outcome measure will be the Peabody Developmental Motor Scale (second edition). Secondary assessments will measure and describe the children’s general and specific development and brain pathology. In addition, the parents’ perspective of the program will be evaluated. General linear models will be used to compare outcomes between groups. Discussion This paper presents the background and rationale for developing the Small-Step Program and the design and protocol of a randomized controlled trial. The aim of the Small Step Program is to influence development by enabling children to function on a higher level than if not treated by the program and to evaluate whether the program will affect parent’s ability to cope with stress and anxiety related to having a child at risk of developing CP. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier NCT02166801. Registered June 12, 2014.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann-Christin Eliasson
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, 171 76, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Linda Holmström
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, 171 76, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Päivikki Aarne
- Division of Speech and Language Pathology, Department of CLINTEC, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Speech and Language Pathology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Ann-Louise Weiland
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, 171 76, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lena Sjöstrand
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, 171 76, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hans Forssberg
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, 171 76, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kristina Tedroff
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, 171 76, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kristina Löwing
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, 171 76, Stockholm, Sweden
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Lidbeck C, Bartonek Å, Yadav P, Tedroff K, Åstrand P, Hellgren K, Gutierrez-Farewik EM. The role of visual stimuli on standing posture in children with bilateral cerebral palsy. BMC Neurol 2016; 16:151. [PMID: 27557808 PMCID: PMC4997695 DOI: 10.1186/s12883-016-0676-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In children with bilateral cerebral palsy (CP) maintaining a standing position can be difficult. The fundamental motor task of standing independently is achieved by an interaction between the visual, somatosensory, and vestibular systems. In CP, the motor disorders are commonly accompanied by sensory and perceptual disturbances. Our aims were to examine the influence of visual stimuli on standing posture in relation to standing ability. Methods Three dimensional motion analysis with surface electromyography was recorded to describe body position, body movement, and muscle activity during three standing tasks: in a self-selected position, while blindfolded, and during an attention-demanding task. Participants were twenty-seven typically-developing (TD) children and 36 children with bilateral CP, of which 17 required support for standing (CP-SwS) and 19 stood without support (CP-SwoS). Results All children with CP stood with a more flexed body position than the TD children, even more pronounced in the children in CP-SwS. While blindfolded, the CP-SwS group further flexed their hips and knees, and increased muscle activity in knee extensors. In contrast, the children in CP-SwoS maintained the same body position but increased calf muscle activity. During the attention-demanding task, the children in CP-SwoS stood with more still head and knee positions and with less muscle activity. Conclusions Visual input was important for children with CP to maintain a standing position. Without visual input the children who required support dropped into a further crouched position. The somatosensory and vestibular systems alone could not provide enough information about the body position in space without visual cues as a reference frame. In the children who stood without support, an intensified visual stimulus enhanced the ability to maintain a quiet standing position. It may be that impairments in the sensory systems are major contributors to the difficulties to stand erect in children with CP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Lidbeck
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 76, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Åsa Bartonek
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 76, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Priti Yadav
- Royal Institute of Technology, KTH Mechanics, Stockholm, Sweden.,Royal Institute of Technology, KTH BioMEx Center, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kristina Tedroff
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 76, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Per Åstrand
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 76, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kerstin Hellgren
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 76, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Elena M Gutierrez-Farewik
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 76, Stockholm, Sweden.,Royal Institute of Technology, KTH Mechanics, Stockholm, Sweden.,Royal Institute of Technology, KTH BioMEx Center, Stockholm, Sweden
