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Roffler GH, Pilgrim KL, Williams BC. Patterns of Wolf Dispersal Respond to Harvest Density across an Island Complex. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:622. [PMID: 38396590 PMCID: PMC10885989 DOI: 10.3390/ani14040622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Wolves are highly mobile predators and can disperse across a variety of habitats and over long distances. However, less is known about dispersal capabilities across water and among islands. The biogeography of island systems fosters spatially structured local populations, and their degree of connectivity may influence the dynamics and long-term viability of the regional population. We sought to quantify wolf dispersal rate, distance, and dispersal sex bias throughout Prince of Wales Island, a 6670 km2 island in southeast Alaska, and the surrounding islands that constitute the wildlife management unit (9025 km2). We also investigated patterns of dispersal in relation to hunting and trapping intensity and wolf population density. We used DNA data collected during 2012-2021 long-term monitoring efforts and genotyped 811 wolves, 144 of which (18%) were dispersers. Annual dispersal rates were 9-23% and had a weakly positive relationship with wolf density. Wolves dispersed 41.9 km on average (SD = 23.7 km), and males and females did not disperse at different rates. Of the dispersing wolves, 107 died, and the majority (n = 81) died before they were able to settle. The leading manner of death was trapping (97% of mortalities), and wolves tended to disperse from areas with low harvest density to areas where harvest density was relatively higher. Dispersal occurred both to and from small islands and the larger Prince of Wales Island, indicating bidirectional as opposed to asymmetrical movement, and the genetic overlap of wolf groups demonstrates connectivity throughout this naturally patchy system. Island ecosystems have different predator-prey dynamics and recolonization processes than large, intact systems due to their isolation and restricted sizes; thus, a better understanding of the degree of population connectivity including dispersal patterns among islands in the Prince of Wales archipelago could help inform the management and research strategies of these wolves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gretchen H. Roffler
- Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Division of Wildlife Conservation, Douglas, AK 99824, USA
| | - Kristine L. Pilgrim
- National Genomics Center for Wildlife and Fish Conservation, Rocky Mountain Research Station, USDA Forest Service, Missoula, MT 59802, USA;
| | - Benjamin C. Williams
- Auke Bay Laboratories, Alaska Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Juneau, AK 99801, USA;
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2
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Vanderpool DD, Wilcox TM, Young MK, Pilgrim KL, Schwartz MK. Simultaneous species detection and discovery with environmental DNA metabarcoding: A freshwater mollusk case study. Ecol Evol 2024; 14:e11020. [PMID: 38371866 PMCID: PMC10870330 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.11020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Environmental DNA (eDNA) sampling is a powerful tool for rapidly characterizing biodiversity patterns for specious, cryptic taxa with incomplete taxonomies. One such group that are also of high conservation concern are North American freshwater gastropods. In particular, springsnails of the genus Pyrgulopsis (Family: Hydrobiidae) are prevalent throughout the western United States where >140 species have been described. Many of the described species are narrow endemics known from a single spring or locality, and it is believed that there are likely many additional species which have yet to be described. The distribution of these species across the landscape is of interest because habitat loss and degradation, climate change, groundwater mining, and pollution have resulted in springsnail imperilment rates as high as 92%. Determining distributions with conventional sampling methods is limited by the fact that these snails are often <5 mm in length with few distinguishing morphological characters, making them both difficult to detect and to identify. We developed an eDNA metabarcoding protocol that is both inexpensive and capable of rapid, accurate detection of all known Pyrgulopsis species. When compared with conventional collection techniques, our pipeline consistently resulted in detection at sites previously known to contain Pyrgulopsis springsnails and at a cost per site that is likely to be substantially less than the conventional sampling and individual barcoding that has been done historically. Additionally, because our method uses eDNA extracted from filtered water, it is non-destructive and suitable for the detection of endangered species where "no take" restrictions may be in effect. This effort represents both a tool which is immediately applicable to taxa of high conservation concern across western North America and a case study in the broader application of eDNA sampling for landscape assessments of cryptic taxa of conservation concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel D. Vanderpool
- USDA Forest Service Rocky Mountain Research Station, National Genomics Center for Wildlife and Fish ConservationMissoulaMontanaUSA
| | - Taylor M. Wilcox
- USDA Forest Service Rocky Mountain Research Station, National Genomics Center for Wildlife and Fish ConservationMissoulaMontanaUSA
| | - Michael K. Young
- USDA Forest Service Rocky Mountain Research Station, National Genomics Center for Wildlife and Fish ConservationMissoulaMontanaUSA
| | - Kristine L. Pilgrim
- USDA Forest Service Rocky Mountain Research Station, National Genomics Center for Wildlife and Fish ConservationMissoulaMontanaUSA
| | - Michael K. Schwartz
- USDA Forest Service Rocky Mountain Research Station, National Genomics Center for Wildlife and Fish ConservationMissoulaMontanaUSA
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3
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Reynolds-Hogland M, Brooks C, Ramsey AB, Hogland JS, Pilgrim KL, Engkjer C, Ramsey PW. Long-term video and genetic data yield insights into complex sociality of a solitary large carnivore. Behav Processes 2024; 214:104972. [PMID: 38016596 DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2023.104972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
American black bears (Ursus americanus) may be more social than currently understood. We used long-term video and genetic data to evaluate social interactions among wild, independent-aged black bear on a conservation property in western Montana, USA. We used multinomial logistic regression to evaluate predictions about male-male interactions within the context of individual fitness, female-female interactions within the context of inclusive fitness, and male-female interactions within the context of female counterstrategies to infanticide. Overall, our findings challenged the assumption that independent-aged bears interact only during the mating season or when concentrated feeding sites are present. We documented 169 interaction events by at least 66 bear pairs, 92 (54%) of which occurred outside of the peak mating season and in the absence of concentrated feeding sites. The probability that male-male pairs engaged in play and other non-agonistic behaviours was higher than that for female-female pairs. Conversely, the probability that female-female pairs engaged in chase behaviour was higher than that for male-male and male-female pairs. We documented evidence of female mate choice, female resource defense, sexually selected infanticide (SSI), and female counterstrategies to avoid SSI. Our findings improve our understanding of ursid ethology and underscore the complexity of ursid sociality.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - John S Hogland
- USDA Forest Service, USFS Rocky Mountain Research Station, Missoula, MT 59801, USA
| | - Kristine L Pilgrim
- USDA National Genomics Center, USFS Rocky Mountain Research Station, Missoula, MT 59801, USA
| | - Cory Engkjer
- USDA National Genomics Center, USFS Rocky Mountain Research Station, Missoula, MT 59801, USA
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4
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Roffler GH, Pilgrim KL, Zarn KE, Schwartz MK, Levi T. Variation in adult and pup wolf diets at natal den sites is influenced by forest composition and configuration. Ecol Evol 2023; 13:e9648. [PMID: 36644699 PMCID: PMC9834010 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.9648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 11/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Although wolves are wide-ranging generalist carnivores throughout their life cycle, during the pup-rearing season wolf activity is focused on natal den sites where pup survival depends upon pack members provisioning food. Because prey availability is influenced by habitat quality within the home range, we investigated the relative importance of prey species for adults and pups and further examined the relationship between habitat characteristics, wolf diet, and litter size on Prince of Wales Island (POW) in Southeast Alaska. During 2012-2020, we detected 13 active den sites within the home ranges of nine wolf packs. We estimated minimum pup counts using motion-detecting cameras and individual genotypes from noninvasive samples (hair: n = 322; scat: n = 227) and quantified wolf diet composition using fecal DNA metabarcoding (n = 538). We assessed habitat composition, configuration, and connectivity within denning and annual home ranges estimated using wolf GPS-collar data. Contrary to expectations, wolves had a more constricted diet during denning season (April 15-July 31), and within this season pups had a narrower dietary niche (species richness [S] = 4) focused more on deer (relative frequency of occurrence [O/I] = 0.924) than adults (S = 15; deer O/I = 0.591). Litter size had a positive relationship with the relative frequency of deer in a wolf pack's diet. Wolf consumption of deer was positively associated with the proportion of young-growth forest (≤25 years old) within denning and annual home ranges. High levels of vegetation patch interspersion, and the density of closed logging roads were also important predictors, suggesting these habitat qualities were influential for increasing the availability of deer to wolves. Our results contrast with previous research indicating wolf pup diets included more alternate prey (i.e., beaver) than adults and emphasize the importance of deer to wolf viability on POW, especially during denning season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gretchen H. Roffler
- Division of Wildlife ConservationAlaska Department of Fish and GameDouglasAlaskaUSA
| | - Kristine L. Pilgrim
- National Genomics Center for Wildlife and Fish ConservationRocky Mountain Research Station, USDA Forest ServiceMissoulaMontanaUSA
| | - Katherine E. Zarn
- National Genomics Center for Wildlife and Fish ConservationRocky Mountain Research Station, USDA Forest ServiceMissoulaMontanaUSA
- Present address:
National Technology and Development ProgramUSDA Forest ServiceFlagstaffArizonaUSA
| | - Michael K. Schwartz
- National Genomics Center for Wildlife and Fish ConservationRocky Mountain Research Station, USDA Forest ServiceMissoulaMontanaUSA
| | - Taal Levi
- Department of Fisheries and WildlifeOregon State UniversityCorvallisOregonUSA
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5
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Young MK, Smith R, Pilgrim KL, Isaak DJ, McKelvey KS, Parkes S, Egge J, Schwartz MK. A Molecular Taxonomy of Cottus in western North America. WEST N AM NATURALIST 2022. [DOI: 10.3398/064.082.0208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael K. Young
- USDA Forest Service, National Genomics Center for Wildlife and Fish Conservation, Rocky Mountain Research Station, 800 E. Beckwith Avenue, Missoula, MT 59802
| | - Rebecca Smith
- USDA Forest Service, National Genomics Center for Wildlife and Fish Conservation, Rocky Mountain Research Station, 800 E. Beckwith Avenue, Missoula, MT 59802
| | - Kristine L. Pilgrim
- USDA Forest Service, National Genomics Center for Wildlife and Fish Conservation, Rocky Mountain Research Station, 800 E. Beckwith Avenue, Missoula, MT 59802
| | - Daniel J. Isaak
- USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, 322 East Front Street Suite 401, Boise, ID 83702
| | - Kevin S. McKelvey
- USDA Forest Service, National Genomics Center for Wildlife and Fish Conservation, Rocky Mountain Research Station, 800 E. Beckwith Avenue, Missoula, MT 59802
| | - Sharon Parkes
- USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, 322 East Front Street Suite 401, Boise, ID 83702
| | - Jacob Egge
- Department of Biology, Pacific Lutheran University, Tacoma, WA 98447
| | - Michael K. Schwartz
- USDA Forest Service, National Genomics Center for Wildlife and Fish Conservation, Rocky Mountain Research Station, 800 E. Beckwith Avenue, Missoula, MT 59802
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6
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Reynolds‐Hogland M, Ramsey AB, Muench C, Pilgrim KL, Engkjer C, Erba G, Ramsey PW. Integrating video and genetic data to estimate annual age‐structured apparent survival of American black bears. POPUL ECOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/1438-390x.12122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Kristine L. Pilgrim
- USDA National Genomics Center Rocky Mountain Research Station Missoula Montana USA
| | - Cory Engkjer
- USDA National Genomics Center Rocky Mountain Research Station Missoula Montana USA
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7
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Reynolds‐Hogland MJ, Ramsey AB, Muench C, Pilgrim KL, Engkjer C, Ramsey PW. Age‐specific, population‐level pedigree of wild black bears provides insights into reproduction, paternity, and maternal effects on offspring apparent survival. Ecol Evol 2022; 12:e8770. [PMID: 35386864 PMCID: PMC8969918 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.8770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Wildlife pedigrees provide insights into ecological and evolutionary processes. DNA obtained from noninvasively collected hair is often used to determine individual identities for pedigrees and other genetic analyses. However, detection rates associated with some noninvasive DNA studies can be relatively low, and genetic data do not provide information on individual birth year. Supplementing hair DNA stations with video cameras should increase the individual detection rate, assuming accurate identification of individuals via video data. Video data can also provide birth year information for individuals captured as young of the year, which can enrich population‐level pedigrees. We placed video cameras at hair stations and combined genetic and video data to reconstruct an age‐specific, population‐level pedigree of wild black bears during 2010–2020. Combining individual birth year with mother–offspring relatedness, we also estimated litter size, interlitter interval, primiparity, and fecundity. We used the Cormack‐Jolly‐Seber model in Program Mark to evaluate the effect of maternal identity on offspring apparent survival. We compared model rankings of apparent survival and parameter estimates based on combined genetic and video data with those based on only genetic data. We observed 42 mother–offspring relationships. Of these, 21 (50%) would not have been detected had we used hair DNA alone. Moreover, video data allowed for the cub and yearling age classes to be determined. Mean annual fecundity was 0.42 (95% CI: 0.27, 0.56). Maternal identity influenced offspring apparent survival, where offspring of one mother experienced significantly lower apparent survival (0.39; SE = 0.15) than that of offspring of four other mothers (0.89–1.00; SE = 0.00–0.06). We video‐documented cub abandonment by the mother whose offspring experienced low apparent survival, indicating individual behaviors (e.g., maternal care) may scale up to affect population‐level parameters (e.g., cub survival). Our findings provide insights into evolutionary processes and are broadly relevant to wildlife ecology and conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Kristine L. Pilgrim