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Lidbeck C, Tedroff K, Bartonek Å. Muscle strength does not explain standing ability in children with bilateral spastic cerebral palsy: a cross sectional descriptive study. BMC Neurol 2015; 15:188. [PMID: 26449859 PMCID: PMC4599329 DOI: 10.1186/s12883-015-0441-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In bilateral cerebral palsy (CP) muscle strength is considered important for development of gross motor functions, but its influence on standing ability has not been explored. Our aims were to examine muscle strength with respect to the ability to stand with (SwS) or without (SwoS) hand support, asymmetrical weight bearing (WB), and whether the ability to produce strength was influenced by different seated conditions. Methods In this cross sectional descriptive study standing posture was recorded with 3D motion analysis, and muscle strength was measured with a hand-held dynamometer, in 25 children with bilateral CP, GMFCS levels II-III, SwS (n = 14, median age 11.4 years), or SwoS, (n = 11, median age 11.4 years). Strength measurements were taken in the hip flexors, knee extensors, dorsiflexors and plantarflexors, in two seated conditions; a chair with arm- and backrests, and a stool. Results Compared to SwoS, children SwS stood with a more flexed posture, but presented with equal strength in the hip flexors, dorsiflexors and plantarflexors, and with somewhat more strength in the knee extensors. Despite asymmetric WB during standing, both limbs were equally strong in the two groups. No differences in strength were measured between the two seated conditions. Conclusions Despite challenges measuring muscle strength in CP, the lower limb muscle strength cannot be considered an explanatory factor for variations in standing in this group of children with bilateral CP. The findings rather strengthen our hypothesis that deficits in the sensory systems could be as determinant for standing as muscle weakness in children with bilateral spastic CP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Lidbeck
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Kristina Tedroff
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Åsa Bartonek
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Löwing K, Arredondo YC, Tedroff M, Tedroff K. Introduction of the gross motor function classification system in Venezuela--a model for knowledge dissemination. BMC Pediatr 2015; 15:111. [PMID: 26341265 PMCID: PMC4560893 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-015-0433-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 08/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A current worldwide common goal is to optimize the health and well-being of children with cerebral palsy (CP). In order to reach that goal, for this heterogeneous group, a common language and classification systems are required to predict development and offer evidence based interventions. In most countries in Africa, South America, Asia and Eastern Europe the classification systems for CP are unfamiliar and rarely used. Education and implementation are required. The specific aims of this study were to examine a model in order to introduce the Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS-E&R) in Venezuela, and to examine the validity and the reliability. METHODS Children with CP, registered at a National child rehabilitation centre in Venezuela, were invited to participate. The Spanish version of GMFCS-E&R was used. The Wilson mobility scale was translated and used to examine the concurrent validity. A structured questionnaire, comprising aspects of mobility and gross motor function, was constructed. In addition, each child was filmed. A paediatrician in Venezuela received supervised self-education in GMFCS-E&R and the Wilson mobility scale. A Swedish student was educated in GMFCS-E&R and the Wilson mobility scale prior to visiting Venezuela. In Venezuela, all children were classified and scored by the paediatrician and student independently. An experienced paediatric physiotherapist (PT) in Sweden made independent GMFCS-E&R classifications and Wilson mobility scale scorings, accomplished through merging data from the structured questionnaire with observations of the films. Descriptive statistics were used and reliability was presented with weighted Kappa (Kw). Spearman's correlation coefficient was calculated to explore the concurrent validity between GMFCS-E&R and Wilson mobility scale. RESULTS Eighty-eight children (56 boys), mean age 10 years (3-18), with CP participated. The inter-rater reliability of GMFCS-E&R between; the paediatrician and the PT was Kw = 0.85 (95% CI: 0.75-0.88), the PT and student was Kw = 0.91 (95% CI: 0.86-0.95) and the paediatrician and student was Kw = 0.85 (95 % CI: 0.79-0.90). The correlations between GMFCS-E&R and Wilson mobility scale were high rs =0.94-0.95 (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS In a setting with no previous knowledge of GMFCS-E&R, the model with education, supervised self-education and practice was efficient and resulted in very good reliability and validity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Löwing
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Q2:07, SE-171 76, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Ynes C Arredondo
- Child Rehabilitation Center Mundo de Sonrisas Alta Vista, Mundo De Sonrisas Building, Puerto Ordaz, 8050, Venezuela.