- USDA National Genomics Center Rocky Mountain Research Station Missoula Montana USA
| | - Cory Engkjer
- USDA National Genomics Center Rocky Mountain Research Station Missoula Montana USA
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8
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Green DS, Martin ME, Powell RA, McGregor EL, Gabriel MW, Pilgrim KL, Schwartz MK, Matthews SM. Mixed‐severity wildfire and salvage logging affect the populations of a forest‐dependent carnivoran and a competitor. Ecosphere 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.3877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- David S. Green
- Institute for Natural Resources Oregon State University Corvallis Oregon USA
| | - Marie E. Martin
- Institute for Natural Resources Oregon State University Corvallis Oregon USA
| | - Roger A. Powell
- Department of Applied Ecology North Carolina State University Raleigh North Carolina USA
| | - Eric L. McGregor
- Institute for Natural Resources Oregon State University Corvallis Oregon USA
| | - Mourad W. Gabriel
- USDA Forest Service Law Enforcement and Investigations Eureka California USA
| | - Kristine L. Pilgrim
- USDA Forest Service National Genomics Center for Wildlife and Fish Conservation Missoula Montana USA
| | - Michael K. Schwartz
- USDA Forest Service National Genomics Center for Wildlife and Fish Conservation Missoula Montana USA
| | - Sean M. Matthews
- Institute for Natural Resources Oregon State University Corvallis Oregon USA
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9
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Young MK, Smith R, Pilgrim KL, Schwartz MK. Molecular species delimitation refines the taxonomy of native and nonnative physinine snails in North America. Sci Rep 2021; 11:21739. [PMID: 34741094 PMCID: PMC8571305 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-01197-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Being able to associate an organism with a scientific name is fundamental to our understanding of its conservation status, ecology, and evolutionary history. Gastropods in the subfamily Physinae have been especially troublesome to identify because morphological variation can be unrelated to interspecific differences and there have been widespread introductions of an unknown number of species, which has led to a speculative taxonomy. To resolve uncertainty about species diversity in North America, we targeted an array of single-locus species delimitation methods at publically available specimens and new specimens collected from the Snake River basin, USA to generate species hypotheses, corroborated using nuclear analyses of the newly collected specimens. A total-evidence approach delineated 18 candidate species, revealing cryptic diversity within recognized taxa and a lack of support for other named taxa. Hypotheses regarding certain local endemics were confirmed, as were widespread introductions, including of an undescribed taxon likely belonging to a separate genus in southeastern Idaho for which the closest relatives are in southeast Asia. Overall, single-locus species delimitation was an effective first step toward understanding the diversity and distribution of species in Physinae and to guiding future investigation sampling and analyses of species hypotheses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael K. Young
- grid.497401.f0000 0001 2286 5230USDA Forest Service, National Genomics Center for Wildlife and Fish Conservation, Rocky Mountain Research Station, 800 E. Beckwith Avenue, Missoula, MT 59802 USA
| | - Rebecca Smith
- grid.497401.f0000 0001 2286 5230USDA Forest Service, National Genomics Center for Wildlife and Fish Conservation, Rocky Mountain Research Station, 800 E. Beckwith Avenue, Missoula, MT 59802 USA ,grid.411461.70000 0001 2315 1184Present Address: Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Tennessee, 569 Dabney Hall, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA
| | - Kristine L. Pilgrim
- grid.497401.f0000 0001 2286 5230USDA Forest Service, National Genomics Center for Wildlife and Fish Conservation, Rocky Mountain Research Station, 800 E. Beckwith Avenue, Missoula, MT 59802 USA
| | - Michael K. Schwartz
- grid.497401.f0000 0001 2286 5230USDA Forest Service, National Genomics Center for Wildlife and Fish Conservation, Rocky Mountain Research Station, 800 E. Beckwith Avenue, Missoula, MT 59802 USA
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10
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Schwartz MK, Walters AD, Pilgrim KL, Moriarty KM, Slauson KM, Zielinski WJ, Aubry KB, Sacks BN, Zarn KE, Quinn CB, Young MK. Pliocene-Early Pleistocene Geological Events Structure Pacific Martens (Martes caurina). J Hered 2021; 111:169-181. [PMID: 32161974 DOI: 10.1093/jhered/esaa005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The complex topography, climate, and geological history of Western North America have shaped contemporary patterns of biodiversity and species distributions in the region. Pacific martens (Martes caurina) are distributed along the northern Pacific Coast of North America with disjunct populations found throughout the Northwestern Forested Mountains and Marine West Coast Forest ecoregions of the West Coast. Martes in this region have been classified into subspecies; however, the subspecific designation has been extensively debated. In this study, we use genomic data to delineate conservation units of Pacific marten in the Sierra-Cascade-Coastal montane belt in the western United States. We analyzed the mitochondrial genome for 94 individuals to evaluate the spatial distribution and divergence times of major lineages. We further genotyped 401 individuals at 13 microsatellite loci to investigate major patterns of population structure. Both nuclear and mitochondrial DNA suggest substantial genetic substructure concordant with historical subspecies designations. Our results revealed that the region contains 2 distinct mitochondrial lineages: a Cascades/Sierra lineage that diverged from the Cascades/coastal lineage 2.23 (1.48-3.14 mya), consistent with orogeny of the Cascade Mountain chain. Interestingly, Pacific Martes share phylogeographic patterns similar with other sympatric taxa, suggesting that the complex geological history has shaped the biota of this region. The information is critical for conservation and management efforts, and further investigation of adaptive diversity is warranted following appropriate revision of conservation management designations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael K Schwartz
- USDA Forest Service, National Genomics Center for Wildlife and Fish Conservation, Missoula, MT
| | - Ashley D Walters
- USDA Forest Service, National Genomics Center for Wildlife and Fish Conservation, Missoula, MT
| | - Kristine L Pilgrim
- USDA Forest Service, National Genomics Center for Wildlife and Fish Conservation, Missoula, MT
| | - Katie M Moriarty
- National Council for Air and Stream Improvement, Inc., Corvallis, OR
| | - Keith M Slauson
- USDA Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station, Arcata, CA
| | - William J Zielinski
- USDA Forest Service, National Genomics Center for Wildlife and Fish Conservation, Missoula, MT.,USDA Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station, Arcata, CA
| | - Keith B Aubry
- USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Olympia, WA
| | - Benjamin N Sacks
- Mammalian Ecology and Conservation Unit, Veterinary Genetics Laboratory, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA
| | - Katherine E Zarn
- USDA Forest Service, National Genomics Center for Wildlife and Fish Conservation, Missoula, MT
| | - Cate B Quinn
- Mammalian Ecology and Conservation Unit, Veterinary Genetics Laboratory, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA
| | - Michael K Young
- USDA Forest Service, National Genomics Center for Wildlife and Fish Conservation, Missoula, MT
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11
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McKelvey KS, Kallstrom C, Ledbetter J, Sada DW, Pilgrim KL, Schwartz MK. An Inventory of Springsnails (Pyrgulopsis spp.) in and Adjacent to the Spring Mountains, Nevada. WEST N AM NATURALIST 2020. [DOI: 10.3398/064.080.0206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin S. McKelvey
- USDA Forest Service, National Genomics Center, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Missoula, MT 59801
| | - Corey Kallstrom
- U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Southern Nevada Fish and Wildlife Office, Las Vegas, NV 89130
| | | | | | - Kristine L. Pilgrim
- USDA Forest Service, National Genomics Center, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Missoula, MT 59801
| | - Michael K. Schwartz
- USDA Forest Service, National Genomics Center, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Missoula, MT 59801
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12
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Reynolds-Hogland MJ, Ramsey AB, Seward AT, Pilgrim KL, Engkjer C, Ramsey PW. Response of a remnant marmot population to habitat enhancement yields insights into marmot ecology. J Mammal 2020; 101:658-669. [PMID: 32665739 PMCID: PMC7333880 DOI: 10.1093/jmammal/gyaa021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We evaluated the response of a remnant population of yellow-bellied marmots (Marmota flaviventris) to targeted habitat enhancement in an ecological system that had been degraded during ~100 years of intensive livestock management, including marmot eradication. We used capture-recapture data and a novel use of a multistate framework to evaluate geographic expansion of the marmot population pre- and post-habitat enhancement. We also estimated age-structured survival, reproduction, and sex ratios. The marmot population appeared to respond positively to new habitat opportunities created by habitat enhancement: the number of marmots captured increased from three marmots pre-habitat enhancement to 54 (28 adults and yearlings, 26 young) post-habitat enhancement at the end of the study. Marmots expanded geographically by transitioning into habitat-enhanced areas, and adult females occupied and reproduced in all habitat-enhanced areas. The sex ratio of the young population in 2019 was strongly female-biased, which may have been influenced by poor body condition of breeding females owing to unusually prolonged snow cover that year. Adult and yearling survival were within the range of that reported for colonial adults and yearlings in Colorado. Our results suggest that active habitat enhancement can assist in the recovery of marmot populations in systems where marmots historically existed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Cory Engkjer
- USDA Rocky Mountain Research Station, Missoula, MT, USA
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13
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Happe PJ, Jenkins KJ, Mccaffery RM, Lewis JC, Pilgrim KL, Schwartz MK. Occupancy Patterns in a Reintroduced Fisher Population during Reestablishment. J Wildl Manage 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/jwmg.21788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Patricia J. Happe
- National Park Service, Olympic National Park 600 East Park Avenue Port Angeles WA 98362 USA
| | - Kurt J. Jenkins
- U.S. Geological Survey, Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center 600 East Park Avenue Port Angeles WA 98362 USA
| | - Rebecca M. Mccaffery
- U.S. Geological Survey, Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center 600 East Park Avenue Port Angeles WA 98362 USA
| | - Jeffrey C. Lewis
- Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife P.O. Box 43200 Olympia WA 98504 USA
| | - Kristine L. Pilgrim
- U.S. Forest Service, National Genomics Center for Wildlife and Fish Conservation 800 East Beckwith Avenue Missoula MT 59801 USA
| | - Michael K. Schwartz
- U.S. Forest Service, National Genomics Center for Wildlife and Fish Conservation 800 East Beckwith Avenue Missoula MT 59801 USA
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14
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DeCesare NJ, Weckworth BV, Pilgrim KL, Walker ABD, Bergman EJ, Colson KE, Corrigan R, Harris RB, Hebblewhite M, Jesmer BR, Newby JR, Smith JR, Tether RB, Thomas TP, Schwartz MK. Phylogeography of moose in western North America. J Mammal 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/jmammal/gyz163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractSubspecies designations within temperate species’ ranges often reflect populations that were isolated by past continental glaciation, and glacial vicariance is believed to be a primary mechanism behind the diversification of several subspecies of North American cervids. We used genetics and the fossil record to study the phylogeography of three moose subspecies (Alces alces andersoni, A. a. gigas, and A. a. shirasi) in western North America. We sequenced the complete mitochondrial genome (16,341 base pairs; n = 60 moose) and genotyped 13 nuclear microsatellites (n = 253) to evaluate genetic variation among moose samples. We also reviewed the fossil record for detections of all North American cervids to comparatively assess the evidence for the existence of a southern refugial population of moose corresponding to A. a. shirasi during the last glacial maximum of the Pleistocene. Analysis of mtDNA molecular variance did not support distinct clades of moose corresponding to currently recognized subspecies, and mitogenomic haplotype phylogenies did not consistently distinguish individuals according to subspecies groupings. Analysis of population structure using microsatellite loci showed support for two to five clusters of moose, including the consistent distinction of a southern group of moose within the range of A. a. shirasi. We hypothesize that these microsatellite results reflect recent, not deep, divergence and may be confounded by a significant effect of geographic distance on gene flow across the region. Review of the fossil record showed no evidence of moose south of the Wisconsin ice age glaciers ≥ 15,000 years ago. We encourage the integration of our results with complementary analyses of phenotype data, such as morphometrics, originally used to delineate moose subspecies, for further evaluation of subspecies designations for North American moose.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kristine L Pilgrim
- Rocky Mountain Research Station, United States Forest Service, Missoula, MT, USA
| | - Andrew B D Walker
- British Columbia Ministry of Forests, Lands, Natural Resource Operations and Rural Development, Penticton, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | | | - Rob Corrigan
- Alberta Environment and Parks, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | | | | | | | - Jesse R Newby
- Montana Fish, Wildlife and Parks, Kalispell, MT, USA
| | - Jason R Smith
- North Dakota Game and Fish Department, Jamestown, ND, USA
| | - Rob B Tether
- Saskatchewan Ministry of Environment, Meadow Lake, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | | | - Michael K Schwartz