| | - Marika Tedroff
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Q2:07, SE-171 76, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Kristina Tedroff
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Q2:07, SE-171 76, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Tedroff K, Löwing K, Åström E. A prospective cohort study investigating gross motor function, pain, and health-related quality of life 17 years after selective dorsal rhizotomy in cerebral palsy. Dev Med Child Neurol 2015; 57:484-90. [PMID: 25523506 DOI: 10.1111/dmcn.12665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIM The aim of this study is to evaluate the long-term effects of selective dorsal rhizotomy (SDR), 15 to 20 years after surgery in patients with cerebral palsy. METHOD Eighteen children (four females, 14 males; mean age at SDR 4y 7mo, SD 1y 7mo) with bilateral spastic cerebral palsy (CP), were prospectively assessed after SDR. This study focuses on the outcome 15 to 20 years after the procedure. The assessments include the Modified Ashworth Scale for spasticity, the Gross Motor Function Measure (GMFM-88), the Wilson Mobility Scale, The Health-Related Quality of Life Health Survey, SF-36v2, and the Brief Pain Inventory. RESULTS The effect of normalized muscle tone in lower extremities after SDR was sustained after a median of 17 years. The best gross motor function capacity, according to the GMFM score, was seen at the 3-year follow-up, thereafter a gradual decline followed. Half of the individuals reported low intensity pain and interference. Compared to a norm sample the physical health component of SF-36v2 was slightly lower and the mental health component slightly higher. INTERPRETATION The spasticity-reducing effect of SDR does not improve long-term functioning, nor prevent contractures, but it can possibly reduce the pain often experienced by individuals with CP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Tedroff
- Neuropaediatric Unit, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Astrid Lindgren Children's Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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Eliasson AC, Sjöstrand L, Ek L, Krumlinde-Sundholm L, Tedroff K. Efficacy of baby-CIMT: study protocol for a randomised controlled trial on infants below age 12 months, with clinical signs of unilateral CP. BMC Pediatr 2014; 14:141. [PMID: 24903062 PMCID: PMC4062504 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2431-14-141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2014] [Accepted: 05/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Infants with unilateral brain lesions are at high risk of developing unilateral cerebral palsy (CP). Given the great plasticity of the young brain, possible interventions for infants at risk of unilateral CP deserve exploration. Constraint-induced movement therapy (CIMT) is known to be effective for older children with unilateral CP but is not systematically used for infants. The development of CIMT for infants (baby-CIMT) is described here, as is the methodology of an RCT comparing the effects on manual ability development of baby-CIMT versus baby-massage. The main hypothesis is that infants receiving baby-CIMT will develop manual ability in the involved hand faster than will infants receiving baby-massage in the first year of life. Method and design The study will be a randomised, controlled, prospective parallel-group trial. Invited infants will be to be randomised to either the baby-CIMT or the baby-massage group if they: 1) are at risk of developing unilateral CP due to a known neonatal event affecting the brain or 2) have been referred to Astrid Lindgren Children’s Hospital due to asymmetric hand function. The inclusion criteria are age 3–8 months and established asymmetric hand use. Infants in both groups will receive two 6-weeks training periods separated by a 6-week pause, for 12 weeks in total of treatment. The primary outcome measure will be the new Hand Assessment for Infants (HAI) for evaluating manual ability. In addition, the Parenting Sense of Competence scale and Alberta Infant Motor Scale will be used. Clinical neuroimaging will be utilized to characterise the brain lesion type. To compare outcomes between treatment groups generalised linear models will be used. Discussion The model of early intensive intervention for hand function, baby-CIMT evaluated by the Hand Assessment for Infants (HAI) will have the potential to significantly increase our understanding of how early intervention of upper limb function in infants at risk of developing unilateral CP can be performed and measured. Trial registration SFO-V4072/2012, 05/22/2013
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann-Christin Eliasson