- Rocky Mountain Research Station, United States Forest Service, Missoula, MT, USA
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15
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Moriarty KM, Aubry KB, Morozumi CN, Howell BL, Happe PJ, Jenkins KJ, Pilgrim KL, Schwartz MK. Status of Pacific Martens (Martes caurina) on the Olympic Peninsula, Washington. Northwest Science 2019. [DOI: 10.3955/046.093.0204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Katie M. Moriarty
- USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, 3625 93rd Avenue SW, Olympia, Washington 98512
| | - Keith B. Aubry
- USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, 3625 93rd Avenue SW, Olympia, Washington 98512
| | | | - Betsy L. Howell
- USDA Forest Service, Olympic National Forest, 295142 Hwy 101 S, Quilcene, Washington 98376
| | - Patricia J. Happe
- USDI National Park Service, Olympic National Park, 600 East Park Avenue, Port Angeles, Washington 98362
| | - Kurt J. Jenkins
- US Geological Survey, Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center, 600 East Park Avenue, Port Angeles, Washington 98362 and
| | - Kristine L. Pilgrim
- USDA Forest Service, National Genomics Center for Wildlife and Fish Conservation, 800 E Beckwith Drive, Missoula, Montana 59801
| | - Michael K. Schwartz
- USDA Forest Service, National Genomics Center for Wildlife and Fish Conservation, 800 E Beckwith Drive, Missoula, Montana 59801
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16
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurel E. Peelle
- University of WashingtonSchool of Environmental and Forest Sciences Box 352100, 3715 West Stevens Way NE Seattle WA 98195 USA
| | - Aaron J. Wirsing
- University of WashingtonSchool of Environmental and Forest Sciences Box 352100, 3715 West Stevens Way NE Seattle WA 98195 USA
| | - Kristine L. Pilgrim
- U.S. Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station 800 East Beckwith Avenue Missoula MT 59801 USA
| | - Michael K. Schwartz
- U.S. Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station 800 East Beckwith Avenue Missoula MT 59801 USA
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17
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Johnson-Bice SM, Windels SK, Pilgrim KL. Observation and DNA Confirmation of a Fisher (Pekania pennanti) Hunting and Killing a Muskrat (Ondatra zibethicus). Northeast Nat (Steuben) 2019. [DOI: 10.1656/045.026.0314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sean M. Johnson-Bice
- Natural Resources Research Institute, University of Minnesota Duluth, 5113 Miller Trunk Hwy, Hermantown, MN 55811
| | - Steve K. Windels
- Voyageurs National Park, 360 Highway 11 East, International Falls, MN 56649
| | - Kristine L. Pilgrim
- National Genomics Center for Wildlife and Fish Conservation, 800 E. Beckwith, Missoula, MT 59801
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18
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Roffler GH, Waite JN, Pilgrim KL, Zarn KE, Schwartz MK. Estimating abundance of a cryptic social carnivore using spatially explicit capture–recapture. WILDLIFE SOC B 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/wsb.953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gretchen H. Roffler
- Alaska Department of Fish and GameDivision of Wildlife Conservation802 3rd StreetDouglasAK99824USA
| | - Jason N. Waite
- Alaska Department of Fish and GameDivision of Wildlife Conservation802 3rd StreetDouglasAK99824USA
| | - Kristine L. Pilgrim
- National Genomics Center for Wildlife and Fish ConservationRocky Mountain Research StationU.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service800 E BeckwithMissoulaMT59801USA
| | - Katherine E. Zarn
- National Genomics Center for Wildlife and Fish ConservationRocky Mountain Research StationU.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service800 E BeckwithMissoulaMT59801USA
| | - Michael K. Schwartz
- National Genomics Center for Wildlife and Fish ConservationRocky Mountain Research StationU.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service800 E BeckwithMissoulaMT59801USA
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Young MK, Smith RJ, Pilgrim KL, Fairchild MP, Schwartz MK. Integrative taxonomy refutes a species hypothesis: The asymmetric hybrid origin of Arsapnia arapahoe (Plecoptera, Capniidae). Ecol Evol 2019; 9:1364-1377. [PMID: 30805166 PMCID: PMC6374720 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.4852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Revised: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular tools are commonly directed at refining taxonomies and the species that constitute their fundamental units. This has been especially insightful for groups for which species hypotheses are ambiguous and have largely been based on morphological differences between certain life stages or sexes, and has added importance when taxa are a focus of conservation efforts. Here, we examine the taxonomic status of Arsapnia arapahoe, a winter stonefly in the family Capniidae that is a species of conservation concern because of its limited abundance and restricted range in northern Colorado, USA. Phylogenetic analyses of sequences of mitochondrial and nuclear genes of this and other capniid stoneflies from this region and elsewhere in western North America indicated extensive haplotype sharing, limited genetic differences, and a lack of reciprocal monophyly between A. arapahoe and the sympatric A. decepta, despite distinctive and consistent morphological differences in the sexual apparatus of males of both species. Analyses of autosomal and sex-linked single nucleotide polymorphisms detected using genotyping by sequencing indicated that all individuals of A. arapahoe consisted of F1 hybrids between female A. decepta and males of another sympatric stonefly, Capnia gracilaria. Rather than constitute a self-sustaining evolutionary lineage, A. arapahoe appears to represent the product of nonintrogressive hybridization in the limited area of syntopy between two widely distributed taxa. This offers a cautionary tale for taxonomists and conservation biologists working on the less-studied components of the global fauna.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael K. Young
- U.S. Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, National Genomics Center for Wildlife and Fish ConservationMissoulaMontana
| | - Rebecca J. Smith
- U.S. Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, National Genomics Center for Wildlife and Fish ConservationMissoulaMontana
| | - Kristine L. Pilgrim
- U.S. Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, National Genomics Center for Wildlife and Fish ConservationMissoulaMontana
| | | | - Michael K. Schwartz
- U.S. Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, National Genomics Center for Wildlife and Fish ConservationMissoulaMontana
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20
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Kirol CP, Pilgrim KL, Sutphin AL, Maechtle TL. Using DNA from hairs left at depredated greater sage-grouse nests to detect mammalian nest predators. WILDLIFE SOC B 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/wsb.853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Kristine L. Pilgrim
- Rocky Mountain Research Station; U.S. Forest Service; 800 East Beckwith Missoula MT 59801 USA
| | - Andrew L. Sutphin
- Big Horn Environmental Consultants; 730 E Burkitt Sheridan WY 82801 USA
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21
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Young MK, Isaak DJ, McKelvey KS, Wilcox TM, Pilgrim KL, Carim KJ, Campbell MR, Corsi MP, Horan DL, Nagel DE, Schwartz MK. Climate, Demography, and Zoogeography Predict Introgression Thresholds in Salmonid Hybrid Zones in Rocky Mountain Streams. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0163563. [PMID: 27828980 PMCID: PMC5102351 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0163563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Among the many threats posed by invasions of nonnative species is introgressive hybridization, which can lead to the genomic extinction of native taxa. This phenomenon is regarded as common and perhaps inevitable among native cutthroat trout and introduced rainbow trout in western North America, despite that these taxa naturally co-occur in some locations. We conducted a synthetic analysis of 13,315 genotyped fish from 558 sites by building logistic regression models using data from geospatial stream databases and from 12 published studies of hybridization to assess whether environmental covariates could explain levels of introgression between westslope cutthroat trout and rainbow trout in the U.S. northern Rocky Mountains. A consensus model performed well (AUC, 0.78–0.86; classification success, 72–82%; 10-fold cross validation, 70–82%) and predicted that rainbow trout introgression was significantly associated with warmer water temperatures, larger streams, proximity to warmer habitats and to recent sources of rainbow trout propagules, presence within the historical range of rainbow trout, and locations further east. Assuming that water temperatures will continue to rise in response to climate change and that levels of introgression outside the historical range of rainbow trout will equilibrate with those inside that range, we applied six scenarios across a 55,234-km stream network that forecast 9.5–74.7% declines in the amount of habitat occupied by westslope cutthroat trout populations of conservation value, but not the wholesale loss of such populations. We conclude that introgression between these taxa is predictably related to environmental conditions, many of which can be manipulated to foster largely genetically intact populations of westslope cutthroat trout and help managers prioritize conservation activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael K. Young
- National Genomics Center for Wildlife and Fish Conservation, Rocky Mountain Research Station, USDA Forest Service, Missoula, Montana, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Daniel J. Isaak
- Rocky Mountain Research Station, USDA Forest Service, Boise, Idaho, United States of America
| | - Kevin S. McKelvey
- National Genomics Center for Wildlife and Fish Conservation, Rocky Mountain Research Station, USDA Forest Service, Missoula, Montana, United States of America
| | - Taylor M. Wilcox
- National Genomics Center for Wildlife and Fish Conservation, Rocky Mountain Research Station, USDA Forest Service, Missoula, Montana, United States of America
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana, United States of America
| | - Kristine L. Pilgrim
- National Genomics Center for Wildlife and Fish Conservation, Rocky Mountain Research Station, USDA Forest Service, Missoula, Montana, United States of America
| | - Kellie J. Carim
- National Genomics Center for Wildlife and Fish Conservation, Rocky Mountain Research Station, USDA Forest Service, Missoula, Montana, United States of America
| | - Matthew R. Campbell
- Eagle Fish Genetics Laboratory, Idaho Department of Fish and Game, Eagle, Idaho, United States of America
| | - Matthew P. Corsi
- Idaho Department of Fish and Game, Coeur d'Alene, Idaho, United States of America
| | - Dona L. Horan
- Rocky Mountain Research Station, USDA Forest Service, Boise, Idaho, United States of America
| | - David E. Nagel
- Rocky Mountain Research Station, USDA Forest Service, Boise, Idaho, United States of America
| | - Michael K. Schwartz
- National Genomics Center for Wildlife and Fish Conservation, Rocky Mountain Research Station, USDA Forest Service, Missoula, Montana, United States of America
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22
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Hawley JE, Rego PW, Wydeven AP, Schwartz MK, Viner TC, Kays R, Pilgrim KL, Jenks JA. Long-distance dispersal of a subadult male cougar from South Dakota to Connecticut documented with DNA evidence. J Mammal 2016. [DOI: 10.1093/jmammal/gyw088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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23
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McKelvey KS, Young MK, Wilcox TM, Bingham DM, Pilgrim KL, Schwartz MK. Patterns of hybridization among cutthroat trout and rainbow trout in northern Rocky Mountain streams. Ecol Evol 2016; 6:688-706. [PMID: 26865958 PMCID: PMC4739558 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.1887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Revised: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Introgressive hybridization between native and introduced species is a growing conservation concern. For native cutthroat trout and introduced rainbow trout in western North America, this process is thought to lead to the formation of hybrid swarms and the loss of monophyletic evolutionary lineages. Previous studies of this phenomenon, however, indicated that hybrid swarms were rare except when native and introduced forms of cutthroat trout co‐occurred. We used a panel of 86 diagnostic, single nucleotide polymorphisms to evaluate the genetic composition of 3865 fish captured in 188 locations on 129 streams distributed across western Montana and northern Idaho. Although introgression was common and only 37% of the sites were occupied solely by parental westslope cutthroat trout, levels of hybridization were generally low. Of the 188 sites sampled, 73% contained ≤5% rainbow trout alleles and 58% had ≤1% rainbow trout alleles. Overall, 72% of specimens were nonadmixed westslope cutthroat trout, and an additional 3.5% were nonadmixed rainbow trout. Samples from seven sites met our criteria for hybrid swarms, that is, an absence of nonadmixed individuals and a random distribution of alleles within the sample; most (6/7) were associated with introgression by Yellowstone cutthroat trout. In streams with multiple sites, upstream locations exhibited less introgression than downstream locations. We conclude that although the widespread introduction of nonnative trout within the historical range of westslope cutthroat trout has increased the incidence of introgression, sites containing nonadmixed populations of this taxon are common and broadly distributed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin S McKelvey
- USDA Forest Service Rocky Mountain Research Station National Genomics Center for Wildlife and Fish Conservation 800 East Beckwith Avenue Missoula Montana 59801
| | - Michael K Young
- USDA Forest Service Rocky Mountain Research Station National Genomics Center for Wildlife and Fish Conservation 800 East Beckwith Avenue Missoula Montana 59801
| | - Taylor M Wilcox
- USDA Forest Service Rocky Mountain Research Station National Genomics Center for Wildlife and Fish Conservation 800 East Beckwith Avenue Missoula Montana 59801; Division of Biological Sciences University of Montana Missoula Montana 59812
| | - Daniel M Bingham
- Rogue Biological Consultants 215 NW 22nd Pl Suite 207 Portland OR 97217
| | - Kristine L Pilgrim
- USDA Forest Service Rocky Mountain Research Station National Genomics Center for Wildlife and Fish Conservation 800 East Beckwith Avenue Missoula Montana 59801
| | - Michael K Schwartz
- USDA Forest Service Rocky Mountain Research Station National Genomics Center for Wildlife and Fish Conservation 800 East Beckwith Avenue Missoula Montana 59801
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24
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Mckelvey KS, Aubry KB, Anderson NJ, Clevenger AP, Copeland JP, Heinemeyer KS, Inman RM, Squires JR, Waller JS, Pilgrim KL, Schwartz MK. Recovery of wolverines in the Western United States: Recent extirpation and recolonization or range retraction and expansion? J Wildl Manage 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/jwmg.649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin S. Mckelvey