- Neuropediatric Unit, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Pansell T, Hellgren K, Jacobson L, Brautaset R, Tedroff K. The accommodative process in children with cerebral palsy: different strategies to obtain clear vision at short distance. Dev Med Child Neurol 2014; 56:171-7. [PMID: 24000971 DOI: 10.1111/dmcn.12266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIM Accommodation is the ability of the eye to change focus in order to maintain a sharp image of objects at various distances. The accommodative process is largely unknown in children and requires new assessment techniques. The aim of the study was to investigate this process in children with and without cerebral palsy (CP). METHOD In a descriptive case-control study, children with CP (n=15; nine females, six males; median age 14y) and 21 typically developing children (11 females, 10 males; median age 12y) underwent standard ophthalmological examination and examination by the PowerRefractor. Six of the children had spastic bilateral CP, five had spastic unilateral CP, and four had dyskinetic CP. The children's Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS) levels were as follows: level I, seven children; level II, two children; level III, three children; and level IV, three children. The PowerRefractor measures accommodation in response to minus lens stimuli. Continuous measurements of refraction/accommodation, eye position, and pupil size are obtained. The Kruskal-Wallis analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Mann-Whitney U test were used for between-group analysis (α=0.05), and Friedman ANOVA was used for within-group analysis. RESULTS The stimuli-response gain (input/output) was approximately 80% in typical children inducing a focusing error (0.2-0.5D) increasing with minus lens power. Children with CP accommodated significantly less (gain: ~30%; p<0.001), inducing a larger focusing error (1.1-1.7D) increasing with minus lens power. The accommodative response was slower and more variable in children with CP. The pupil response did not mirror the accommodative response. INTERPRETATION Children with CP exhibit problems in generating an appropriate accommodative response. This can affect everyday living and reading skills.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tony Pansell
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Ophthalmology and Vision, St Erik Eye Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Tedroff K. [Treatment of spasticity can improve everyday life]. Lakartidningen 2013; 110:762-764. [PMID: 23662537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
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Engström P, Bartonek Å, Tedroff K, Orefelt C, Haglund-Åkerlind Y, Gutierrez-Farewik EM. Botulinum toxin A does not improve the results of cast treatment for idiopathic toe-walking: a randomized controlled trial. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2013; 95:400-7. [PMID: 23467862 DOI: 10.2106/jbjs.l.00889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are many treatments for idiopathic toe-walking, including casts with or without injection of botulinum toxin A. Combined treatment with casts and botulinum toxin A has become more common even though there have been few studies of its efficacy and safety problems. Our aims were to conduct a randomized controlled trial to test the hypotheses that combined treatment with casts and botulinum toxin A is more effective than casts alone in reducing toe-walking by patients five to fifteen years of age, and that the treatment effect correlates with the extent of coexisting neuropsychiatric problems. METHODS All patients who had been consecutively admitted to the pediatric orthopaedics department of our institution because of idiopathic toe-walking between November 2005 and April 2010 were considered for inclusion in the study. Forty-seven children constituted the study population. The children were randomized to undergo four weeks of treatment with below-the-knee casts either as the sole intervention or to undergo the cast treatment one to two weeks after receiving injections of botulinum toxin A into the calves. Before treatment and three and twelve months after cast removal, all children underwent three-dimensional (3-D) gait analysis. The severity of the idiopathic toe-walking was classified on the basis of the gait analysis, and the parents rated the time that their child spent on his/her toes during barefoot walking. Passive hip, knee, and ankle motion as well as ankle dorsiflexor strength were measured. Before treatment, all children were evaluated with a screening questionnaire for neuropsychiatric problems. RESULTS No differences were found in any outcome parameter between the groups before treatment or at three or twelve months after cast removal. Several gait-analysis parameters, passive ankle motion, and ankle dorsiflexor strength were improved at both three and twelve months in both groups, even though many children still demonstrated some degree of toe-walking. The treatment outcomes were not correlated with coexisting neuropsychiatric problems. CONCLUSION Adding botulinum toxin-A injections prior to cast treatment for idiopathic toe-walking does not improve the outcome of cast-only treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pähr Engström
- Department of Women's and Children's Health. Karolinska University Hospital, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Children walking on their toes instead of with a typical gait, without evidence of an underlying medical condition, are defined as idiopathic toe-walkers. The prevalence of idiopathic toe-walking is unknown. METHODS A cross-sectional prevalence study of 5.5-year-old children (n = 1436) living in Blekinge County, Sweden, was performed at the regular 5.5-year visit to the local child welfare center. Children were assessed for a history of toe-walking or whether they still walked on their toes. Additionally, all 5.5-year-old children (n = 35) admitted to the clinic for children with special needs in the county were assessed. RESULTS Of the 1436 children in the cohort (750 boys, 686 girls), 