- Rocky Mountain Research Station; U.S. Forest Service; 800 East Beckwith Avenue Missoula MT 59801 USA
| | - Keith B. Aubry
- Pacific Northwest Research Station; U.S. Forest Service; 3625 93rd Ave. SW Olympia WA 98512 USA
| | - Neil J. Anderson
- Montana Fish, Wildlife, and Parks; 1400 South 19th Avenue Bozeman MT 59717 USA
| | - Anthony P. Clevenger
- Western Transportation Institute; Montana State University; 2327 University Way #6 Bozeman MT 59715 USA
| | | | | | - Robert M. Inman
- Wildlife Conservation Society and Grimsö Wildlife Research Station; Department of Ecology; Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences; 222 East Main Street Lone Elk Suite 3B Ennis MT 59729 USA
| | - John R. Squires
- Rocky Mountain Research Station; U.S. Forest Service; 800 East Beckwith Avenue Missoula MT 59801 USA
| | - John S. Waller
- National Park Service; Glacier National Park; PO Box 128 West Glacier MT 59936 USA
| | - Kristine L. Pilgrim
- Rocky Mountain Research Station; U.S. Forest Service; 800 East Beckwith Avenue Missoula MT 59801 USA
| | - Michael K. Schwartz
- Rocky Mountain Research Station; U.S. Forest Service; 800 East Beckwith Avenue Missoula MT 59801 USA
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Lemoine M, Young MK, Mckelvey KS, Eby L, Pilgrim KL, Schwartz MK. Cottus schitsuumsh, a new species of sculpin (Scorpaeniformes: Cottidae) in the Columbia River basin, Idaho-Montana, USA. Zootaxa 2014; 3755:241-58. [PMID: 24869819 DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3755.3.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Fishes of the genus Cottus have long been taxonomically challenging because of morphological similarities among species and their tendency to hybridize, and a number of undescribed species may remain in this genus. We used a combination of genetic and morphological methods to delineate and describe Cottus schitsuumsh, Cedar Sculpin, a new species, from the upper Columbia River basin, Idaho-Montana, USA. Although historically confused with the Shorthead Sculpin (C. confusus), the genetic distance between C. schitsuumsh and C. confusus (4.84-6.29%) suggests these species are distant relatives. Moreover, the two species can be differentiated on the basis of lateral-line pores on the caudal peduncle, head width, and interpelvic width. Cottus schitsuumsh is also distinct from all other Cottus in this region in having a single small, skin-covered, preopercular spine. Haplotypes of mtDNA cytochrome oxidase c subunit 1 of C. schitsuumsh differed from all other members of the genus at three positions, had interspecific genetic distances typical for congeneric fishes (1.61-2.74% to nearest neighbors), and were monophyletic in maximum-likelihood trees. Microsatellite analyses confirmed these taxonomic groupings for species potentially sympatric with C. schitsuumsh and that fish used in morphological comparisons were unlikely to be introgressed. Its irregular distribution, in the Spokane River basin in Idaho and portions of the Clark Fork River basin in Montana, may have resulted from human-assisted translocation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Lemoine
- Wildlife Biology Program, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana 59812, USA;
| | - Michael K Young
- U.S. Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Missoula, Montana 59801, USA; unknown
| | - Kevin S Mckelvey
- U.S. Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Missoula, Montana 59801, USA; unknown
| | - Lisa Eby
- Wildlife Biology Program, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana 59812, USA; unknown
| | - Kristine L Pilgrim
- U.S. Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Missoula, Montana 59801, USA; unknown
| | - Michael K Schwartz
- U.S. Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Missoula, Montana 59801, USA; unknown
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McKelvey KS, Ramirez JE, Pilgrim KL, Cushman SA, Schwartz MK. Genetic Sampling of Palmer's Chipmunks in the Spring Mountains, Nevada. WEST N AM NATURALIST 2013. [DOI: 10.3398/064.073.0209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Zielinski WJ, Schlexer FV, George TL, Pilgrim KL, Schwartz MK. Estimating Abundance and Survival in the Endangered Point Arena Mountain Beaver Using Noninvasive Genetic Methods. Northwest Science 2013. [DOI: 10.3955/046.087.0205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Young MK, McKelvey KS, Pilgrim KL, Schwartz MK. DNA
barcoding at riverscape scales: assessing biodiversity among fishes of the genus
C
ottus
(
T
eleostei) in northern
R
ocky
M
ountain streams. Mol Ecol Resour 2013; 13:583-95. [DOI: 10.1111/1755-0998.12091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2012] [Revised: 01/24/2013] [Accepted: 02/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael K. Young
- U.S. Forest Service Rocky Mountain Research Station 800 East Beckwith Avenue Missoula MT 59801 USA
| | - Kevin S. McKelvey
- U.S. Forest Service Rocky Mountain Research Station 800 East Beckwith Avenue Missoula MT 59801 USA
| | - Kristine L. Pilgrim
- U.S. Forest Service Rocky Mountain Research Station 800 East Beckwith Avenue Missoula MT 59801 USA
| | - Michael K. Schwartz
- U.S. Forest Service Rocky Mountain Research Station 800 East Beckwith Avenue Missoula MT 59801 USA
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29
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Tucker JM, Schwartz MK, Truex RL, Pilgrim KL, Allendorf FW. Historical and contemporary DNA indicate fisher decline and isolation occurred prior to the European settlement of California. PLoS One 2012; 7:e52803. [PMID: 23300783 PMCID: PMC3530519 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0052803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2012] [Accepted: 11/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Establishing if species contractions were the result of natural phenomena or human induced landscape changes is essential for managing natural populations. Fishers (Martes pennanti) in California occur in two geographically and genetically isolated populations in the northwestern mountains and southern Sierra Nevada. Their isolation is hypothesized to have resulted from a decline in abundance and distribution associated with European settlement in the 1800s. However, there is little evidence to establish that fisher occupied the area between the two extant populations at that time. We analyzed 10 microsatellite loci from 275 contemporary and 21 historical fisher samples (1880-1920) to evaluate the demographic history of fisher in California. We did not find any evidence of a recent (post-European) bottleneck in the northwestern population. In the southern Sierra Nevada, genetic subdivision within the population strongly influenced bottleneck tests. After accounting for genetic subdivision, we found a bottleneck signal only in the northern and central portions of the southern Sierra Nevada, indicating that the southernmost tip of these mountains may have acted as a refugium for fisher during the anthropogenic changes of the late 19(th) and early 20(th) centuries. Using a coalescent-based Bayesian analysis, we detected a 90% decline in effective population size and dated the time of decline to over a thousand years ago. We hypothesize that fisher distribution in California contracted to the two current population areas pre-European settlement, and that portions of the southern Sierra Nevada subsequently experienced another more recent bottleneck post-European settlement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jody M Tucker
- Sequoia National Forest, United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Porterville, California, United States of America.
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30
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Zielinski WJ, Schlexer FV, Parks SA, Pilgrim KL, Schwartz MK. Small geographic range but not panmictic: how forests structure the endangered Point Arena mountain beaver (Aplodontia rufa nigra). CONSERV GENET 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s10592-012-0387-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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31
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Magoun AJ, Long CD, Schwartz MK, Pilgrim KL, Lowell RE, Valkenburg P. Integrating motion‐detection cameras and hair snags for wolverine identification. J Wildl Manage 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/jwmg.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Audrey J. Magoun
- Alaska Department of Fish and Game, P.O. Box 667, Petersburg, AK 99833, USA
| | - Clinton D. Long
- The Wolverine Foundation, Inc., 9450 S. Black Cat Road, Kuna, ID 83634, USA
| | - Michael K. Schwartz
- USFS Rocky Mountain Research Station, 800 E. Beckwith Avenue, Missoula, MT 59801, USA
| | - Kristine L. Pilgrim
- USFS Rocky Mountain Research Station, 800 E. Beckwith Avenue, Missoula, MT 59801, USA
| | - Richard E. Lowell
- Alaska Department of Fish and Game, P.O. Box 667, Petersburg, AK 99833, USA
| | - Patrick Valkenburg
- Alaska Department of Fish and Game, P.O. Box 115526, Juneau, AK 99811, USA
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Moriarty KM, Zielinski WJ, Gonzales AG, Dawson TE, Boatner KM, Wilson CA, Schlexer FV, Pilgrim KL, Copeland JP, Schwartz MK. Wolverine Confirmation in California after Nearly a Century: Native or Long-Distance Immigrant? Northwest Science 2009. [DOI: 10.3955/046.083.0207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Homyack JA, Vashon JH, Libby C, Lindquist EL, Loch S, McAlpine DF, Pilgrim KL, Schwartz MK. Canada Lynx-bobcat (lynx canadensis × L. rufus) Hybrids at the Southern Periphery of Lynx range in Maine, Minnesota and New Brunswick. The American Midland Naturalist 2008. [DOI: 10.1674/0003-0031(2008)159[504:cllclr]2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Schwartz MK, Pilgrim KL, McKelvey KS, Rivera PT, Ruggiero LF. DNA Markers for Identifying Individual Snowshoe Hares Using Field-collected Pellets. Northwest Science 2007. [DOI: 10.3955/0029-344x-81.4.316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Vinkey RS, Schwartz MK, McKelvey KS, Foresman KR, Pilgrim KL, Giddings BJ, LoFroth EC. WHEN REINTRODUCTIONS ARE AUGMENTATIONS: THE GENETIC LEGACY OF FISHERS (MARTES PENNANTI) IN MONTANA. J Mammal 2006. [DOI: 10.1644/05-mamm-a-151r1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Schwartz MK, Ralls K, Williams DF, Cypher BL, Pilgrim KL, Fleischer RC. Gene flow among San Joaquin kit fox populations in a severely changed ecosystem. CONSERV GENET 2005. [DOI: 10.1007/s10592-004-7719-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Leberg PL, Carloss MR, Dugas LJ, Pilgrim KL, Mills LS, Green MC, Scognamillo D. Recent Record of a Cougar (Puma concolor) in Louisiana, with Notes on Diet, Based on Analysis of Fecal Materials. SOUTHEAST NAT 2004. [DOI: 10.1656/1528-7092(2004)003[0653:rroacp]2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Schwartz MK, Pilgrim KL, McKelvey KS, Lindquist EL, Claar JJ, Loch S, Ruggiero LF. Hybridization Between Canada Lynx and Bobcats: Genetic Results and Management Implications. CONSERV GENET 2004. [DOI: 10.1023/b:coge.0000031141.47148.8b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Spruell P, Pilgrim KL, Greene BA, Habicht C, Knudsen KL, Lindner KR, Olsen JB, Sage GK, Seeb JE, Allendorf FW. Inheritance of nuclear DNA markers in gynogenetic haploid pink salmon. J Hered 1999; 90:289-96. [PMID: 10070777 DOI: 10.1093/jhered/90.2.289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe the inheritance of 460 PCR-based loci in the polyploid-derived pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) genome using gynogenetic haploid embryos. We detected a length polymorphism in a growth hormone gene (GH-2) intron that is caused by an 81 bp insertion homologous to the 3' end of the salmonid short interspersed repetitive element (SINE) SmaI. Such insertion polymorphisms within species bring into question the use of SINEs as phylogenetic markers. We confirmed that a microsatellite locus encodes a PCR-null allele that is responsible for an apparent deficit of heterozygotes in a population sample from Prince William Sound. Another set of microsatellite primers amplified alleles of the same molecular weight from both loci of a duplicated pair. In our analysis of several PCR-based multilocus techniques, we failed to detect evidence of comigrating fragments produced by duplicated loci. Segregation analysis of PCR-based markers using gynogenetic haploid embryos ensures that the interpretation of molecular variation is not complicated by heterozygosity, diploidy, or gene duplication. We urge investigators to test the inheritance of polymorphisms in salmonids prior to using them to measure genetic variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Spruell
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula 59812, USA.
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