30 children (2.1%, 20 boys and 10 girls) still walked on their toes at age 5.5 years and were considered as active toe-walkers. Forty children (2.8%, 22 boys and 18 girls) had previously walked on their toes but had stopped before the 5.5-year visit and were considered as inactive toe-walkers. At age 5.5 years, the total prevalence of toe-walking was 70 (4.9%) of 1436. For children with a neuropsychiatric diagnosis or developmental delay, the total prevalence for active or inactive toe-walking was 7 (41.2%) of 17. CONCLUSIONS This study establishes the prevalence and- early spontaneous course of idiopathic toe-walking in 5.5-year-old children. At this age, more than half of the children have spontaneously ceased to walk on their toes. The study confirms earlier findings that toe-walking has a high prevalence among children with a cognitive disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pähr Engström
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Paediatric Orthopaedics, Astrid Lindgren Children's Hospital, Karolinska University Hospital, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Myoclonus dystonia is an autosomal dominant dystonia-plus syndrome, characterized by symptom variability within families. Most often is the myoclonus the most debilitating symptom, and many patients report myoclonus reduction after alcohol intake. In several families, mutations in the SGCE gene have been identified. METHOD We report of a three-generation family with myoclonus dystonia displaying a varied phenotype and maternal imprinting. Additionally, this family displays some unusual clinical presentations including alcohol-induced dystonia in an adult man, which will be discussed. RESULTS A novel mutation c.386T>C [p.I129T] was found within exon 3 of the SGCE gene in all three affected family members. In addition, two additional mutations [c.305G>A and IVS3+15G>A], judged to be polymorphisms in the SGCE gene, were found in two affected and one healthy family member. CONCLUSIONS This report presents a novel mutation in the SGCE gene causing myoclonus dystonia and extends the phenotype of myoclonus dystonia to also include alcohol-induced dystonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Tedroff
- Neuropediatric Unit, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Astrid Lindgren Children's Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Holmstrom L, Lennartsson F, Eliasson AC, Flodmark O, Clark C, Tedroff K, Forssberg H, Vollmer B. Diffusion MRI in corticofugal fibers correlates with hand function in unilateral cerebral palsy. Neurology 2011; 77:775-83. [DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0b013e31822b0040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Abstract
AIM The aim of this study was to evaluate the long-term effects of selective dorsal rhizotomy (SDR) in children with cerebral palsy (CP). METHOD Nineteen children (four females, 15 males; mean age 4y 7mo, SD 1y 7mo) with bilateral spastic CP, were prospectively assessed at baseline and 18 months, 3 years, and 10 years after SDR. Assessments included the Modified Ashworth Scale for spasticity, the Gross Motor Function Measure 88 (GMFM-88) and the Wilson gait scale for ambulation, neurological investigations, and passive joint range of motion assessment. A 10-year retrospective chart review was added for orthopaedic surgery after SDR. RESULTS Baseline muscle tone at the hip, knee, and ankle level displayed a high degree of spasticity that normalized after SDR. After 10 years there was a slight recurrence of spasticity at the knee and ankle. Joint range of motion declined from a maximum at 3 years after SDR to the 10-year follow-up. Median ambulatory status was best 3 years after SDR and then declined. The GMFM-88 score increased from the median baseline value of 51 to 66 (p=0.002) and 76 (p<0.001) at the initial follow-ups. After 10 years there was a decline in gross motor function with a reduction in the GMFM-88 score to 62 (p=0.022). Within 10 years, 16 out of 19 patients had a mean of three orthopaedic surgeries (SD 2.8), soft tissue surgery being the most common. INTERPRETATION The spasticity-reducing effect of SDR, although pronounced, did not seem to improve long-term functioning or prevent contractures. This suggests that contracture development in CP is not mediated by spasticity alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Tedroff
- Neuropediatric Unit, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Astrid Lindgren Children's Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Engström P, Gutierrez-Farewik EM, Bartonek Å, Tedroff K, Orefelt C, Haglund-Åkerlind Y. Does botulinum toxin A improve the walking pattern in children with idiopathic toe-walking? J Child Orthop 2010; 4:301-8. [PMID: 21804891 PMCID: PMC2908341 DOI: 10.1007/s11832-010-0263-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2009] [Accepted: 04/17/2010] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Numerous recommendations have been made for treating idiopathic toe-walking (ITW), but the treatment results have been questioned. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether botulinum toxin A (BTX) improves the walking pattern in ITW as examined with 3-D gait analysis. PARTICIPANTS AND METHODS A consecutive series of 15 children (aged 5-13 years) were enrolled in the study. The children underwent a 3-D gait analysis prior to treatment with a total of 6 units/kg bodyweight Botox(®) in the calf muscles and an exercise program. The gait analysis was repeated 3 weeks and 3, 6, and 12 months after treatment. A classification of toe-walking severity was made before treatment and after 12 months. The parents rated the perceived amount of toe-walking prior to treatment and 6 and 12 months after treatment. RESULTS Eleven children completed the 12-month follow-up. The gait analysis results displayed a significant improvement, indicating decreased plantarflexion angle at initial contact and during swing phase and increased dorsiflexion angle during midstance at all post-treatment testing instances. According to the parents' perception of toe-walking, 3/11 children followed for 12 months had ceased toe-walking completely, 4/11 decreased toe-walking, and 4/11 continued toe-walking. After 6-12 months, the toe-walking severity classification improved in 9 of the 14 children for whom data could be assessed. CONCLUSIONS A single injection of BTX in combination with an exercise program can improve the walking pattern in children with ITW seen at gait analysis, but the obvious goal of ceasing toe-walking is only occasionally reached.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pähr Engström
- Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden ,Department of Paediatric Orthopaedics, Astrid Lindgren Children’s Hospital, Karolinska University Hospital, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Elena M. Gutierrez-Farewik
- Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden ,KTH Mechanics, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Åsa Bartonek
- Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kristina Tedroff
- Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christina Orefelt
- Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Abstract
AIMS In this study the aim was to evaluate the effect of botulinum toxin A (BoNT-A) treatment on muscle tone, contracture development and gait pattern in young children with cerebral palsy (CP). METHOD Fifteen children with spastic CP (mean age = 16 months) were included in a randomized control study. All received a daily stretching programme and children in the BoNT-A group additionally received two injections, 6 months apart in the gastrocnemius muscle. Outcomes were assessed at baseline, and after 1 and 3.5 years. A 3D gait-analysis was performed at 5 years of age. RESULTS Plantarflexor muscle tone in the BoNT-A group was significantly reduced after 3.5 years, while the muscle tone at the ankle and knee in the control group remained unchanged. The change-score in knee-flexion muscle tone between the groups was significantly different after 3.5 years. The knee joint ROM was significantly increased at 1 year in the BoNT-A group but reduced at the knee and ankle joints in the control group after 3.5 years. No group differences were found for gait analysis, GMFM-66 or PEDI. CONCLUSION Early treatment of BoNT-A in children with spastic CP may decrease muscle tone and decelerate contracture development after 3.5 years. The effect on gait development remains inconclusive.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Tedroff
- Neuropediatric Unit, Astrid Lindgren Children's Hospital, Department of Woman and Child Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Holmström L, Vollmer B, Tedroff K, Islam M, Persson JKE, Kits A, Forssberg H, Eliasson AC. Hand function in relation to brain lesions and corticomotor-projection pattern in children with unilateral cerebral palsy. Dev Med Child Neurol 2010; 52:145-52. [PMID: 19807768 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8749.2009.03496.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIM To investigate relationships between hand function, brain lesions, and corticomotor projections in children with unilateral cerebral palsy (CP). METHOD The study included 17 children (nine males, eight females; mean age 11.4 [SD 2.4] range 7-16 y), with unilateral CP at Gross Motor Function Classification System level I and Manual Ability Classification System level I or II. Hand function was assessed with the Box and Blocks test and Assisting Hand Assessment (AHA). Conventional structural magnetic resonance images were assessed visually for type, location, and extent of brain lesions. Single-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) provided information on organization of corticomotor projections. RESULTS The most favourable hand function was seen in children who had white-matter damage of immaturity with mild white-matter loss and contralateral motor projections. Children with ipsilateral projections had the most impaired function. Nevertheless, in this subgroup a range of ability was seen (AHA 29-59%). Motor-projection patterns appeared to be influenced by lesion extent and location, but not by lesion type. INTERPRETATION Combining information from structural magnetic resonance images and TMS can improve prediction of hand function. A wide variation in hand function was seen within all motor-projection patterns. Although the most impaired hand function was seen in the ipsilateral motor-projection group, some children in this group had fairly good ability. Such information is important for treatment planning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Holmström
- Department of Woman and Child Health, Karolinska Institutet/Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
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